Nanocatalysis : synthesis and applications

Content: Introduction / Vivek Polshettiwar -- Nanocatalysts for the Heck Coupling Reactions / Tewodros Asefa -- Nanocatalysts for the Suzuki Coupling Reactions / Liane M. Rossi -- Sonogashira Reactions Using Nano-Catalysts / Carmen Najera -- Nanocatalysts for Hiyama, Stille, Kumuda and Nigeshi C-C Coupling Reactions / Robert W.J. Scott -- Nanocatalysts for Rearrangement Reactions / Victorio Cadierno -- Oxidation of Alcohols Using Nano-Catalysts / Kiyotomi Kaneda -- Tuning the Morphology of Metal Oxides for Catalytic Applications / Wenjie Shen -- Nanocatalysts for Hydrogenation Reactions / Radha Narayanan -- Hydrogenolysis Reactions using Nanocatalysts / Vivek Polshettiwar -- Nanomaterials Based Photocatalysts / Deepa Khushalani -- Nanocatalysts for Water Splitting / Lianzhou Wang -- Properties of Nano-Catalytic Materials for Hydrogen Production from Renewable Resources / Xianqin Wang -- Nano-Catalysts for Biofuels / Vitaliy Budarin -- Nano-Material Based Bio-Catalyst / Jin Hyung Lee -- Role of Nanocatalysis in Chemical Industry / Rajiv Kumar -- Nanocatalysis : Activation of Small Molecules and Conversion into Useful Feedstock / Balaji R. Jagirdar. NANOCATALYSIS......Page 3 CONTENTS......Page 7 FOREWORD......Page 9 PREFACE......Page 11 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS......Page 15 1 INTRODUCTION TO NANOCATALYSIS......Page 19 WHAT IS NANOCATALYSIS?......Page 20 NANOCATALYSIS: TRUTH OR HYPE?......Page 21 REFERENCES......Page 26 INTRODUCTION......Page 29 HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS FOR THE HECK REACTION......Page 30 Homogeneous Catalysts for the Heck Coupling Reaction......Page 31 Heterogeneous Catalysis for the Heck Coupling Reaction......Page 32 Some Commercial Applications of the Heck Reaction......Page 33 Mechanisms of the Heck Coupling Reaction......Page 34 Pd-NPs-Catalyzed Heck Reaction......Page 35 Nanoparticles Composed of Metals Other than Pd for the Heck Coupling Reaction......Page 42 CORE–SHELL NANOPARTICLES FOR THE HECK COUPLING REACTION......Page 43 MESOPOROUS MATERIALS FOR THE HECK COUPLING REACTIONS......Page 45 POLYMERIC-BASED NANOCATALYSTS FOR THE HECK COUPLING REACTIONS......Page 52 CARBON NANOMATERIAL-SUPPORTED HECK COUPLING REACTIONS......Page 57 REFERENCES......Page 59 SUZUKI COUPLING REACTION......Page 69 FROM HOMOGENEOUS TO NANOPARTICLE CATALYSTS......Page 71 Influence of the Preparation Method on the Catalytic Activity......Page 72 Influence of the NP Size on the Catalytic Activity......Page 73 Influence of the NP Shape on the Catalytic Activity......Page 74 Influence of the Support Material on the Catalytic Activity......Page 77 STABILITY AND REUSABILITY OF NANOCATALYSTS......Page 80 INSIGHT ON MECHANISTIC ASPECTS......Page 82 Palladium Nanocatalysts......Page 85 Other Metals and Bimetallic Nanocatalysts......Page 93 SUMMARY AND FUTURE OUTLOOK......Page 94 Representative Procedures in Terms of Reusability......Page 96 Representative Procedures in Terms of Chloroarene Activation......Page 97 Representative Procedure in Terms of Green Synthesis......Page 98 REFERENCES......Page 99 INTRODUCTION......Page 107 CATALYTIC ACTIVITY, STABILITY, AND REUSABILITY......Page 108 Unimmobilized Palladium Nanocatalysts from Palladium Complexes......Page 109 Unimmobilized Palladium Nanocatalysts from Ligand-Free Palladium Compounds......Page 111 Immobilized Palladium Nanocatalysts......Page 114 Other Metal-Based Nanoparticles as Catalysts......Page 131 MECHANISTIC ASPECTS......Page 134 SUMMARY AND FUTURE OUTLOOK......Page 137 Sonogashira Reaction Catalyzed by Unimmobilized Pd-NPs from a Ligand-Free Palladium Salt48......Page 138 Sonogashira Reaction Catalyzed by Pd-NPs Immobilized on Carbon88......Page 139 REFERENCES......Page 140 INTRODUCTION......Page 151 Synthesis......Page 154 Characterization of Catalytic Metal Nanoparticles......Page 161 HIYAMA COUPLING......Page 164 NEGISHI COUPLING......Page 171 STILLE COUPLING......Page 175 KUMADA–CORRIU COUPLING......Page 185 MECHANISMS......Page 189 OUTLOOK......Page 192 REFERENCES......Page 193 INTRODUCTION......Page 207 METAL NANOPARTICLE-CATALYZED ARYL–SULFUR BOND FORMATION......Page 209 METAL NANOPARTICLE-CATALYZED ARYL–NITROGEN BOND FORMATION......Page 214 METAL NANOPARTICLE-CATALYZED ARYL–OXYGEN BOND FORMATION......Page 218 METAL NANOPARTICLE-CATALYZED ARYL–SELENIUM BOND FORMATION......Page 222 MISCELLANEOUS C N BOND FORMATION REACTIONS CATALYZED BY METAL NANOPARTICLES......Page 227 REFERENCES......Page 233 INTRODUCTION......Page 239 RECENT PROGRESS ON NANOPARTICLE-BASED HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS FOR THE ALDOL, KNOEVENAGEL, AND HENRY REACTIONS......Page 242 MESOPOROUS SILICA-SUPPORTED CATALYSTS FOR THE ALDOL, HENRY, AND KNOEVENAGEL REACTIONS......Page 243 Henry Reaction......Page 245 Asymmetric Henry Reaction......Page 250 Aldol Condensation......Page 252 Mesoporous Silica-Supported Proline Catalyst for Asymmetric Aldol Condensation......Page 253 Knoevenagel Condensation......Page 255 POLYMERIC-BASED NANOCATALYSTS FOR THE HENRY COUPLING REACTIONS......Page 260 REFERENCES......Page 262 INTRODUCTION......Page 269 Synthesis of the Nanocatalysts......Page 270 Techniques Employed for the Characterization of the Nanocatalysts......Page 271 Olefin Isomerization Processes......Page 272 Cycloisomerizations and Related Cyclization Processes......Page 276 Other Rearrangements......Page 280 INSIGHT ON MECHANISTIC ASPECTS......Page 284 SUMMARY AND FUTURE OUTLOOK......Page 288 cis-to-trans-Isomerization of But-2-Ene Catalyzed by Tetrahedral and Cubic Pt-NPs Dispersed onto a High-Surface-Area Silica Xerogel Support30–32......Page 289 Isomerization of Cyclohexene into Methylcyclopentene Catalyzed by Bimetallic Pt–Pd-NPs Supported on TiO2 68......Page 290 Redox Isomerization of Allylic Alcohols Catalyzed by the Nanoferrite-Supported RAPTA Complex 126......Page 291 Cycloisomerization of N,N-diallylamides and N,N-Diallylsulfonamides Catalyzed by Pd-NPs93......Page 292 Beckmann Rearrangement of Ketoximes Using Tungstated Zirconia Solid Acid Nanocatalysts130,131......Page 293 REFERENCES......Page 294 INTRODUCTION......Page 305 Supported RuOx Species......Page 306 Supported Perruthenate Species......Page 315 Organic Polymer-Supported Ruthenium Catalysts......Page 317 Supported Pd-NPs......Page 318 Supported Pd(II) Species......Page 324 Inorganic Material-Supported Au-NPs......Page 329 Organic Polymer-Supported Au-NPs......Page 334 BIMETALLIC NANOPARTICLE-CATALYZED ALCOHOL OXIDATION......Page 337 SUMMARY AND FUTURE OUTLOOK......Page 340 REFERENCES......Page 341 INTRODUCTION......Page 351 Co3O4-NPs and Cubes......Page 354 Co3O4 Nanorods and Nanotubes......Page 355 Multidimensional Co3O4 Nanostructures......Page 358 Co3O4 Nanocatalysts......Page 361 FERRIC OXIDES......Page 365 α-Fe2O3-NPs......Page 368 α-Fe2O3 Nanorods and Nanotubes......Page 370 Hierarchical α-Fe2O3......Page 374 γ-Fe2O3 Nanomaterials......Page 375 Fe2O3 Nanocatalysts......Page 379 CERIUM DIOXIDE......Page 384 CeO2-NP and Nanocubes......Page 385 CeO2 Nanorods and Nanotubes......Page 387 Multidimensional CeO2 Nanostructures......Page 389 CeO2 Nanocatalysts......Page 392 Au/CeO2 Nanocatalysts......Page 393 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 399 REFERENCES......Page 400 INTRODUCTION......Page 423 Hydrogenation of Alkenes......Page 424 Hydrogenation of Alkynes......Page 434 Hydrogenation of Aromatic Compounds......Page 443 CONCLUSIONS......Page 453 REFERENCES......Page 454 Introduction......Page 461 First-Row Transition Metal Catalysts......Page 463 Noble Metal Catalysts......Page 468 Metal Oxide-Modified Supported Noble Metal Catalysts......Page 471 Metal Catalysts Supported on Carbon Nanotubes......Page 473 Introduction......Page 474 Alkane Hydrogenolysis over Transition Metals......Page 475 Biodiesel-Derived Glycerol Hydrogenolysis to 1,2-PD on Cu/MgO Catalysts19......Page 479 Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol over Titania-Supported Ruthenium33......Page 480 REFERENCES......Page 481 INTRODUCTION......Page 487 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES IN PHOTOCATALYSIS......Page 489 MECHANISTIC DETAILS......Page 490 USE OF VISIBLE LIGHT......Page 493 Sol–Gel......Page 497 Hydrothermal Synthesis......Page 502 Chemical Vapor Deposition and Atomic Layer Deposition......Page 503 Ion Beam Techniques......Page 504 FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 505 REFERENCES......Page 506 INTRODUCTION......Page 513 Principles of Photocatalytic Water Splitting......Page 514 Types of Photocatalytic Water Splitting......Page 519 Photocatalytic Performance Evaluation......Page 523 General Synthesis Method of Semiconductor Photocatalysts......Page 526 Methods of Loading Cocatalyst on Semiconductor Photocatalysts......Page 528 ELEMENTS CONSTRUCTING SEMICONDUCTOR PHOTOCATALYSTS......Page 529 Titanium (Ti)-Based Oxides......Page 530 Niobium (Nb)-Based Oxides......Page 535 Tantalum (Ta)-Based Oxides......Page 537 Other Transition Metal-Based Oxides......Page 541 Main Group Metal Oxides......Page 543 Nonoxide Photocatalysts......Page 544 VISIBLE LIGHT-RESPONSIVE SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCATALYSTS FOR WATER SPLITTING......Page 545 Semiconductors with Suitable Energy Levels for Water Splitting (Type A)......Page 546 Doping Strategies (Type B)......Page 552 Solid Solution Materials (Type C)......Page 558 SUMMARY AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE......Page 562 REFERENCES......Page 563 INTRODUCTION......Page 579 BIOMASS GASIFICATION......Page 582 Water Gas Shift......Page 583 STEAM REFORMING OF FAST PYROLYSIS BIO-OILS......Page 584 Aqueous-Phase Reforming of Sugars......Page 586 Fermentation of Sugars and Steam Reforming of Ethanol......Page 588 Methane Conversion......Page 589 OVERALL H2 PRODUCTION PROCESS FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES......Page 590 X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY......Page 591 Activity......Page 592 Stability......Page 600 CONCLUSIONS......Page 602 REFERENCES......Page 604 Climate Change and Biorefinery Concept......Page 613 Nanocatalysis......Page 615 Biomass Upgrading for Energy Production......Page 616 NANOCATALYSTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF LIQUID FUELS FROM BIOMASS......Page 618 First-Generation Biofuel......Page 619 Second-Generation Biofuels......Page 621 NANOPARTICLES AND THE BIOREFINERY: PROSPECTS AND OUTLOOK......Page 628 REFERENCES......Page 629 INTRODUCTION......Page 633 Synthesis of Nanomaterials for Enzyme Immobilization......Page 634 Methods Used for Binding Enzymes while Constructing Nanomaterial-Based Biocatalysts......Page 640 CATALYTIC ACTIVITY, STABILITY, AND REUSABILITY: ENHANCEMENT OF ENZYME FUNCTIONS VIA NANOMATERIAL-BASED BIOCATALYSTS......Page 643 Stabilization of Biocatalysts......Page 644 Reusability......Page 645 Food Industry......Page 646 Bioenergy and Environmental Technology......Page 648 Preparation of Magnetic Silica Nanoparticle-Based Biocatalyst115......Page 649 Preparation of Nanofiber-Based Biocatalyst116......Page 651 REFERENCES......Page 652 General Background......Page 661 Synthesis of Nanocatalysts......Page 662 General Introduction......Page 663 Colloidal NP Synthesis......Page 664 Pt–Monometal Supported Catalysts......Page 667 Pt-Based Bimetallic Catalysts......Page 670 Preparation of Trimetallic Catalysts......Page 680 Introduction......Page 682 Experimental......Page 684 Results......Page 685 Introduction to “Striped” NPs......Page 687 Linking Ripple Domain to Surface Energy......Page 688 Synthesis of “Striped” NPs......Page 689 Catalytic Applications of “Striped” NPs......Page 690 Conclusions......Page 691 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 692 REFERENCES......Page 693 INTRODUCTION......Page 697 CO OXIDATION ON AU/METAL OXIDE CATALYSTS......Page 699 Gold Nanoparticles......Page 700 Metal Oxide Supports......Page 702 DIRECT SYNTHESIS OF H2O2 FROM H2 AND O2......Page 705 METHANOL SYNTHESIS FROM CO AND CO2......Page 711 Cu/ZnO Binary Catalysts......Page 712 Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 Ternary Catalysts......Page 718 Quasihomogeneous Catalyst......Page 720 REFERENCES......Page 724 INDEX......Page 731 Supplemental Images......Page 738 Exhibiting both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic properties, nanocatalysts allow for rapid and selective chemical transformations, with the benefits of excellent product yield and ease of catalyst separation and recovery. This book reviews the catalytic performance and the synthesis and characterization of nanocatalysts, examining the current state of the art and pointing the way towards new avenues of research. Moreover, the authors discuss new and emerging applications of nanocatalysts and nanocatalysis, from pharmaceuticals to fine chemicals to renewable energy to biotransformations. iNanocatalysis /ifeatures contributions from leading research groups around the world. These contributions reflect a thorough review of the current literature as well as the authors' first-hand experience designing and synthesizing nanocatalysts and developing new applications for them. The book's nineteen chapters offer a broad perspective, covering:/ ulliNanocatalysis for carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom coupling reactions/liliNanocatalysis for various organic transformations in fine chemical synthesis/liliNanocatalysis for oxidation, hydrogenation, and other related reactions/liliNanomaterial-based photocatalysis and biocatalysis/liliNanocatalysts to produce non-conventional energy such as hydrogen and biofuels/liliNanocatalysts and nano-biocatalysts in the chemical industry/li/ul Readers will also learn about the latest spectroscopic and microscopy tools used in advanced characterization methods that shed new light on nanocatalysts and nanocatalysis. Moreover, the authors offer expert advice to help readers develop strategies to improve catalytic performance./ Summarizing and reviewing all the most important advances in nanocatalysis over the last two decades, this book explains the many advantages of nanocatalysts over conventional homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, providing the information and guidance needed for designing green, sustainable catalytic processes. Exhibiting both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic properties, nanocatalysts allow for rapid and selective chemical transformations, with the benefits of excellent product yield and ease of catalyst separation and recovery. This book reviews the catalytic performance and the synthesis and characterization of nanocatalysts, examining the current state of the art and pointing the way towards new avenues of research. Moreover, the authors discuss new and emerging applications of nanocatalysts and nanocatalysis, from pharmaceuticals to fine chemicals to renewable energy to biotransformations. Nanocatalysis features contributions from leading research groups around the world. These contributions reflect a thorough review of the current literature as well as the authors'first-hand experience designing and synthesizing nanocatalysts and developing new applications for them. The book's nineteen chapters offer a broad perspective, covering: Nanocatalysis for carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom coupling reactions Nanocatalysis for various organic transformations in fine chemical synthesis Nanocatalysis for oxidation, hydrogenation, and other related reactions Nanomaterial-based photocatalysis and biocatalysis Nanocatalysts to produce non-conventional energy such as hydrogen and biofuels Nanocatalysts and nano-biocatalysts in the chemical industry Readers will also learn about the latest spectroscopic and microscopy tools used in advanced characterization methods that shed new light on nanocatalysts and nanocatalysis. Moreover, the authors offer expert advice to help readers develop strategies to improve catalytic performance. Summarizing and reviewing all the most important advances in nanocatalysis over the last two decades, this book explains the many advantages of nanocatalysts over conventional homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, providing the information and guidance needed for designing green, sustainable catalytic processes. Introduction to Nanocatalysis / Vivek Polshettiwar Nanocatalysts for the Heck Coupling Reactions / Tewodros Asefa Nanocatalysts for the Suzuki Coupling Reactions / Liane M. Rossi Sonogashira Reactions Using Nano-Catalysts / Carmen Najera Nanocatalysts for Hiyama, Stille, Kumuda and Nigeshi C-C Coupling Reactions / Robert W.J. Scott Aryl -Carson : Heteroatom coupling reactions using nanometal catalyst / Brindaban C. Ranu Nanostructured Catalysts for the Aldol, Knoevenagel, and Henry Reactions / Victorio Cadierno Nanocatalysts for Rearrangement Reactions / Victorio Cadierno Oxidation of Alcohols Using Nano-Catalysts / Kiyotomi Kaneda Tuning the Morphology of Metal Oxides for Catalytic Applications / Wenjie Shen Nanocatalysts for Hydrogenation Reactions / Radha Narayanan Hydrogenolysis Reactions using Nanocatalysts / Vivek Polshettiwar Nanomaterials Based Photocatalysts / Deepa Khushalani Nanocatalysts for Water Splitting / Lianzhou Wang Properties of Nano-Catalytic Materials for Hydrogen Production from Renewable Resources / Xianqin Wang Nano-Catalysts for Biofuels / Vitaliy Budarin Nano-Material Based Bio-Catalyst / Jin Hyung Lee Role of Nanocatalysis in Chemical Industry / Rajiv Kumar Nanocatalysis : Activation of Small Molecules and Conversion into Useful Feedstock / Balaji R. Jagirdar.