Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology: Basic, Preparation and Applications

This book first systematically introduces the development history, research content, and development trend of nanomaterials and then describes the preparation methods, characterization methods, physical and chemical properties, and mechanical properties of nanomaterials, so that students can have an overall understanding and understanding of nanomaterials. On this basis, the application of nanomaterials and carbon nanomaterials which are widely studied at present is taught. Finally, the latest research progress of nanomaterials is introduced. The book lists some practical examples as far as possible to make students easy to understand and master. Preface Contents About the Authors 1 Basic Concepts of Nanomaterials 1.1 Definition of Nanomaterials 1.2 Origin and Research Progress of Nanotechnology 1.2.1 The Origin of Nanotechnology 1.2.2 Research Progress of Nanotechnology 1.3 Classification of Nanomaterials 1.3.1 Nanoparticles 1.3.2 Nanosolid 1.3.3 Nano-assembly System 1.4 Basic Structural Units of Nanomaterials 1.4.1 Cluster 1.4.2 Nanoparticles 1.4.3 Quasi-One-Dimensional Nanomaterials 1.4.4 Artificial Atoms 1.4.5 Carbon Nanotubes, Nanorods, Nanowires and Nanowires 1.4.6 Nano-film 1.4.7 Nanophase Particles 1.5 Common Nanomaterials 1.5.1 Nanofibers 1.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes 1.5.3 Nanometer Titanium Dioxide 1.5.4 Nano-ceramics 1.5.5 Nanometer Powder 1.5.6 Nano-film 1.5.7 Nanoblock References 2 Fundamental Effects of Nanomaterials 2.1 Surface and Interface Effects of Nanomaterials 2.1.1 Surface Atoms of Nanomaterials 2.1.2 Surface Energy of Nanomaterials 2.1.3 Surface Reconstruction and Surface State 2.2 Small Size Effect of Nanomaterials 2.2.1 Definition of Small Size Effect 2.2.2 Effect of Small Size Effect on Properties of Nanomaterials 2.3 Quantum Size Effect of Nanomaterials 2.3.1 Quantum Concepts and Energy Levels 2.3.2 The Effect of Quantum Size Effect on the Properties of Nanomaterials 2.4 Energy Band Theory of Nanomaterials 2.4.1 Brief Introduction to Solid Energy Band Theory 2.4.2 Energy Band Theory of Nanomaterials 2.5 Dielectric Confinement Effect of Nanomaterials 2.6 Macroscopic Quantum Tunneling Effect of Nanomaterials 2.6.1 Definition of Macroscopic Quantum Tunneling 2.6.2 Ballistic Transmission 2.6.3 Inelastic Tunneling 2.7 Coulomb Blockade and Single-Electron Tunneling Effect of Nanomaterials References 3 Physical Properties of Nanomaterials 3.1 Basic Dimensions of Nanomaterials 3.1.1 Size Effect 3.1.2 Surface and Interface Effects 3.1.3 Macro Quantum Tunneling Effect 3.2 Electrical Properties 3.2.1 Dielectric Constant and Dielectric Loss 3.2.2 Electrical Properties of Nano-oxides 3.3 Magnetic Properties 3.3.1 Coercivity 3.3.2 Superparamagnetism 3.3.3 Saturated Magnetization, Curie Temperature and Magnetic Susceptibility 3.4 Optical Properties 3.4.1 Basic Concepts 3.4.2 Optical Absorption Characteristics of Nanomaterials 3.5 Thermal Performance 3.5.1 Thermal Properties and Size Effect of Nanomaterials 3.5.2 Grain Growth of Nanocrystals 3.5.3 Lattice Thermodynamic Properties of Nanocrystals 3.5.4 Interface Thermodynamics of Nanocrystals 3.6 Mechanical Properties of Nanocrystalline Materials 3.6.1 Mechanical Properties of Nanocrystalline Metals and Alloys References 4 Chemical Properties of Nanomaterials 4.1 Assembly of Nano-materials 4.1.1 Self-assembly Characteristics 4.1.2 Self-assembly Mechanism 4.1.3 Self-assembly Example 4.2 Adsorption Characteristics of Nanomaterials 4.2.1 Non-electrolyte Adsorption 4.2.2 Electrolyte Adsorption 4.3 Catalytic Characteristics of Nanomaterials 4.3.1 Nano-metal Catalysis 4.3.2 Photocatalysis of Semiconductor Nanoparticles 4.3.3 Thermal Catalysis of Nano-metal and Semiconductor Particles 4.4 Crystal Characteristics of Nanomaterials 4.5 Surface Defect Characteristics of Nanometer Materials 4.6 Agglomeration Characteristics of Nanomaterials 4.6.1 Brief Introduction of Agglomeration Characteristics 4.6.2 Dynamic Model of Agglomeration 4.7 Rheological Properties of Nanomaterials 4.7.1 Viscosity of Typical Colloidal Suspension 4.7.2 Viscosity of Nano-Al2O3 Suspension 4.7.3 Viscosity of Magnetic Liquid References 5 Methods for Analysis and Characterization of Nanomaterials 5.1 SEM Characterization of Nanomaterials 5.1.1 Sample Preparation 5.1.2 SEM Image Acquisition 5.1.3 Particle Size Measurement Based on SEM Images 5.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy Characterization of Nanomaterials: Measurement Procedures 5.2.1 Measuring Principle of Transmission Electron Microscope 5.2.2 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy 5.2.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis 5.3 X-ray Diffraction of Nanomaterials 5.3.1 Powder Diffraction Method 5.3.2 Modern Methods for XPD Data Analysis of Nanomaterials 5.4 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 5.4.1 Introduction to X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 5.4.2 Analysis Usage 5.4.3 UV–Vis Absorption Spectrum 5.4.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 5.4.5 Raman Scattering Spectrum References 6 Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials 6.1 Preparation of One-Dimensional Nanomaterials 6.1.1 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 6.1.2 Preparation of Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 6.1.3 Preparation of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes 6.1.4 Preparation Method of Nanowire 6.1.5 Preparation Method of Nanorods 6.2 Preparation of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials 6.2.1 Vacuum Evaporation Method 6.2.2 Sputtering Method 6.2.3 Microwave Method 6.2.4 Molecular Beam Epitaxy 6.2.5 Sol–Gel Method 6.2.6 Chemical Vapor Deposition 6.3 Preparation of 3D Nanomaterials 6.3.1 Preparation of Nano-metal and Alloy Materials 6.3.2 Preparation of Nano Ceramics References 7 Surface Modification of Nanomaterials 7.1 Reasons for Surface Modification of Nanomaterials 7.2 The Principle of Surface Modification of Nanomaterials 7.2.1 Physical Modification of the Surface of Nanomaterials 7.2.2 Chemical Modification of Nanomaterials 7.3 Methods for Surface Modification of Nanomaterials 7.3.1 Sol–Gel Method 7.3.2 Precipitation Method 7.3.3 Heterogeneous Flocculation Method 7.3.4 Heterogeneous Nucleation Method 7.3.5 Microemulsion Method 7.3.6 Electroless Plating 7.3.7 Vapor Deposition Method 7.3.8 Polymer Surface Coating Modification 7.3.9 Carbon Coating on the Surface of Nanomaterials 7.3.10 Plasma Treatment References 8 Applications of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Military and Aerospace Fields 8.1 Application of Nanomaterials in the Military Field 8.1.1 Nanorobots 8.1.2 Nano Weapons and Equipment 8.1.3 Nanosatellites 8.1.4 Space Elevator 8.1.5 Prospects for the Development of Nanomaterials in the Military Field 8.2 Application of Nano-functional Materials in Aerospace Field 8.2.1 Nano-conductive and Heat-Conducting Materials 8.2.2 Nano-radar and Infrared Stealth Materials 8.2.3 Nano-sensing Materials 8.2.4 New Ceramics and New Glass 8.2.5 Solid Rocket Propellant 8.3 Application of Nanostructured Materials in Aerospace Field 8.3.1 Metals and Metal Matrix Composites 8.3.2 Polymer Based Composites 8.3.3 Engineering Plastics and Other Composites 8.3.4 Ceramic Matrix Composite Materials 8.4 Application of Nanocomposite Coatings in Aerospace Field 8.4.1 Preparation, Classification and Characteristics of Nano Coatings 8.4.2 Protective Coating 8.4.3 Nanometer Microwave Coating 8.4.4 Nanometer Optical Coating 8.4.5 Other Nano Functional Coatings 8.5 Development Prospects of Nanomaterials in the Aerospace Field References 9 Applications of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Electronic Information 9.1 Nanomagnetic Materials 9.1.1 Magnetic Properties of Nano-materials 9.1.2 Giant Magnetoresistive Materials 9.1.3 Magnetic Recording Materials 9.1.4 New Magnetic Fluids 9.1.5 Soft Magnet Materials 9.1.6 Nano-magnetic Cooling Media 9.2 Nano-optical Materials 9.2.1 Optical Properties of Nanomaterials 9.2.2 Nanocrystalline Solar Cells 9.2.3 Nanoluminescent Functional Materials 9.2.4 Photonic Crystals and Photon Storage 9.3 Application of Nanotechnology in Electronic Devices 9.3.1 Nanoelectronics 9.3.2 Processing Technology for Nanostructures 9.3.3 Single Electron Transistor 9.3.4 Quantum Computer References 10 Application of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in the Field of Energy and Environmental Protection 10.1 Application of Nanomaterials in Energy Storage 10.1.1 Nanomaterials for the Storage of Hydrogen Energy 10.1.2 Nanomaterials for the Storage of Solar Energy 10.1.3 Nanomaterials Used in Lithium-Ion Batteries 10.1.4 Nanomaterials Used in the Supercapacitors 10.2 Application of Nanomaterials in Energy Conversion 10.2.1 Nanomaterials Used in Nanogenerators 10.2.2 Nanomaterials Used in Solar Cells 10.2.3 Nanomaterials Used in the Fuel Cells 10.3 Application of Nanomaterials in Wastewater Treatment 10.3.1 Nanotechnology in Sewage Treatment 10.3.2 Treatment of Wastewater with Nanoscale Photocatalytic Materials 10.3.3 Nanofiltration Membrane Treatment of Wastewater 10.3.4 Treatment of Wastewater with Nanoadsorbent Materials 10.4 Application of Nanomaterials in Exhaust Gas Purification 10.4.1 Nanomaterials Used as Catalysts for Vehicle Exhaust Gas Purification 10.4.2 Nanomaterials Used as Catalysts for Petroleum Desulfurization 10.4.3 Nanomaterials Used for Indoor Air Purification 10.5 Application of Nanomaterials in Waste Solid Treatment 10.5.1 Cellulose-Nanocrystal-Reinforced Bioplastic Composites 10.6 Application of Nanomaterials in Noise Control 10.6.1 Nanomaterials of Sound Absorption and Sound Insulation Materials 10.6.2 Nanoparticle Additives Used in Lubricants References 11 Applications of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Biomedicine 11.1 Common Biological Materials and Their Characteristics 11.2 Common Nano Drug Delivery System 11.2.1 Nanoparticles Used as Carriers of Cancer Drugs 11.2.2 Nanoparticles Used as Carriers for Anti-infective Drugs 11.2.3 Nanoparticles Used as Carriers of Polypeptide Protein Drugs 11.2.4 Nanoparticles Used as Carriers of Ophthalmic Drugs 11.3 Special Nano Drug Delivery System 11.3.1 Nanoliposomes 11.3.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 11.3.3 Magnetic Nanocarriers 11.3.4 Long-Circulation Nanocarriers 11.3.5 Temperature Sensitive Nanocarriers 11.3.6 PH Sensitive Nanocarriers 11.3.7 Immune Nanocarriers 11.3.8 Photosensitive Nanocarriers 11.3.9 Nanocarriers for Gene Delivery 11.4 Applications of Nanomaterials in Biology 11.4.1 Material Assembly and Application of Biomacromolecules 11.4.2 Application of Antisense Nucleic Acid Technology 11.5 Application of Nanomaterials in Medical Field 11.5.1 Application of Medical Nanomaterials 11.5.2 Nanorobot 11.6 Application of Nanomaterials in Biomedicine Field 11.6.1 Application of Cyclosporin a Nano-emulsion 11.6.2 Application of Magnetic Nanomaterials in Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging 11.6.3 Application of Immunomagnetic Microspheres Prepared by Magnetic Nanomaterials in Biomedicine References