This book covers over a century of history, from the emergence of Kurdish nationalism in the interwar period to the 2010s when, for the first time in modern history, Kurdish forces controlled two autonomous political entities in Iraq and Syria, as well as over a hundred municipalities in south-eastern Turkey. In these years of momentous advance for Kurdish forces across the region, Kurdish politics remains deeply divided into competing movements pursuing irreconcilable projects for the future of the nation. The author investigates the origins of the present divide in the history of Kurdish nationalism. The book turns the historical sociology to study nationalism as embedded in social conflicts through a comparative analysis of the history of the Kurdish movement in Iraq and Turkey, by reassessing the literature on Kurdish politics and filling its gaps with numerous interviews with witnesses and scholars. Nicola Degli Esposti is Fellow at the London School of Economics and Political Science, the UK. Series Editors Acknowledgements AboUt This Book Contents AboUt the AUthor Abbreviations KUrdish Organisations and InstitUtions Non-KUrdish Organisations and InstitUtions List of Maps List of Tables Introduction Nationalism and the Kurdish Question The KUrds and KUrdistan The Limits of Nationalism StUdies StUdying Nationalism and Class Methodology and Methods The StrUctUre of the Book Bibliography Feudal Nationalism in Kurdistan (1918–1946) KUrdistan in the Late Ottoman Period FeUdal Nationalism in Post-Ottoman KUrdistan KUrdish Revolts in Kemalist TUrkey KUrdish Revolts in Hashemite Iraq ConclUsion Bibliography Colonialism, Rural Conflict and Kurdish Uprising in Iraq (1946–1991) The Social StrUctUre of Colonial Iraq The Iraqi RevolUtion of 1958 RUral Conflict and KUrdish Uprising The Cold War and the Collapse of the KUrdish RevolUtion Iraq’s Two KUrdish Nationalisms War, Genocide and Liberation ConclUsion Bibliography The Class Structure of Kurdish Self-Rule in Iraq (1991–2014) Liberation and Civil War Urbanisation and Dependence Warlords and Chiefs: The 2003 Invasion of Iraq and the Unification of the KRG The KUrdish Economic Boom and Its Contradictions The Promises of KUrdish CrUde SUbaltern Classes and Opposition in a Rentier (QUasi-)State ConclUsion Bibliography The Crisis of Kurdish Nationalism in Iraq (2014–2018) War and Economic Crisis Protest and Political Crisis The Evolving Power Structure of the KRG External Relations and Domestic Rule The 2017 Independence Referendum The Crisis of Kurdish Nationalism Conclusion Bibliography The Kurdish Question in Turkey (1946–1987) The KUrds in the Kemalist RepUblic The ‘Agha-State’ Alliance The Transformation of the KUrdish CoUntryside KUrdish Nationalism and TUrkish Socialism The Rise of the KUrdish Left Preparing the KUrdish RevolUtion The InsUrgency and the KUrdish Peasantry ConclUsion Bibliography The Kurdish Insurgency in Turkey (1987–1999) Military Rule and Neoliberal Reforms The Destruction of Kurdish Rural Society The Kurdish Insurgency in the 1990s The ‘Urbanisation’ and Ideological Transformation of the PKK The Kurdish Pro-democracy Movement Kurdish Diaspora and Exile in Europe The Capture of Abdullah O ̈ calan Conclusion Bibliography The New Kurdish Movement in Turkey and Beyond (2000–2018) IntrodUction From the PKK to the New KUrdish Movement O ̈ calan’s New Ideological Paradigm The KUrdish Women’s Movement Hegemonic StrUggle in TUrkish KUrdistan The Political Economy of the KUrdish Movement ConclUsion Bibliography Class Politics and Kurdish Nationalism in Iran and Syria Feudal Nationalism in Iranian Kurdistan? Iranian Kurdistan ‘Between Two Revolutions’6 The Marginalisation The Kurds of Syria, Out of Nowhere? The Rojava Experiment Conclusion Bibliography Conclusion Comparing KUrdish Nationalism in Iraq and TUrkey Social Classes and KUrdish Nationalism Feudal Nationalism Middle-Class Nationalism Nationalism and the Subaltern Classes ConclUding Remarks Bibliography Index
