Nanomaterials Handbook (Advanced Materials and Technologies)

Even before it was identified as a science and given a name, nanotechnology was the province of the most innovative inventors. In medieval times, craftsmen, ingeniously employing nanometer-sized gold particles, created the enchanting red hues found in the gold ruby glass of cathedral windows. Today, nanomaterials are being just as creatively used to improve old products, as well as usher in new ones. From tires to CRTs to sunscreens, nanomaterials are becoming a part of every industry. The Nanomaterials Handbook provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of nanomaterials. Employing terminology familiar to materials scientists and engineers, it provides an introduction that delves into the unique nature of nanomaterials. Looking at the quantum effects that come into play and other characteristics realized at the nano level, it explains how the properties displayed by nanomaterials can differ from those displayed by single crystals and conventional microstructured, monolithic, or composite materials. The introduction is followed by an in-depth investigation of carbon-based nanomaterials, which are as important to nanotechnology as silicon is to electronics. However, it goes beyond the usual discussion of nanotubes and nanofibers to consider graphite whiskers, cones and polyhedral crystals, and nanocrystalline diamonds. It also provides significant new information with regard to nanostructured semiconductors, ceramics, metals, biomaterials, and polymers, as well as nanotechnology’s application in drug delivery systems, bioimplants, and field-emission displays. The Nanomaterials Handbook is edited by world-renowned nanomaterials scientist Yury Gogotsi, who has recruited his fellow-pioneers from academia, national laboratories, and industry, to provide coverage of the latest material developments in America, Asia, Europe, and Australia. Contents......Page 0 NANOMATERIALS HANDBOOK......Page 1 Dedication......Page 4 Preface......Page 5 Editor......Page 6 Contributors......Page 7 Contents......Page 10 1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 13 1.2 THE NANOWORLD IS UNIQUELY DIFFERENT......Page 15 1.3 SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION......Page 17 1.5 COMPUTER SIMULATION AND MODELING......Page 21 1.6 APPLICATIONS......Page 22 REFERENCES......Page 24 2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 25 2.2.1 SOLID-STATE SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES......Page 26 2.2.2.1 Inert Gas Condensation of Nanoparticles......Page 27 2.2.2.2 Plasma-Based Synthesis of Nanoparticles......Page 30 2.2.2.3 Flame-Based Synthesis of Nanoparticles......Page 32 2.2.2.4 Spray Pyrolysis of Nanoparticles......Page 33 2.3 SOLUTION PROCESSING OF NANOPARTICLES......Page 34 2.3.2 SOLUTION PRECIPITATION......Page 35 2.3.3 WATER–OIL MICROEMULSION (REVERSE MICELLE) METHOD......Page 36 2.5 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES......Page 37 REFERENCES......Page 38 3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 40 3.2.1.1 [2
2] Cycloadditions......Page 41 3.2.1.2 [3+2] Cycloadditions......Page 42 3.2.1.3 [4+2] Cycloadditions......Page 49 3.2.2 CYCLOPROPANATION REACTIONS......Page 50 3.3.1 ROTAXANES, CATENANES, PSEUDOROTAXANES......Page 54 3.3.2 NANORINGS, PEAPODS......Page 58 3.3.4 COMPLEMENTARY HYDROGEN BONDED SUPRAMOLECULAR SYSTEMS......Page 61 3.4.1 DONOR–ACCEPTOR SYSTEMS......Page 63 3.4.1.1 Dyads Containing Photoactive Electron Donors......Page 64 3.4.1.2 Dyads Containing Nonphotoactive Electron Donors......Page 65 3.4.2 PLASTIC SOLAR CELLS......Page 67 REFERENCES......Page 72 4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 80 4.2.1 SINGLE-WALL TUBES, BUNDLES, AND CRYSTALLINE ROPES......Page 82 4.2.3 MACROSCOPIC NANOTUBE MATERIALS......Page 84 4.2.5 FILLED TUBES......Page 86 4.2.6 NANOTUBE SUSPENSIONS......Page 89 4.3 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES......Page 90 4.3.1 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES......Page 91 4.3.2 THERMAL PROPERTIES......Page 92 4.3.3 ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES......Page 97 4.3.4 MAGNETIC AND SUPERCONDUCTING PROPERTIES......Page 109 REFERENCES......Page 110 CONTENTS......Page 116 5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 117 5.2 CARBON NANOTUBE MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE......Page 118 5.3 SYNTHESIS OF CARBON NANOTUBES......Page 119 5.4 OPENING OF CARBON NANOTUBES......Page 120 5.5 FUNCTIONALIZATION OF CARBON NANOTUBES......Page 121 5.5.2 REACTIONS OF CARBOXYLIC GROUPS ATTACHED TO NANOTUBES......Page 122 5.5.3 FLUORINATION......Page 126 5.5.4 AMIDATION......Page 127 5.5.5 OTHER TYPES OF COVALENT BONDING......Page 129 5.5.6 NONCOVALENT BONDING......Page 132 5.5.8 SELF-ASSEMBLY, FILM, AND FIBER FORMATION......Page 135 5.6 FILLING THE INNER CAVITY OF CARBON NANOTUBES......Page 138 5.6.1 IN SITU FILLING......Page 139 5.6.2.1 Filling from Liquid Media......Page 140 5.6.2.2 Filling from Gas Phase......Page 142 5.6.3 REACTIONS INSIDE NANOTUBE......Page 143 5.6.4 THE STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALS INSIDE NANOTUBES......Page 144 5.7 ADSORPTION AND STORAGE OF GASES......Page 145 5.7.1 HYDROGEN PROBLEM......Page 146 5.7.2 CARBON NANOTUBE GAS SENSORS......Page 148 5.8.1 BIOSENSORS......Page 149 5.9.1 SUBSTITUTION OF THE CARBON ATOMS OF NANOTUBES......Page 151 5.9.2 DECORATION OF CARBON NANOTUBES......Page 152 5.10 INTERCALATION OF “GUEST” MOIETIES......Page 154 REFERENCES......Page 156 ABSTRACT......Page 188 6.2 GRAPHITE WHISKERS AND CONES......Page 189 6.2.1.1 Whiskers......Page 190 6.2.1.2 Cones......Page 192 6.2.2 OCCURRENCE OF GRAPHITE WHISKERS AND CONES IN NATURE......Page 195 6.2.3 STRUCTURE: GEOMETRICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 196 6.2.4.1 Electronic Properties of Synthetic Whiskers and Cones......Page 200 6.2.4.2 Raman Spectra......Page 201 6.3.1 SYNTHESIS......Page 202 6.3.2 STRUCTURE OF POLYGONAL TUBES......Page 204 6.3.3.1 Electronic Band Structure......Page 207 6.3.3.2 Raman Spectra......Page 208 6.3.3.3 Chemical, Thermal, and Mechanical Stability......Page 209 6.4 CONCLUSIONS......Page 210 REFERENCES......Page 211 7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 214 7.2 STABILITY OF NANODIAMOND......Page 215 7.3 TYPES OF NANODIAMOND AND METHODS OF THEIR SYNTHESIS......Page 219 7.3.1 ZERO-DIMENSIONAL NANODIAMOND STRUCTURES......Page 220 7.3.2 ONE-DIMENSIONAL NANODIAMOND STRUCTURES......Page 225 7.3.4 THREE-DIMENSIONAL NANODIAMOND STRUCTURES......Page 228 7.4.1 SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES......Page 230 7.4.2 APPLICATIONS OF ULTRANANOCRYSTALLINE DIAMOND PARTICULATE......Page 236 7.5 ULTRANANOCRYSTALLINE DIAMOND FILMS PRODUCED BY CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION......Page 238 7.6 CARBIDE-DERIVED DIAMOND-STRUCTURED CARBON......Page 239 7.7 MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF NANODIAMOND......Page 240 7.8 CONCLUSION......Page 243 REFERENCES......Page 244 CONTENTS......Page 250 8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 251 8.2.1 CHLORINATION OF CARBIDES FOR PRODUCTION OF CHLORIDES......Page 252 8.2.2 THERMODYNAMIC SIMULATIONS......Page 253 8.2.3 HISTORIC OVERVIEW......Page 254 8.2.4 KINETICS OF HALOGENATION OF CARBIDES......Page 256 8.2.6.1 Pore Formation......Page 257 8.2.6.2 Effect of the Chlorination Temperature......Page 259 8.2.6.3 Effect of the Carbide Structure......Page 263 8.2.6.5 Effect of a Halogen......Page 265 8.2.6.7 CDC Composites......Page 266 8.2.7.1 Graphitization and Detection of Nanocrystals......Page 267 8.2.7.2 Carbon Nanostructures......Page 269 8.3.1 REACTION OF CALCIUM CARBIDE WITH INORGANIC SALTS......Page 271 8.3.2.1 Thermodynamic Analysis......Page 272 8.3.2.2 Experimental Results......Page 273 8.4.1 CARBON STRUCTURE AND CONSERVATION OF SHAPE......Page 274 8.4.2 SYNTHESIS OF CARBON NANOTUBES AND CARBON ONIONS......Page 276 8.5.1 SUPERCAPACITORS......Page 280 8.5.2 HYDROGEN STORAGE......Page 281 8.5.4 LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES......Page 282 8.5.6 TRIBOLOGICAL COATINGS......Page 283 REFERENCES......Page 284 ABSTRACT......Page 294 9.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 295 9.2 STRATEGIES FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF 1-D NANOSTRUCTURES......Page 296 9.2.1 METAL NANOCLUSTERS: FACILITATING 1-D GROWTH......Page 297 9.2.2 LASER-ASSISTED METAL-CATALYZED NANOWIRE GROWTH......Page 298 9.2.3 METAL-CATALYZED VAPOR–LIQUID–SOLID GROWTH......Page 299 9.2.4 VAPOR–SOLID–SOLID GROWTH......Page 301 9.2.6 CHEMICAL SOLUTION-BASED GROWTH......Page 302 9.2.7 TEMPLATE-ASSISTED GROWTH......Page 304 9.3.1 CONTROL OF DIAMETER AND DIAMETER DISPERSION......Page 306 9.3.2 CONTROL OF SHAPE: NOVEL TOPOLOGIES......Page 307 9.3.4 HIERARCHAL 1-D NANOSTRUCTURES......Page 308 9.3.5 AXIAL 9.3.2 CONTROL OF SHAPE: NOVEL TOPOLOGIES......Page 310 9.4.1 MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES AND PHONON TRANSPORT......Page 315 9.4.2 ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF NANOWIRES......Page 316 9.4.3 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOWIRES......Page 317 REFERENCES......Page 320 10.1 PREFACE......Page 328 10.2 SYNTHESIS OF INORGANIC NANOTUBES......Page 331 10.3 INORGANIC NANOTUBES AND FULLERENE-LIKE STRUCTURES STUDIED BY COMPUTATIONAL METHODS......Page 337 10.4 STUDY OF THE PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC NANOTUBES IN RELATION TO THEIR APPLICATIONS......Page 341 REFERENCES......Page 343 11.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 350 11.2.1 HEXAGONAL BORON NITRIDE......Page 351 11.2.2 BORON NITRIDE NANOTUBE STRUCTURE......Page 352 11.2.3 TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY STUDIES OF BORON NITRIDE NANOTUBE CHIRALITY......Page 354 11.3.1 ARC DISCHARGE AND ARC MELTING......Page 357 11.3.2 LASER-ASSISTED METHOD......Page 359 11.3.3 BALL MILLING AND ANNEALING......Page 361 11.3.4 CARBON NANOTUBE SUBSTITUTION......Page 362 11.3.5 CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION AND OTHER THERMAL METHODS......Page 365 11.4 SUMMARY......Page 366 REFERENCES......Page 367 ABSTRACT......Page 372 12.2 POWDER COMPACT......Page 373 12.3.2 HOT PRESSING AND SINTER FORGING......Page 375 12.3.5 TWO-STEP SINTERING......Page 376 12.4.2.1 Normal Sintering......Page 377 12.4.2.3 Nanograined Y2O3......Page 378 12.4.3 KINETICS OF CONSTANT STRUCTURE SINTERING......Page 380 12.5.1 BATIO3 CERAMICS......Page 384 12.5.2 NICUZN FERRITE......Page 386 12.5.3 ZNO VARISTOR......Page 389 12.5.4 SIC CERAMICS......Page 390 12.6 CONCLUSIONS......Page 391 REFERENCES......Page 392 ABSTRACT......Page 395 13.2 KINKING IN CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS......Page 396 13.3 KINKING NONLINEAR ELASTIC SOLIDS......Page 397 13.4 THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF SPHERICAL NANOINDENTATIONS......Page 401 13.5.2 THE MAX PHASES......Page 402 13.5.3 GRAPHITE......Page 405 13.5.4 MICA......Page 407 13.5.5 HEXAGONAL BORON NITRIDE......Page 411 REFERENCES......Page 412 ABSTRACT......Page 415 14.2.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS......Page 416 14.2.2 SILICON CARBIDE AND SILICON NITRIDE......Page 417 14.2.3 ALUMINIUM NITRIDE, BORON NITRIDE, AND BORON CARBIDE......Page 419 14.2.4 TUNGSTEN CARBIDE, TITANIUM CARBIDE (NITRIDE, BORIDE), RELATED COMPOUNDS......Page 420 14.2.5 PROPERTIES OF UFP AND NANOTUBES......Page 421 14.3.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF CONSOLIDATION......Page 424 14.3.2.1 Structure......Page 425 14.3.2.2 Properties......Page 432 14.4.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREPARATION......Page 439 14.4.2 FILM STRUCTURE AND CONTENT......Page 441 14.4.3.1 Mechanical Properties......Page 445 14.4.3.2 Other Properties......Page 452 14.5 SUMMARY......Page 453 REFERENCES......Page 456 ABSTRACT......Page 465 15.2 SUPERCONDUCTOR PARAMETERS AND MAGNETIC FLUX PINNING......Page 466 15.3 DESIGN OF FLUX PINNING CENTERS......Page 468 15.4.1 POINT DEFECTS......Page 469 15.4.2 DISLOCATIONS AND GRAIN BOUNDARIES......Page 470 15.5.1 FORMATION OF COMPOSITES......Page 471 15.5.2 COMPOSITES: SUPERCONDUCTOR MATRIX — SECONDARY-PHASE INCLUSIONS......Page 472 15.5.3 COMPOSITES: SUPERCONDUCTOR MATRIX — FOREIGN-PHASE INCLUSIONS......Page 474 15.5.4 COMPOSITES OBTAINED BY SUPERCONDUCTOR PHASE DECOMPOSITION......Page 477 15.6 CONCLUSIONS......Page 478 REFERENCES......Page 479 16.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 484 16.2 COMPOSITIONALLY MODULATED MULTILAYER......Page 485 16.3.1 NANOWIRES......Page 489 16.3.2 PILLARS......Page 490 16.3.3 NANOTUBES......Page 491 16.4.1 NANOPARTICLES......Page 494 16.4.2 METAL-MATRIX NANOCOMPOSITES......Page 495 REFERENCES......Page 499 CONTENTS......Page 506 17.2.1.2 Nanoindentation......Page 507 17.2.2.1 X-Ray Diffraction......Page 508 17.2.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy......Page 509 17.3.1 STRENGTH......Page 510 17.3.2 TENSILE DUCTILITY......Page 513 17.3.5 LOCALIZED DEFORMATION......Page 515 17.3.6 CRYOGENIC BEHAVIOR......Page 517 17.3.7 CREEP AND SUPERPLASTICITY......Page 518 17.3.8 FATIGUE AND FRACTURE......Page 520 17.4.1.1 Hall–Petch Relationship......Page 522 17.4.1.2 Coble Creep......Page 526 17.4.2.1 Molecular Dynamics Simulations......Page 527 17.4.2.2 Experimental Observations......Page 530 17.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 533 REFERENCES......Page 535 18.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 540 18.2 SPECIFIC STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES IN NANOCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS......Page 542 18.3 EFFECTS OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES ON PLASTIC FLOW IN NANOCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS: GENERAL VIEW......Page 545 18.4 COMPETITION BETWEEN LATTICE DISLOCATION SLIP AND GRAIN BOUNDARY DIFFUSIONAL CREEP (COBLE CREEP) IN NANOCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS......Page 546 18.5 GRAIN BOUNDARY SLIDING AND HIGH-STRAIN-RATE SUPERPLASTICITY IN NANOCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS......Page 548 18.6 GRAIN GROWTH PROCESSES IN NANOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL......Page 553 18.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 556 REFERENCES......Page 557 19.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 562 19.2 THE ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS......Page 563 19.3 KEY PROCESSING PARAMETERS......Page 564 19.5 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROSPUN FIBERS......Page 567 19.5.2 NANOFIBERS FOR CHEMICAL/BIO PROTECTIVE MEMBRANES......Page 568 19.5.3 NANOCOMPOSITE FIBERS FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS......Page 571 19.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 572 REFERENCES......Page 573 20.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 574 20.2 NANOCOMPOSITE FABRICATION AND NANOTUBE ALIGNMENT......Page 576 20.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES......Page 580 20.4 THERMAL AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES......Page 582 20.5 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY......Page 585 20.6 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND FLAMMABILITY......Page 587 20.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 588 REFERENCES......Page 590 ABSTRACT......Page 594 21.2 DESIGN OF NANOPOROUS POLYMERS......Page 595 21.2.1.1 Track Etching......Page 596 21.2.2.1 Micellar Imprinting......Page 597 21.2.2.2 Nanotemplates......Page 598 21.2.2.4 Self-Assembly of Diblock Copolymers......Page 599 21.2.4 TIPS......Page 601 21.2.6.1 Reactive Systems......Page 604 21.2.7 PIPS......Page 605 21.2.8 MICROEMULSION SYSTEMS......Page 606 21.2.9 MISCIBLE SYSTEMS......Page 607 21.3.1 POLYMER ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANES FOR FUEL CELLS......Page 608 21.3.4 NANOCOMPOSITES......Page 609 21.4 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTION......Page 610 REFERENCES......Page 611 22.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 614 22.2 NANOTECHNOLOGY IN BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE......Page 617 22.3 CURRENT RESEARCH EFFORTS TO IMPROVE BIOMEDICAL PERFORMANCE AT THE NANOSCALE......Page 619 22.4 SOFT BIOMATERIALS......Page 620 22.4.2 SURFACE PROPERTIES......Page 621 22.4.4 NANOSCALE BIOPOLYMER CARRIERS......Page 622 22.5.1 INCREASED OSTEOBLAST FUNCTIONS......Page 624 22.5.2 INCREASED OSTEOCLAST FUNCTIONS......Page 626 22.5.3 DECREASED COMPETITIVE CELL FUNCTIONS......Page 628 22.5.4 INCREASED OSTEOBLAST FUNCTIONS ON NANOFIBROUS MATERIALS......Page 629 22.6 METAL NANOMATERIALS......Page 630 22.7 POLYMERIC NANOMATERIALS......Page 632 22.8 COMPOSITE NANOMATERIALS......Page 633 22.9.1 DRUG DELIVERY......Page 635 22.9.3 BIOLOGICAL MICRO-ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SYSTEMS......Page 637 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 638 REFERENCES......Page 639 CONTENTS......Page 646 23.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 647 23.2 SYNTHESIS OF SOLID NANOPARTICLES......Page 648 23.3.1 SURFACTANT/STABILIZER......Page 651 23.3.2 TYPE OF POLYMER......Page 652 23.3.2.2 Poly(lactic acid)......Page 653 23.3.2.3 Poly-e-caprolactone......Page 654 23.3.3 POLYMER CHOICE......Page 655 23.4.1 SIZE AND ENCAPSULATION EFFICIENCY......Page 656 23.4.3 SURFACE MODIFICATION......Page 658 23.5.2 POLYMERIC MICELLES......Page 660 23.6.1 ORAL DELIVERY......Page 662 23.6.4 TUMOR THERAPY......Page 663 23.6.6 PULMONARY DELIVERY......Page 665 23.7.1 MECHANISMS......Page 666 REFERENCES......Page 667 24.1 INTRODUCTION TO FIELD EMISSION AND CRITERIA FOR PRACTICAL ELECTRON SOURCES......Page 674 24.2 CARBON NANOMATERIAL BASED COLD CATHODES......Page 677 24.3.1 POLYMER- LIKE AMORPHOUS CARBON FILMS......Page 680 24.3.2 DIAMOND-LIKE AMORPHOUS CARBON FILMS......Page 681 24.3.3 TETRAHEDRAL AMORPHOUS CARBON FILMS......Page 684 24.3.6 ULTRANANOCRYSTALLINE DIAMOND THIN FILMS......Page 685 24.4 FIELD EMISSION AND DIELECTRIC INHOMOGENEITY......Page 686 24.5 FIELD EMISSION AS A FUNCTION OF CONDITIONING......Page 687 24.6 SURFACE MODIFICATIONS......Page 689 REFERENCES......Page 691 25.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 694 25.2.1 HYBRID DEPOSITION PROCESSES......Page 697 25.2.3 MODERN COATING PRACTICES......Page 699 25.3 STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES......Page 700 25.4 TRIBOLOGY OF NANOSTRUCTURED AND COMPOSITE FILMS......Page 703 25.4.1 SELF- LUBRICATING NANOCOMPOSITE COATINGS......Page 704 25.4.2 SUPERHARD NANOCOMPOSITE FILMS......Page 707 25.4.3.2 Nanostructured Carbide-Derived Carbon......Page 709 25.4.3.3 Nanocomposite Diamond-Like Carbon Films......Page 711 25.5 NOVEL DESIGN CONCEPTS FOR SELF-LUBRICATING NANOCOMPOSITE FILMS FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS......Page 712 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 715 REFERENCES......Page 716 26.1 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF CARBONS FOR ENERGY STORAGE......Page 722 26.2.1 PERFORMANCE OF SUPERCAPACITORS......Page 723 26.2.2.1 Activated Carbons......Page 727 26.2.2.2 Porous Carbons Prepared by the Template Technique......Page 728 26.2.3 ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITORS FROM CARBONS WITH PSEUDOCAPACITANCE PROPERTIES......Page 729 26.2.4 CARBON NANOTUBES AS A COMPOSITE COMPONENT......Page 732 26.3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 735 26.3.2 MECHANISM OF REVERSIBLE HYDROGEN INSERTION......Page 736 26.3.2.1 Mechanism in Aqueous KOH Medium......Page 737 26.3.2.3 Comparison of Galvanostatic Charge/Discharge in Acidic and Basic Media......Page 739 26.3.2.4 Relation between the Reversible Hydrogen Storage Capacity and the Nanotextural Characteristics of Porous Carbons......Page 740 26.4 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES......Page 742 REFERENCES......Page 743 27.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 748 27.2 PHENOMENOLOGICAL THEORY FOR TRANSPORT IN DIFFERENT DIMENSIONALITIES......Page 751 27.3 TWO-DIMENSIONAL THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS: QUANTUM WELLS......Page 755 27.4 ONE-DIMENSIONAL THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS: QUANTUM WIRES......Page 756 27.5.1 SEGMENTED SUPERLATTICE QUANTUM WIRES......Page 765 27.5.2 QUANTUM-DOT SUPERLATTICES......Page 770 27.5.3 QUANTUM DOTS BETWEEN QUANTUM-POINT CONTACTS......Page 772 27.6 OTHER RELATED TOPICS......Page 774 REFERENCES......Page 777 In medieval times, craftsmen, ingeniously employing nanometer-sized gold particles, created the enchanting red hues found in the gold ruby glass of cathedral windows. Today, nanomaterials are used just as creatively to improve old products, as well as to usher in new ones. Nanomaterials Handbook provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of nanomaterials. Employing terminology familiar to materials scientists and engineers, it provides an introduction that delves into the unique properties of materials that are realized at the nano level