Nanoparticles and Nanocarriers-Based Pharmaceutical Formulations

Nanomedicine is a rapidly expanding field because of its benefits over conventional drug delivery technology, as it offers site-specific and target-oriented delivery of therapeutic agents. Nanoparticles and Nanocarriers Based Pharmaceutical Preparations presents a structured summary of recent advances and discoveries in nanomedicine and nanocarrier-based drug delivery. The book covers several key topics in a very simple and easy to understand language. Readers will be familiarized with many types of nanocarriers that have been developed over the past decade, the pharmaceutical formulations composed of organic and inorganic materials as well as their clinical benefits. Chapters are written with the help of authoritative sources of knowledge with the goal of building a foundational understanding of novel drug delivery systems. Since the subject matter is interdisciplinary, it will be of interest to students, teachers and researchers in a broad range of fields, including pharmaceutical sciences, nanotechnology, biomedical engineering and material sciences. Cover Title Copyright End User License Agreement Contents Preface List of Contributors Introduction to Nanoparticles and Nanocarriers Amit Kumar Jain1,* and Neha Gahlot1 INTRODUCTION Overview of Nanoparticles (NPs) Structure, Morphology, and Size Analysis Optical Characterization Physicochemical Properties of Nanoparticles Classification of Nanoparticles Methods of Synthesis Overview on Nanocarriers Classification Advantages Over Conventional Drug Delivery Challenges Faced by these Systems in Nanomedicine APPLICATIONS CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Polymeric Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery System: Basic Concepts and Applications Sakshi Tiwari1, Bina Gidwani2, Priya Namdeo1, Atul Tripathi4, Ravindra Kumar Pandey2, Shiv Shankar Shukla2, Veenu Joshi3, Vishal Jain1, Vikas Kumar Jain5 and Amber Vyas1,* INTRODUCTION POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES Types of Polymeric Nanoparticles Advantages of Polymeric Nanoparticles Disadvantages of Polymeric Nanoparticles Ideal Characteristics of Polymeric Nanoparticles Types of Polymers used for Carrier System MECHANISM OF DRUG RELEASE FROM POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES METHODS OF PREPARATION OF POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES Pre-existed Polymer Dispersion Method Solvent Evaporation Method Salting Out Method Supercritical Fluid Technology Method Dialysis Method Nanoprecipitation Method Monomer Polymerization Method Emulsion Polymerization Method Interfacial Polymerization Method Controlled Radical Polymerization Method APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES Cancer Imaging And Diagnosis Cancer Treatment Ocular Drug Delivery Vaginal Disease Treatment Central Nervous System (CNS) Drug Deliver Cardiovascular Disorders Bacterial and Viral Infections Antidotes Nutraceutical Agents Food Packaging PATENTS ON POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES CONCLUSION FUTURE PROSPECTS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES An Overview on Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery System for its Specific and Targeted Effects in Various Diseases Balaga Venkata Krishna Rao1, Aditi Pradhan1, Sneha Singh2 and Abhimanyu Dev1,* INTRODUCTION SPECIFIC & TARGETED NANOPARTICLES Polymer-Based Nanoparticles Micelles Drug Conjugates Nanogels Dendrimers Nanoparticles Non-Polymer Based Nanoparticles Carbon Dots Carbon Nanotubes Quantum Dots Silica-Based Nanoparticles Nanodiamonds Metallic Nanoparticles Lipid-Based Nanoparticles Liposomes Exosomes Solid-Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) Drug Nanocrystals APPLICATIONS OF TARGETED THERAPEUTIC NANOPARTICLES Autoimmne and Immunodeficient Disorders Cardiovascular Disease Infectious Diseases Cancer Pulmonary diseases CHALLENGES IN NANOPARTICULATE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Nanocarriers For Drug Targeting Bina Gidwani1, Varsha Sahu2, Priya Namdeo2, Sakshi Tiwari2, Atul Tripathi4, Ravindra Kumar Pandey1, Shiv Shankar Shukla1, Veenu Joshi3, Vishal Jain2, Suresh Thareja5 and Amber Vyas2,* INTRODUCTION Importance of Targeted Drug Delivery [5 - 18] Advantages of Nanocarriers in Drug Targeting MECHANISM OF DRUG TARGETING [1, 18] Active Targeting First-order Targeting/ Organ Targeting Second-order Targeting/Cell Targeting Third-order Targeting/ Intracellular Targeting Passive Targeting Inverse Targeting Physical Targeting Dual Targeting Double Targeting TYPES OF NANOCARRIERS FOR TARGETING Lipid-based Nanocarriers Polymer-based Nanocarriers Non-Polymers-based Nanocarriers Liposome Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) Polymeric Nanoparticles (PNPs) Dendrimer Nanoemulsion Quantum Dots Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Polymeric Micelles STRATEGIES FOR DRUG LOADING IN NANOCARRIERS OR THEIR RELEASE Marketed Formulations, Patents, And Recent Developments CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Nanomaterials as Diagnostic Tools and Drug Carriers Ashish K. Parashar1, Preeti Patel2, Monika Kaurav3, Krishna Yadav4, Dilpreet Singh2, G.D. Gupta2 and Balak Das Kurmi2,* INTRODUCTION CONCEPT OF NANOTHERANOSTICS NANOMATERIALS AS NANOTHERANOSTICS TYPES OF NANOTHERANOSTIC SYSTEMS Theranostic Quantum Dots Metallic Nanomaterials for Theranostics Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide NPs(SPIONs) Gold NPs as Nanotheranostic Carrier Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Theranostics Graphene Oxide as Nanotheranostics Polymer-Based Theranostics Nanomaterials Theranostic Liposomes Theranostic Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Polymeric Micelle NPs as Nanotheranostic Theranostic Dendrimers Polymer Conjugates THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF NANOTHERANOSTICS Applications of Nanotheranostics in Therapy Photodynamic Therapy Photothermal Therapy Hyperthermia Treatment Applications of Nanotheranostics for Imaging Optical Imaging MRI Imaging Ultrasound Imaging Nanotheranostics in Cancer Treatment Nanotheranostics for Photothermal and Photodynamic Cancer Therapy Engineered Mammalian Cell-Based Theranostic Agents for Cancer Therapy Theranostic Nanomedicine in Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) Nanotheranostics for the imaging of pulmonary diseases Theranostics for Treatment of Diseases of the Central Nervous System Theranostics for Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases CONCLUSION FUTURE PROSPECTS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Targeting Potential of Nanocarriers for Efficient Treatment of H. Pylori Infection Sunil K. Jain1,*, Kuldeep Rajpoot1, K. Kesavan1, Awesh Yadav2, Umesh Gupta3 and Prem N. Gupta4 INTRODUCTION NANO APPROACHES Mucoadhesion Approach pH Responsive Nanoparticles Receptor Mediated Targeting Liposomes Nanolipobeads, Polymeric Nano-micelles And Nanogels Herbal Approach Nanoparticulate Vaccine CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Gastro-retentive Nanocarriers in Drug Delivery Kuldeep Rajpoot1,*, Sunil K. Jain1 and Saroj Dangi Rajpoot2 INTRODUCTION PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF STOMACH FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ACTIVITY OF GRNCS IN THE STOMACH Physiological Factors Patient-associated Factors Pharmaceutical Factors GRNCS-BASED APPROACHES FOR IMPROVING GRT OF NCS Sink-approach Based NCs Porous NCs Ion-exchange Resin NCs Floating NCs Magnetic NCs Mucoadhesive NCs Swelling NCs NCS FOR SUSTAINED EFFECT OF DRUG IN GIT Lipid NCs Polymeric NCs CONCLUSIONS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Nanocarrier-based Targeted Delivery in Cancer Shyam S. Pancholi1,*, Aseem Setia2, Manu Singhai2 and Atul Chaudhary2 INTRODUCTION Nanocarriers and Drug Targeted Delivery System Tumor Targeting Approaches Colon/Colorectal Cancer Targeting pH-based Medication For Colon Targeting Polysaccharides Based Delivery Systems Receptor-Mediated Drug Delivery System Folate Receptor Mannose Receptor (MR) Breast Cancer Targeting Organic Drug Delivery Approaches Coated Nano-liposomes Dendrimers Drug Delivery Based on Inorganic Compounds: Gold Nanoparticles Approaches to Localize Therapeutic Agents: Nanofibers Brain Cancer Targeting Lipid Drug Conjugation for Brain Delivery Intra-arterial Drug Delivery Receptor-mediated Endocytosis Nose to Brain Delivery Cervical Cancer Systemic Drug Delivery Systems Polymeric Nanoparticles Dendrimers Localized Drug Delivery System Scaffolds/nanofibers Hydrogels Prostate Cancer Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNPs) Androgen Signaling By Heat Shock Protein 90 Alpha Therapy Targeted Approach Clinical Studies For Various Types of Cancer Brain Cancer Trials Breast Cancer Trials Cervical Cancer Trials Colon/colorectal Cancer Trials CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Nanoemulsion: A Potential Carrier for Topical Drug Delivery Karthikeyan Kesavan1,*, Parasuraman Mohan1, Sunil K Jain1, Olivia Parra-Marín2 and Selvasankar Murugesan3 INTRODUCTION Components of a Nanoemulsion Oil/lipids Surfactants and co-surfactants Preservatives, Antioxidants, and Chemoprotectants Mechanisms of Emulsion Formation Preparation of Nanoemulsion High Energy Emulsification Method Low Energy Emulsification Methods Spontaneous Emulsification Phase Inversion Method Characterization of Emulsions Particle Size Determination Photon Correlation Spectroscopy Polydispersity Index Electron Microscopy Techniques Scanning Electron Microscopy Transmission Electron Microscopy Zeta Potential Determination Viscosity Determination Nanoemulsion as a skin delivery Non- Steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Local Anaesthetics Antimicrobial Anticancer Drug Nanoemulsion as Ocular Drug Delivery Anti-inflammatory Drugs Antiglaucoma Drugs Miscellaneous Drugs Stability Issues Physical Instability Creaming Flocculation Coalescence Ostwald Ripening Phase Inversion Chemical Instability Regulatory Strategy for Assessment of Emulsion Stability Recent Patents on Nanoemulsion for Topical (ocular/skin) Therapeutics CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Lipoidal Carrier as Drug Delivery System Bina Gidwani1, Priya Namdeo2, Sakshi Tiwari2, Atul Tripathi4, Ravindra Kumar Pandey1, Shiv Shankar Shukla1, Veenu Joshi3, Vishal Jain2, Suresh Thareja5 and Amber Vyas2,* INTRODUCTION Need for Lipoidal Carrier System [10] Advantages of lipoidal Carrier System [12, 13] Disadvantages of lipoidal Carrier System [13] Ideal Characters Solubility Dispersion Digestion Absorption TYPES OF LIPIDS USED FOR CARRIER SYSTEM Triglycerides Mixed Glycerides and Polar Oils Cosolvents Water-Insoluble Surfactants Water-soluble Surfactants Additives MECHANISM OF LIPOIDAL CARRIERS IN IMPROVED DRUG DELIVERY Topical Delivery Oral Delivery Pulmonary Delivery Ophthalmic Delivery MICRO AND NANO-CARRIERS AS LIPID-BASED SYSTEM Liposome Advantages Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) Advantages Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) Lipid-Drug Conjugate (LDC) Lipid Nanocapsules (LNC) Solid Lipid Microparticles (SLM) Lipospheres Submicron Lipid Emulsions APPLICATIONS IN NUMEROUS FIELDS Therapeutic Applications Topical Application Parenteral Application Oral Application Pulmonary Application Other Applications Cancer Therapy Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier Gene Therapy Protein and Peptide Delivery Delivery of Antioxidant and Vitamin Diagnostics Delivery PATENTS IN LIPIODOL SYSTEM CONCLUSION FUTURE POTENTIAL OF INNOVATIVE LIPOIDAL PARTICULATE DELIVERY SYSTEMS OF DRUG CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Liposomal Drug Delivery Unnati Batra1, Tejashree Waghule1, Ranendra N. Saha1 and Gautam Singhvi1,* INTRODUCTION CATEGORIZATION OF LIPOSOMES Based on morphology (Lamellarity) Based on Composition and Application Based on preparation methods ADVANTAGES OF LIPOSOMES LIMITATIONS OF LIPOSOMES METHODS OF PREPARATION AND DRUG LOADING Preparation of Liposomes Methods of Drug Loading Passive Loading Mechanical Dispersion Method Solvent Dispersion Method Detergent Removal Methods Gel Permeation Chromatography Active Loading CHARACTERIZATION OF LIPOSOMES Size and Size Distribution Zeta Potential Lamellarity Determination Encapsulation Efficiency (EE) Drug Release Stability Physical Stability Chemical Stability PARAMETERS AFFECTING IN-VIVO BEHAVIOR OF LIPOSOME Bilayer Membrane Fluidity Surface Charge Method of Preparation RECENT MODIFICATIONS IN LIPOSOMAL DRUG DELIVERY APPLICATION OF LIPOSOMES AND RECENT ADVANCES REGULATORY ASPECTS CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Niosome: A Vesicular Drug Delivery Tool Preeti Patel1, Ashish K. Parashar2, Monika Kaurav3, Krishna Yadav4, Dilpreet Singh1, G.D. Gupta1 and Balak Das Kurmi1,* INTRODUCTION SILENT FEATURES OF NSS A TYPICAL NSSTRUCTURE FORMULATION COMPONENTS Non-ionic Surfactants Alkyl Ethers Alkyl Esters Alkyl Amides Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Compounds Additive Agents Charge Inducer Molecules Hydration Medium TYPES OF NS Vesicles [MLV] Large Unilamellar Vesicles (LUV) Small Unilamellar Vesicles (SUV) Bola-NS Proniosomes Apsosomes Discomes Elastic NS DIFFERENT PREPARATION TECHNIQUES FOR NSDEVELOPMENT Thin Film Hydration Method “Bubble” Method Dehydration-Rehydration Method Ether Injection Method Hand-Shaking Method Heating Method Sonication Method Microfluidization Method Microfluidic Hydrodynamic Focusing Reverse Phase Evaporation Method The Enzymatic Method Single-pass Technique Freeze and Thaw Method FACTORS AFFECTING THE FORMATION OF NS Surfactants Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB) and Critical Packing Parameters (CPP) Quantity of surfactant and lipid Additive Agents Andencapsulated Drug Thermodynamic Feature and Geometric Features of Amphiphilic Molecule Membrane Composition and Resistance of Osmotic Stress CHARACTERIZATIONS OF NS Percent Entrapment Efficiency (% EE) Size, Shape and Morphology and Surface Charge ADVANTAGES OF NIOSOMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION FOR NS DELIVERY Intravenous Oral Intramuscular Dermal and Transdermal Ocular Nasal Administration Pulmonary PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF NS Limitation of NS Drug Delivery System CONCLUSION FUTURE PROSPECTS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Resealed Erythrocytes: As A Drug Delivery Tool Krishna Yadav1, Monika Kaurav2, Preeti Patel3, Ashish K. Parashar4 and Balak Das Kurmi2,* INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL CONCERN OF R-ERS BIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF RBCS STRUCTURAL FEATURE OF ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE SELECTION OF ERS AS A DELIVERY CARRIER PROS AND CONS OF ERYTHROCYTES AS A DELIVERY CARRIER Advantages of Erythrocytes as a Delivery Carrier Disadvantages of Erythrocytes as a Delivery Carrier PROCESS OF ISOLATION OF ERYTHROCYTES TECHNIQUES OF DRUG LOADING OR ENCAPSULATION IN ERYTHROCYTES Hypo-Osmotic Lysis Techniques Hypotonic Dilutional Technique Pre-Swell Dilutional Hemolysis Hypotonic Dialysis Isotonic Osmotic Lysis Membrane Perturbation Electro Encapsulation or Electro-Insertion Encapsulation by Endocytosis Loading of the Drug by an Electric Cell Fusion Technique Lipid Fusion Method CHARACTERIZATION OF R-ERS In Vitro Characterization The Structure and Surface Morphology Drug Content In Vitro Release of Drug and Content Hemoglobin Study Cell Counting and Recovery Study Osmotic Shock and Fragility Study Turbulence Fragility (TF) Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) Determination of Entrapped Magnetite In Vitro Stability In Vivo Characterization ADMINISTRATION OF R-ERS DRUG RELEASE MECHANISM FROM R-ERS APPLICATIONS OF R-ERS Drug Targeting Targeting RES Organs TargetingNon-RES Targeting the Liver Delayed Drug Release Elimination of Toxic Agents Enzyme Therapy Targetingof Parasitic Disease Delivery of Therapeutic Agents CONCLUSION FUTURE PROSPECTS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Gene Therapy: A New Avenue for the Management of Ophthalmic Diseases Kesavan Karthikeyan1,*, Nivedita Gautam1, Olivia Parra-Marín2 and Selvasankar Murugesan3 INTRODUCTION Anatomy and Physiology of Eye Barriers to Ocular Drug Delivery Ocular Barriers Tear Cornea Conjunctiva Blood Ocular Barriers The Blood–Aqueous Barrier The Blood Retinal Barrier GENE THERAPY Ocular Gene Therapy Viral-mediated Gene Delivery Adenovirus Adeno-associated Virus Lentiviral Vectors Non-Viral Mediated Gene Delivery Naked DNA Injection Physical Methods Chemical Approaches Liposomes Nanoparticles Niosomes Micelles Polyplexes CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Biological Approaches to Nanoparticles Synthesis and their Applications in the Development Of Herbal Formulations Vivek Shrivastava1, Bhavisha Patel1 and Akhlesh K. Jain2,* INTRODUCTION Synthesis of Nanoparticles using Microbes The Mechanism of Synthesis of the Nanoparticle by Microbes Viral Nanotechnology Green Synthesis - Nanoparticles from Plants Extracts Preparation of Silver Nanoparticles using Leaf Extract Preparation of Gold Nanoparticles using Leaf Extract Synthesis of Nickel Nanoparticles using Leaf Extract Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles Mechanism of Nanoparticle Synthesis by using Plant Extract Characterization of Nanoparticles Electron Probe Micro Analysis (EPMA) X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Laser- Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Use of Nanoparticles in the Development of Herbal Formulations Impact of Plant Mediated Nanoparticles on Therapeutic Efficacy of Medicinal plants Nano Technology in Tissue Engineering Production of Nanofibers by Electrospinning Technique CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Subject Index Back Cover