NanoNutraceuticals

This book will be a comprehensive account of the various facets of nutraceuticals domain. The peruser of this book will find details on various nanotech approaches to nutraceuticals, prebiotics and probiotics, along with their specific applications. Cover......Page 1 Half Title......Page 2 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 Table of Contents......Page 6 Foreword......Page 8 About the Series......Page 10 Preface......Page 14 About the Editors......Page 16 Contributors......Page 18 Chapter 1: Nutraceuticals: A Revolutionary Approach for Nano Drug Delivery......Page 22 1.2 Historical Development......Page 23 1.4.3 Intonation of Metabolic Activities......Page 24 1.6 Carriers for Nutraceutical Delivery......Page 25 1.6.1.1 Advantages of Nanoparticles as Delivery Systems for Nutraceuticals......Page 26 1.6.1.2 Major Constraints in Nanoparticles Preparation......Page 27 1.6.2.1 Advantages of SLN as Delivery Systems for Nutraceuticals......Page 28 1.6.2.2 Major Constraints in the Preparation of SLNs......Page 30 1.6.4 Nanospheres......Page 31 1.6.4.1 Nanospheres Provide Nutraceutical Formulations with the Following......Page 32 1.6.5.1 Advantages of Nanoliposomes as Delivery Systems for Nutraceuticals......Page 33 1.6.6 Nanofibers......Page 34 1.6.6.1 Major Constraints in Nanofiber Preparation......Page 35 1.6.7 Nanoemulsion......Page 36 1.6.8 Nanocapsules......Page 37 1.8 Future Prospects......Page 38 References......Page 39 2.1 Introduction......Page 44 2.2 Curcumin......Page 48 2.2.1.1 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN)......Page 50 2.3 Sesamol......Page 54 2.3.1.1 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)......Page 55 2.4 Conclusion......Page 57 References......Page 58 3.1 Introduction......Page 64 3.1.1.2 Resveratrol......Page 65 3.1.1.6 Propolis......Page 67 3.1.1.11 Gingerol......Page 68 3.2 Conclusion......Page 69 References......Page 73 4.1 Introduction......Page 78 4.2 Reactive Oxygen Species and Cancer......Page 79 4.3 Nutraceuticals......Page 80 4.5 Cancer Nanotechnology......Page 81 4.5.1 Nutraceuticals in Cancer......Page 82 4.5.2 Nanonutraceuticals for Cancer......Page 83 4.5.3.1 Liposomes......Page 84 4.5.3.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles......Page 85 4.5.3.4 Self-Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS)......Page 86 References......Page 87 Chapter 5: Nanostructured Drug Delivery of Nutraceuticals for Counteracting Oxidative Stress......Page 92 5.1 Introduction......Page 93 5.1.2.1 Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)......Page 94 5.1.6 Beneficial Effects of Antioxidants on Body......Page 95 5.1.8.1 Ascorbic Acid......Page 96 5.1.8.1.1 Enhancement of Dermal Delivery......Page 97 5.1.8.2 Resveratrol......Page 99 5.1.8.3.1 Enhancement of Stability......Page 100 5.1.8.3.5 Enhancement of Ocular Delivery......Page 101 5.1.8.4.3 Enhancement of Ocular Delivery......Page 102 5.1.8.5.2 Targeted Delivery......Page 103 5.1.8.6.4 Parenteral Delivery......Page 104 5.1.8.7.3 Enhancement of Dermal Delivery......Page 105 5.1.8.8.2 Enhancement of Antioxidant Activity......Page 106 5.2 Conclusions......Page 107 References......Page 108 6.1 Introduction to Nutraceuticals......Page 112 6.1.1 Current Scenario of Nutraceuticals......Page 114 6.3 Nanotechnology in Nutraceuticals......Page 115 6.4.1.1 Epigallocatechin 3-Gallate (EGCG)......Page 116 6.4.1.2 Quercetin......Page 117 6.4.3 Phenolic Diterpenes......Page 118 6.4.4 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs)......Page 119 6.4.5 St. John’s Wort......Page 120 6.4.7 Lycopene......Page 121 References......Page 122 7.1 Introduction......Page 126 7.1.1 Epidemiology......Page 128 7.1.2 Pathogenesis......Page 129 7.1.3 Current Treatment Strategies......Page 132 7.1.4.1 Nanotransformed Phytochemicals......Page 133 References......Page 137 Chapter 8: Nanoemulsions: A New Application in Nutraceutical and Food Industry......Page 142 8.1 Introduction......Page 143 8.1.2 Limitations and Challenges of Nanoemulsion-Based Systems (Chen et al., 2011)......Page 144 8.2.1 Oil Phase......Page 145 8.2.3 Stabilizers......Page 146 8.2.5 Texture Modifier......Page 147 8.3.1.1 Ultrasonication Emulsification......Page 148 8.3.1.2.2 High Pressure Homogenizer......Page 149 8.3.2.1.1 Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT) Method......Page 150 8.3.2.3 Spontaneous Emulsification Method......Page 152 8.4 Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS)......Page 153 8.5.4 Solvent Displacement/Evaporation......Page 154 8.6.1 Protection/Preservation......Page 155 8.7 Potential Application of Nanoemulsion in Food and Nutraceuticals......Page 156 8.7.3 Nanoencapsulation of Flavors......Page 157 8.8.1 Biological Fate......Page 158 8.8.1.2 Absorption......Page 159 8.8.2 Biological Fate of Bioactive or Functional Components Delivered through Nanoemulsion......Page 160 8.9 Future Trends......Page 161 References......Page 162 9.1 Introduction......Page 168 9.3 Probiotics......Page 169 9.4 Encapsulation of Probiotics......Page 174 9.4.1 Nanoencapsulated Probiotics......Page 176 9.4.1.1 Nanoparticles......Page 177 9.4.1.3 Nanolayers......Page 179 9.4.1.5 Nanoemulsions......Page 180 9.6 Safety and Efficacy......Page 181 References......Page 182 10.1.1 History and Source of Resveratrol......Page 186 10.3 Resveratrol Mechanism of Action and Therapeutic Potentials......Page 188 10.3.1 Cardiovascular Effects of Resveratrol......Page 189 10.3.4 Anti-Inflammatory Effects......Page 190 10.3.7 Neuroprotective Effects......Page 191 10.5 Resveratrol Delivery Challenges......Page 192 10.6.1 Microspheres......Page 193 10.7.2 Nanoemulsions......Page 194 10.7.3 Liposomes......Page 195 10.7.5 Polymeric Nanoparticles......Page 196 10.8 Miscellaneous Approaches......Page 197 References......Page 198 Chapter 11: Nanotherapeutics: Enabling Vitamin D3 as a Multifaceted Nutraceutical......Page 204 11.1 Introduction......Page 205 11.2.2.1 Absorption and Distribution......Page 206 11.2.2.2 Metabolism and Excretion......Page 208 11.4 Conventional Approaches for Vitamin D3 Delivery......Page 209 11.5 Stabilization of Vitamin D3......Page 210 11.6.1.1 Rickets......Page 211 11.6.1.3 Bone Related Inflammation......Page 212 11.6.2 Psoriasis......Page 214 11.6.3.1 Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 215 11.6.3.4 Multiple Sclerosis (MS)......Page 216 11.6.3.5 Huntington’s Disease......Page 217 11.6.4 Diabetes......Page 218 11.6.7.1 Tuberculosis......Page 219 11.6.9.1 Vitamin-D-VDR Signaling......Page 220 11.7.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles......Page 221 11.7.3 Liposomes......Page 222 11.9 Legislation and Regulations......Page 223 References......Page 226 12.1 Introduction......Page 234 12.5 Problems Associated with Drug Development......Page 235 12.5.2 Stability......Page 236 12.6 Nanotechnology as Explored for Curcumin......Page 238 12.6.2 Niosomes......Page 240 12.6.3 Nanoparticles......Page 242 12.6.3.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)......Page 243 12.6.3.3 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNs)......Page 245 12.6.4 Microemulsions/Nanoemulsion......Page 248 12.6.5 Nanocrystal Suspensions......Page 250 12.6.6 Micellar Systems......Page 251 12.6.7 Cyclodextrin (CD) Inclusion Complexes......Page 253 12.6.8 Dendrimers......Page 258 12.8 Marketed Nano-Enabled Curcumin Products......Page 259 12.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives......Page 265 References......Page 266 Chapter 13: Nanoencapsulation of Iron for Nutraceuticals......Page 276 13.1.4 Iron Metabolism......Page 277 13.1.5 Iron Absorption......Page 278 13.1.5.6 Transferrin and Its Receptors......Page 280 13.1.6 Regulation in Iron Absorption......Page 281 13.1.8 Laboratory Testing Methods......Page 282 13.1.10 Deficiency of Iron (Anemia)......Page 283 13.1.11 Applications of Nanotechnology......Page 285 13.1.11.1 Emulsions......Page 286 13.1.11.3 Liposome Preparation......Page 287 13.1.12 Food Fortification with the Prepared Nanoemulsions......Page 288 References......Page 289 14.1 Introduction......Page 292 14.1.2 Clinical Applications......Page 295 14.1.3.2 PSO (Ahangari et al., 2012; de Melo et al., 2014; Baccarin et al., 2015)......Page 297 14.1.3.3 Pomegranate Seed Extracts......Page 298 14.1.3.4 Pomegranate Peel (Soni et al., 2010; Bhandary et al., 2012; Al-Rawahi et al., 2014; Verardo et al., 2014; Barathikannan et al., 2016)......Page 299 14.2.1 Need for Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Pomegranate Extracts and Oil......Page 300 14.2.2.1 Nanoemulsions......Page 301 14.2.2.3 SNEDDS......Page 302 14.3 Patent Review......Page 303 References......Page 309 Index......Page 314