Nanotechnology Applications in Health and Environmental Sciences (Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences)

Nanoscience and nanotechnologies are leading to a major point to our understanding of nature. Nanotechnology can be generally defined as creation and use of nano-sized systems, devices, and structures which have special functions or properties because of their small size. This volume on Nanotechnology Applications in Health and Environmental Sciences focuses on biotechnological and environmental applications of nanomaterials. It covers popular and various nanomedical topics such as oncology, genetics, and reconstructive medicine. Additionally, many chapters give leading-edge information on nano-sensor applications and usage in specific disciplines. Also, two chapters on novel subjects have been included on Lantibiotics and microbiota. This book should be useful for nanotechnologists, microbiologists, and researchers interested in nanomedicine and nano-biotechnology, as well as environmental nanotechnology. Preface Contents About the Editors Contributors Chapter 1: Diverse Manifolds of Biogenic Nanoparticles in Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications 1.1 Introduction: Nanotechnology and Nanoparticles 1.2 Nanofabrication of Metals 1.2.1 Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles 1.2.1.1 Bacteria-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis 1.2.1.2 Fungal-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis 1.2.1.3 Green Synthesis Using Plants 1.3 Types of Nanoparticles 1.3.1 Silver Nanoparticles 1.3.2 Gold Nanoparticles 1.3.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles 1.3.4 Platinum Nanoparticles 1.4 Paradigms of Metallic Nanoparticles 1.4.1 Properties and Features of Metallic Nanoparticles 1.4.1.1 The Main Characteristics of MNPs 1.4.1.2 Goals and Problems in Metallic Nanoparticles Synthesis 1.4.1.3 Risks of Synthetic Nanoparticles for Humans and Animals 1.4.1.4 These Studies Make It Clear That Synthetic Nanoparticles Are Potentially Severely Harmful 1.4.1.5 There Are Three Possible Ways in Which Bioactive Particles of This Kind Could Cause Cell Damage 1.5 Methods of Nanosynthesis 1.5.1 Chemical Reduction 1.5.1.1 Photochemical Method (Irradiation) 1.5.1.2 Electrochemical Method (Electrolysis) Pyrolysis 1.5.2 Physical Methods 1.5.2.1 Physical Vapor Condensation (PVC) 1.5.2.2 Arc-Discharge Method 1.5.2.3 Mechanical Ball Milling 1.5.3 Biological Synthesis 1.5.3.1 Metal Nanoparticles via Plants 1.5.3.2 Microbial Routes for Nanoparticle Synthesis 1.6 Characterization of Nanoparticles 1.6.1 Particle Size Analysis 1.6.1.1 Surface Properties 1.6.1.2 Stability 1.6.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 1.6.3 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) 1.6.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy 1.6.5 TEM 1.6.5.1 Basic Principle of TEM 1.6.6 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 1.7 Application of Nanotechnology 1.7.1 Bacterial Detection 1.7.2 Protein Purification 1.8 Conclusion References Chapter 2: Impact of Nanoparticles on Human Microbiota 2.1 Introduction: Microbiota—An Overview 2.2 Nanoparticles in Daily Life 2.3 Nanoparticles: Impact on Microbiota 2.3.1 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs): Impact on Microbiota 2.3.2 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2NPs): Impact on Microbiota 2.3.3 Other Nanoparticles: Impact on Microbiota 2.4 Conclusion References Chapter 3: In Vitro Applications of Nanoparticles 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Nanoparticle Types and Classification 3.2 Applications of Nanoparticles 3.2.1 Applications with the Purpose of Therapy 3.2.2 Applications with the Purpose of Diagnosis 3.2.3 Applications with the Purpose of Imaging 3.3 In Vitro Assessment of Nanoparticles 3.3.1 Assessment of Toxicity 3.3.2 Drug Release Mechanism 3.3.3 Transfection Efficiency 3.4 Conclusion and Future Remarks References Chapter 4: Nanoparticles for Anticancer Drug Delivery 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy 4.2.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles 4.2.2 Liposomes 4.2.3 Dendrimers 4.2.4 Polymeric Micelles 4.2.5 Inorganic Nanoparticles 4.3 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Its Biomedical Applications 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Plant-Based Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs) 5.3 Biomedical Applications of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs) 5.3.1 Role of IONPs as Contrast Agent in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 5.3.2 Role of IONPs as Nanozymes 5.3.3 Role of IONPs in Hyperthermia and Photothermal Therapy (PTT) 5.3.4 Role of IONPs as Delivery Agents 5.3.4.1 Drug Delivery 5.3.4.2 Gene Delivery 5.3.5 Role of IONPs as Antimicrobial Agents 5.4 IONPs: Targeted Treatment for IDA 5.5 Conclusion and Future Outlooks References Chapter 6: Nano-Forensics: The New Perspective in Precision Forensic Science 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Nanoparticles in Forensic Science 6.2.1 Silver Nanoparticles 6.2.2 Gold Nanoparticles 6.2.3 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 6.3 Characterization of Nanomaterials 6.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 6.3.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 6.3.3 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 6.3.4 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) 6.4 Forensic Applications of Nanotechnology 6.4.1 DNA Analysis 6.4.2 DNA Isolation 6.4.3 Fingerprint Visualization 6.4.4 Explosive Detection 6.4.5 Gunshot Residue Analysis 6.4.6 Identification of Body Fluids 6.4.7 Detection of Illicit Drugs 6.4.8 Forensic Toxicology 6.5 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Recent Advances in Nanomaterial-Based Diagnosis and Treatment: Next-Generation Sequencing, Microarray and DNA Origami 7.1 Introduction 7.2 DNA Microarray and Next-Generation Sequencing 7.3 Next-Generation Sequencing 7.4 Nanotechnology for miRNA Detection 7.5 Nanotechnology-Based Cytogenetics 7.6 DNA Origami 7.7 DNA Origami Nanostructures as Smart Drug Delivery Carriers 7.8 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Nanobiosensors for Biomedical Applications 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Biomolecule Detection 8.2.1 Bacteria 8.2.2 Virus 8.2.3 Protein 8.2.4 Nucleic Acid 8.2.5 Other Biomolecules 8.3 Conclusion and Future Remarks References Chapter 9: Emerging Role of Nanomaterial-Assisted Biosensors for Circulating Tumor Cell Detection 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) 9.1.2 Biosensors and Types of Transducers 9.1.3 Nanomaterials 9.2 Nanomaterial-Assisted Biosensor Implementations with Direct Measurement Perspective for the Detections of CTCs 9.2.1 Magnetic Nanoparticle-Assisted Biosensor 9.2.2 Gold Nanoparticle-Assisted Biosensor 9.2.3 Silver Nanoparticle-Assisted Biosensor 9.2.4 Silica Nanoparticle-Assisted Biosensor 9.2.5 Carbon Nanotube-Assisted Biosensor 9.2.6 Quantum Dot (QD)-Assisted Biosensor 9.2.7 Nanocomposite-Assisted Biosensor 9.2.8 Other Nanomaterial-Assisted Biosensor 9.3 Nanomaterial-Assisted Biosensor Implementations with Microfluidic Platforms for the Detections of CTCs 9.4 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Advanced Functional Polymers for Biomedical Applications: Drug, Sensor, Diagnosis, and Prognosis 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Advanced Functional Polymers 10.2.1 Polymeric Nanomaterials 10.2.2 Cryogels 10.2.3 Membrane Structures 10.2.4 Molecular Imprinting Polymers (MIP) 10.2.5 Monoliths 10.2.6 Micron-Sized Particles 10.2.7 Composite Structures 10.3 Biomedical Applications of Advance Polymeric Materials: Drug, Sensor, Diagnosis and Prognosis 10.4 Conclusion References Chapter 11: SERS Sensor Applications in Environmental Analysis and Biotechnology 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Raman Spectroscopy 11.1.1.1 Theory of Raman Scattering 11.1.2 Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) 11.1.2.1 Electromagnetic Enhancement Mechanism 11.1.2.2 Chemical Enhancement Mechanism 11.2 Surface Preparation Methods for SERS Applications 11.2.1 Nanoparticle-Based SERS Substrate Preparation and Modification 11.2.2 Bioactive SERS Substrate Preparation Methods 11.3 Application of Label-Free SERS Surface 11.3.1 DNA-RNA 11.3.2 Proteins 11.3.3 Small Molecules 11.3.4 Pathogens 11.3.5 Cell Imaging 11.4 Application of Labeled SERS Surfaces 11.4.1 DNA-RNA 11.4.2 Proteins 11.4.3 Pathogen 11.4.4 Small Molecules 11.5 Conclusion References Chapter 12: Design and Creation of Micro/Nano Environment in Regenerative and Restorative Medicine 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Cell Sources for Creation of Microenvironment 12.3 Cellular Interactions in Microenvironment 12.3.1 Soluble Signals 12.3.2 Matrix Signals 12.3.3 Intercellular Signals 12.3.4 Mechanics and Structure of the Extracellular Matrix 12.4 Biomaterials 12.5 Advanced Biomaterials 12.5.1 Tailored Delivery Systems 12.5.2 Smart Polymers 12.5.3 Non-fouling Materials 12.5.4 Biofunctionalized Materials 12.6 Vascularization Concepts in Regenerative and Restorative Medicine 12.6.1 Extrinsic Vascularization Model 12.6.2 Intrinsic Vascularization Model 12.7 Creation and Control of Microenvironment on Tissue Basis 12.7.1 Bone 12.7.2 Cartilage 12.7.3 Skin 12.7.4 Adipose Tissue 12.7.5 Peripheral Nerves 12.8 Conclusion References Chapter 13: Presenting and Treating Bone Infections Using Silver Ion Containing Nano-hydroxyapatite 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Silver-Ion as Antimicrobial 13.3 Conclusion References Chapter 14: Trace Element Containing Nano-HAp for Preventing Musculoskeletal Infections 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Musculoskeletal Infections 14.2.1 Osteomyelitis 14.2.2 Septic Arthritis 14.3 Trace Elements Doped Nano-hydroxyapatite and Musculoskeletal Infections 14.3.1 Zinc 14.3.2 Boron 14.3.3 Magnesium 14.3.4 Strontium 14.3.5 Molybdenum 14.3.6 Combinations of Various Trace Elements 14.3.7 Molecular Aspects of Trace Elements Affecting Infections 14.4 Conclusion References Chapter 15: Biotechnological Approaches in Maintenance of a Healthy Immune System for Protection Against Diseases 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Vaccine Biotechnology 15.2.1 Toxoid Vaccines 15.2.2 Live-Attenuated Vaccines 15.2.3 Inactivated Vaccines 15.2.4 Subunit Vaccines 15.2.5 Nucleic Acid Vaccines 15.2.6 Cancer Vaccines 15.3 Antibody Biotechnology 15.3.1 Development and Production of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies 15.4 Conclusion References Chapter 16: Production and Characterization of Antibiotic Containing Nano Calcium Phosphates 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Calcium Phosphates 16.3 The Antibiotics Selection for Local Delivery Systems 16.4 Calcium Phosphate-Based Local Antibiotics Delivery Systems 16.5 Conclusions References Chapter 17: Lantibiotics Nanotechnology, Bioengineering, and Biotechnology 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Production 17.2.1 Identification and Classification of Bacteriocins 17.2.1.1 Group I Bacteriocins 17.2.1.2 Group II Bacteriocins 17.2.1.3 Group III Bacteriocins 17.2.1.4 Group IV Bacteriocins 17.2.2 Synthesis and Action Mechanisms of Bacteriocins 17.2.3 General Properties and Classification of Bacteriocins 17.2.4 Mode of Action 17.3 Usage Areas of Lantibiotics 17.3.1 Yoghurt 17.3.2 Cheese Production 17.3.3 Characteristics of a Lantibiotic for Suitability to Be Used in Food 17.3.4 Lantibiotic Use in Clinical Treatments 17.3.5 Use of Lantibiotics in Nanotechnology 17.4 Conclusion References Chapter 18: Microbial Nanotechnology in Reference to Postmortem Diagnosis 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Postmortem Putrefactive Process 18.3 Molecular Diagnostics in Forensic Microbiology 18.4 Nanotechnology and Nanodiagnostics in Forensic Microbiology 18.4.1 Death Scene Investigation 18.4.2 Cause of Death Investigation 18.4.3 Postmortem Interval Investigation 18.5 Conclusion References Chapter 19: Cleanup and Pollution with Nanoparticles: Environmental Dilemma 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Occurrence of Nanoparticles in the Environment 19.3 Engineered Nanoparticles in Water Treatment 19.4 Toxic Effects of Engineered Nanoparticles on Human Health 19.5 Conclusion References Chapter 20: Environmental Mycobiotechnology in Special Reference to Fungal Bioremediation 20.1 Introduction: Concepts of Bioremediation 20.2 Classificatıon of bioremediatıon 20.2.1 Some biodegradable pollutants 20.3 Microbial Bioremediation 20.3.1 Microbial Bioremediation Strategies 20.4 Mycoremediation: Fungal Bioremediation 20.4.1 Important Fungal Groups Involved in Bioremediation 20.4.1.1 Lignin Degrading Fungi:White Rot Fungi 20.4.1.2 Marine Fungi 20.4.1.3 Extremophilic Fungi 20.4.1.4 Symbiotic Fungi 20.4.1.5 Yeasts 20.5 Mycoremediation by Genetically Engineered Fungi 20.6 Application of Nanoparticles Produced by Fungi in Bioremediation 20.7 Conclusion References Chapter 21: Nanoinsecticides: Preparation, Application, and Mode of Action 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Nanoparticles and Controlled Release Formulations 21.3 Characterization of Nanoparticles 21.4 Preparation of Nanoparticles 21.4.1 Polymer Nanoparticles-Based Insecticides 21.4.2 Lipid Nanoparticles-Based Insecticides 21.4.3 Silica Nanoparticles-Based Insecticides 21.4.4 Clay Nanoparticles-Based Insecticides and Layered Double Hydroxides 21.4.5 Metal Nanoparticles-Based Insecticides 21.5 Application of Nanoparticles 21.6 Mode of Action 21.7 Conclusion References Chapter 22: Design and Analysis of Induction-Balance Sensor Using Non-spiral Planar Microcoils for Biomedical Applications 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Planar Microcoils 22.2.1 Planar Microcoils as Magnetic Sensors 22.3 Non-spiral Planar Microcoils for Magnetic Sensing 22.3.1 Simulation Studies of Non-spiral Planar Microcoil 22.3.2 Modeling of Magnetic Field Distribution 22.3.3 Magnetic Field Distribution in Non-circular Geometries 22.3.4 Comparison of Electrical Parameters 22.4 Induction-Balance Sensor 22.4.1 Induction-Balance Sensor Design 22.4.2 Finite Element Analysis of Induction-Balance Sensor 22.5 Conclusions References Index Nanoscience and nanotechnologies are a major factor leading in our understanding of nature. Nanotechnology can be generally defined as creation and use of nano-sized systems, devices, and structures which have special functions or properties because of their small size. This volume on Nanotechnology Applications in Health and Environmental Sciences focuses on biotechnological and environmental applications of nanomaterials. It covers popular and various nanomedical topics such as oncology, genetics, and reconstructive medicine. Additionally, many chapters give leading-edge information on nano-sensor applications and usage in specific disciplines. Also, two chapters on novel subjects have been included on antibiotics and microbiota. This book should be useful for nanotechnologists, microbiologists, and researchers interested in nanomedicine and nano-biotechnology, as well as environmental nanotechnology. .