Ocular Pathology E-Book

Bridge the gap between ophthalmology and pathology with the 8th Edition of this comprehensive, easy-to-understand reference from Drs. Myron Yanoff and Joseph W. Sassani. Designed to keep you up to date with every aspect of the field, from current imaging techniques to genetics and molecular biology to clinical pearls, Ocular Pathology provides the concise yet complete information you need for board exams and clinical practice. Key Features Includes new coverage of genetics and molecular biology, complications in diabetes mellitus, and the role of new drugs and other treatments for macular degeneration. Covers the latest imaging techniques, including optical coherence tomography (OCT), anterior segment OCT (AS-OCT) and OCT-angiography. Contains new images throughout that provide updated correlations between pathological and clinical aspects of each disorder. Clinicopathological correlations are presented with side-by-side image comparisons to make clinical pearl boxes even more useful. Features more than 1,900 illustrations from the collections of internationally renowned leaders in ocular pathology. Presents information in a quick-reference outline format - ideal for today's busy physician. Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices. Cover......Page 1 Ocular Pathology......Page 3 Copyright Page......Page 4 Foreword......Page 5 Forewords to the First Edition......Page 6 Preface......Page 8 Acknowledgments......Page 10 Dedication......Page 11 Phases of Inflammation......Page 12 Background......Page 29 Humoral Immunoglobulin (Antibody)......Page 34 Immunohistochemistry......Page 35 Immunodeficiency Diseases......Page 36 Neoplasia......Page 40 Necrosis (Table 1.11)......Page 41 Apoptosis......Page 42 Pigmentation......Page 43 Epigenetics and Ocular Disease......Page 44 Modern Molecular Pathology Diagnostic Techniques......Page 45 Concluding Comments......Page 48 Immunobiology......Page 49 Modern Molecular Pathology Diagnostic Techniques......Page 50 Meningocutaneous Angiomatosis (Encephalotrigeminal Angiomatosis; Sturge–Weber Syndrome [SWS])......Page 52 Neurofibromatosis (Figs. 2.3–2.5)......Page 54 Tuberous Sclerosis (Bourneville’s Disease; Pringle’s Disease)......Page 57 Other Phakomatoses......Page 59 Chromosomal Aberrations......Page 60 Trisomy 13 (47,13+; Patau’s Syndrome)......Page 61 Triploidy......Page 62 Chromosome 47 Deletion Defect......Page 63 Mosaicism......Page 64 Congenital Rubella Syndrome (Gregg’s Syndrome)......Page 65 Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) (Fig. 2.16)......Page 67 Cyclopia and Synophthalmos......Page 68 Anophthalmos (Fig. 2.18)......Page 70 Oculocerebrorenal Syndrome of Miller......Page 71 Subacute Necrotizing Encephalomyelopathy (Leigh’s Disease)......Page 72 Menkes’ Kinky-Hair Disease......Page 73 Ectrodactyly–Ectodermal Dysplasia (EEC)......Page 74 Other Syndromes......Page 75 Neurofibromatosis......Page 76 Chromosomal Trisomy Defects......Page 77 Drug Embryopathy......Page 78 Other Congenital Anomalies......Page 79 Classification......Page 81 Examples......Page 83 Classification......Page 85 Examples......Page 86 Iris......Page 91 Retina......Page 93 End Stage of Diffuse Ocular Diseases......Page 94 Nonsuppurative, Chronic Nongranulomatous Uveitis and Endophthalmitis......Page 96 Sequelae of Uveitis, Endophthalmitis, and Panophthalmitis......Page 97 Sympathetic Uveitis (Sympathetic Ophthalmia [SO], Sympathetic Ophthalmitis)......Page 98 Phacoanaphylactic (Phacoimmune, Phacoantigenic, or Phacogenic) Endophthalmitis......Page 99 Viral......Page 101 Bacterial......Page 104 Fungal......Page 109 Parasitic......Page 112 Sarcoidosis (Figs. 4.22–4.27)......Page 118 Granulomatous Scleritis......Page 120 Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Syndrome (Uveomeningoencephalitic Syndrome)......Page 121 Familial Chronic Granulomatous Disease of Childhood......Page 122 Viral......Page 123 Bacterial......Page 124 Fungal......Page 125 Parasitic......Page 126 Sarcoidosis......Page 127 Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Syndrome......Page 128 Familial Chronic Granulomatous Disease of Childhood......Page 129 Immediate......Page 130 Postoperative......Page 134 Delayed......Page 142 Intravitreal Injections......Page 151 Immediate......Page 152 Postoperative......Page 153 Delayed......Page 156 Introduction......Page 157 Penetrating Keratoplasty (Graft)......Page 158 Other Refractive Keratoplasties......Page 160 Complications of Glaucoma Surgery......Page 162 Introduction......Page 163 Contusion......Page 165 Penetrating and Perforating Injuries......Page 178 Intraocular Foreign Bodies......Page 179 Chemical Injuries......Page 182 Burns......Page 184 Ocular Effects of Injuries to Other Parts of the Body......Page 185 Radiation Injuries (Electromagnetic)......Page 187 Complications of Retinal Detachment and Vitreous Surgery Including Intraocular Injections......Page 191 Complications of Corneal Surgery......Page 193 Complications of Nonsurgical Trauma......Page 194 Bulla......Page 197 Polarity......Page 200 Phakomatous Choristoma......Page 201 Cryptophthalmos (Ablepharon)......Page 202 Epicanthus......Page 203 Eyelash Anomalies......Page 204 Ichthyosis Congenita......Page 206 Xeroderma Pigmentosum......Page 207 Dermatochalasis and Blepharochalasis......Page 208 Herniation of Orbital Fat......Page 209 Terminology......Page 210 Viral Diseases......Page 213 Fungal and Parasitic Diseases......Page 215 Cutis Laxa......Page 216 Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum......Page 217 Erythema Multiforme......Page 218 Epidermolysis Bullosa......Page 220 Contact Dermatitis......Page 221 Collagen Diseases......Page 222 Granulomatous Vasculitis......Page 228 Vasculitis-Like Disorders and Leukemia/Lymphoma......Page 229 Xanthelasma......Page 231 Necrobiotic Xanthogranuloma......Page 232 Juvenile Xanthogranuloma (JXG)......Page 233 Calcinosis Cutis......Page 234 Lipoid Proteinosis (Urbach–Wiethe Disease, Hyalinosis Cutis et Mucosae)......Page 235 Idiopathic Hemochromatosis......Page 236 Benign Cystic Lesions......Page 237 Benign Tumors of the Surface Epithelium......Page 241 Precancerous Tumors of the Surface Epithelium......Page 246 Cancerous Tumors of the Surface Epithelium......Page 247 Tumors of the Epidermal Appendages (Adnexal Skin Structures)......Page 251 Merkel Cell Carcinoma (Neuroendocrine Carcinoma, Trabecular Carcinoma) (Fig. 6.45)......Page 262 Normal Anatomy (Fig. 6.46)......Page 263 Blockage of Tear Flow Into the Nose......Page 264 Epithelial......Page 266 Miscellaneous......Page 267 Congenital Abnormalities......Page 268 Inflammation......Page 270 Lid Manifestations of Systemic Dermatoses or Disease......Page 271 Cysts, Pseudoneoplasms, and Neoplasms......Page 274 Tumors......Page 277 Normal Anatomy......Page 278 Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (Rendu–Osler–Weber Disease)......Page 279 Laryngo-Onycho-Cutaneous (LOC or Shabbir) Syndrome......Page 280 Sickle-Cell Anemia......Page 281 Hemangioma and Lymphangioma......Page 282 Basic Histologic Changes......Page 283 Infectious......Page 287 Noninfectious......Page 289 Deposition of Metabolic Products......Page 291 Skin Diseases......Page 292 Pinguecula......Page 293 Amyloidosis......Page 294 Conjunctivochalasis......Page 297 Cysts......Page 298 Pseudocancerous Lesions......Page 299 Cancerous Epithelial Lesions......Page 307 Stromal Neoplasms......Page 313 Inflammation......Page 316 Cysts, Pseudoneoplasms, and Neoplasms......Page 317 Normal Anatomy......Page 321 Abnormalities of Size......Page 324 Congenital Corneal Opacities......Page 325 Clinicopathologic Types—Specific......Page 326 Epithelial Erosions and Keratitis......Page 334 Stromal (Interstitial) Keratitis......Page 335 Peripheral......Page 337 Central......Page 338 Inflammations—Corneal Sequelae......Page 341 Epithelial......Page 342 Stromal......Page 344 Classification of Dystrophies......Page 354 Primary in the Corneal......Page 356 Melanin......Page 392 Kayser–Fleischer Ring......Page 393 Drug-Induced......Page 394 Crystals......Page 396 Neoplasm......Page 397 Ochronosis (Alkaptonuria)......Page 398 Episcleritis......Page 400 Introduction......Page 401 Episcleral Osseous Choristoma and Episcleral Osseocartilaginous Choristoma......Page 404 Ectopic Lacrimal Gland......Page 405 Congenital Defects......Page 406 Degenerations: Stromal......Page 407 Dystrophies: Stromal......Page 408 Dystrophies: Descemet’s Membrane and Endothelial......Page 409 Heredofamilial......Page 410 Crystals......Page 411 Inflammations......Page 412 Persistent Tunica Vasculosa Lentis......Page 413 Aniridia (Hypoplasia) of the Iris......Page 415 Coloboma......Page 417 Cysts of the Iris and Anterior Ciliary Body (Pars Plicata)......Page 419 Diabetes Mellitus......Page 420 Juvenile Xanthogranuloma (Nevoxanthoendothelioma)......Page 421 Iris Neovascularization (Rubeosis Iridis)......Page 423 Choroidal Folds......Page 424 Choroidal Dystrophies......Page 425 Epithelial......Page 427 Muscular......Page 429 Vascular......Page 430 Leukemic and Lymphomatous (See Chapter 14)......Page 431 Other Tumors......Page 433 Secondary Neoplasms......Page 434 Types......Page 435 Congenital and Developmental Defects......Page 436 Dystrophies......Page 437 Tumors......Page 438 Uveal Edema......Page 440 Fleck Cataract......Page 441 Anterior Polar Cataract......Page 442 Posterior Polar Cataract......Page 443 Posterior Lenticonus (Lentiglobus)......Page 444 General Reactions......Page 445 Exfoliation of the Lens Capsule......Page 447 Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome (Pseudoexfoliation of Lens Capsule, Exfoliation Syndrome, Basement Membrane Exfoliation Syndrome, Fibrillopathia Epitheliocapsularis) (Figs. 10.8–10.11)......Page 448 Anterior Subcapsular Cataract (ASC) (Figs. 10.12–10.15)......Page 452 Posterior Subcapsular Cataract (PSC) (Figs. 10.16 and 10.17; see Fig. 10.15)......Page 453 Cortex (“Soft Cataract”)......Page 454 Age-Related (Senile) Cataracts......Page 459 Glaucoma......Page 461 Congenital......Page 463 Congenital Anomalies......Page 468 Capsule......Page 469 Secondary Cataracts......Page 470 Ectopic Lens......Page 471 Albinism (Fig. 11.4)......Page 472 Coloboma......Page 474 Lange’s Fold......Page 475 Myelinated (Medullated) Nerve Fibers......Page 476 Foveomacular Abnormalities......Page 477 Causes......Page 478 Complications of Retinal Ischemia......Page 480 Histology of Retinal Ischemia......Page 481 Causes and Risk Factors of Hemorrhagic Infarction......Page 482 Types of Hemorrhagic Infarction......Page 483 Histology of Retinal Hemorrhagic Infarction (see Fig. 11.12)......Page 485 Hypertensive and Arteriolosclerotic Retinopathy......Page 487 Sickle-Cell Disease......Page 489 Eales’ Disease (Primary Perivasculitis of the Retina)......Page 491 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation......Page 492 Specific Retinal Inflammations (see Chapters 2–4)......Page 493 Microcystoid Degeneration......Page 495 Degenerative Retinoschisis......Page 496 Paving Stone (Cobblestone) Degeneration (Peripheral Chorioretinal Atrophy; Equatorial Choroiditis)......Page 499 Idiopathic Serous Detachment of the RPE (Fig. 11.25)......Page 500 Idiopathic Central Serous Choroidopathy (Central Serous Retinopathy; Central Angiospastic Retinopathy) (see Fig. 11.25)......Page 501 Drusen......Page 502 Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration (Dry, Atrophic, or Senile Atrophic Macular Degeneration)......Page 505 Age-Related Exudative Macular Degeneration (Exudative, Wet, or Senile Disciform Macular Degeneration; Kuhnt–Junius Macular Degeneration)......Page 507 Exudative Macular Degeneration Secondary to Focal Choroiditis (Juvenile Disciform Degeneration of the Macula)......Page 510 Toxic Retinal Degenerations......Page 511 Cancer-Associated Retinopathy (Paraneoplastic Syndrome; Paraneoplastic Retinopathy; Paraneoplastic Photoreceptor Retinopathy; Melanoma-Associated Retinopathy)......Page 513 Traumatic Retinopathy......Page 514 X-Linked Retinoschisis (Juvenile Retinoschisis, Vitreous Veils; Congenital Vascular Veils; Cystic Disease of the Retina; Congenital Retinal Detachment)......Page 515 Stargardt’s Disease (Fundus Flavimaculatus)......Page 517 Best Vitelliform Disease (Vitelliform Foveal Dystrophy; Vitelliform Macular Degeneration; Vitelliruptive Macular Degeneration; Exudative Central Detachment of the Retina—Macular Pseudocysts; Cystic Macular Degeneration; Exudative Foveal Dystrophy)......Page 519 Dominant Cystoid Macular Dystrophy (DCMD)......Page 520 Cone–Rod Dystrophy......Page 521 Retinitis Pigmentosa (Retinopathia Pigmentosa; Pigmentary Degeneration of the Retina)......Page 522 Pigment Epithelial Dystrophy......Page 524 Patterned Dystrophies of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (Reticular Dystrophy or Sjögren Dystrophia Reticularis Laminae Pigmentosae Retinae; Butterfly-Shaped Pigment Dystrophy of the Fovea; Macroreticular or Spider Dystrophy)......Page 525 Bietti’s Crystalline Dystrophy (Bietti’s Tapetoretinal Degeneration With Marginal Corneal Dystrophy, Crystalline Retinopathy)......Page 526 Angioid Streaks......Page 527 Mucolipidoses......Page 528 Sphingolipidoses......Page 529 Other Lipidoses......Page 530 Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism......Page 531 Collagen Diseases......Page 532 Glia......Page 533 Definitions......Page 538 Classification of Neural Retinal Detachment......Page 539 Predisposing Factors to Neural Retinal Detachment......Page 541 Pathologic Changes After Neural Retinal Detachment......Page 543 Pathologic Complications After Neural Retinal Detachment Surgery......Page 545 Vascular Disease......Page 546 Inflammation......Page 547 Degenerations......Page 548 Hereditary Primary Retinal Dystrophies......Page 552 Hereditary Secondary Retinal Dystrophies......Page 555 Retinal Detachment......Page 556 Post Nonsurgical and Surgical Trauma......Page 558 Iridescent Particles......Page 561 Vitreous Detachment......Page 563 Proteinaceous Deposits......Page 564 Amyloid......Page 565 Autosomal-Dominant Vitreoretinochoroidopathy (ADVIRC; Peripheral Annular Pigmentary Dystrophy of the Retina)......Page 567 Complications......Page 568 Vitreous Opacities......Page 571 Vitreous Hemorrhage......Page 572 Hypoplasia......Page 573 Congenital (Familial) Optic Atrophies......Page 576 Coloboma (Table 13.1)......Page 577 Causes......Page 580 Histology of Optic Disc Edema......Page 581 Causes......Page 582 Causes......Page 588 Primary......Page 589 Secondary......Page 597 Congenital Defects and Anatomic Variations......Page 598 Optic Neuritis......Page 599 Tumors......Page 601 Microphthalmos With Cyst......Page 603 Congenital Alacrima......Page 605 Chronic......Page 606 Penetrating Wounds......Page 608 Graves’ Disease (Fig. 14.10)......Page 609 Mitochondrial Myopathies......Page 611 Dermatomyositis......Page 612 Primary Orbital Tumors......Page 613 Secondary Orbital Tumors......Page 665 Orbital Inflammation......Page 667 Ocular Muscle Involvement in Systemic Disease......Page 668 Tumors: Mesenchymal–Vascular......Page 669 Tumors: Mesenchymal–Muscle......Page 670 Tumors: Neural......Page 671 Tumors: Epithelial of Lacrimal Gland......Page 672 Tumors: Malignant Lymphoma......Page 673 Tumors Leukemia......Page 675 Secondary Tumors......Page 676 Natural History......Page 677 Ocular Surface Disease......Page 679 Lens......Page 683 Iris......Page 685 Ciliary Body and Choroid......Page 686 Neural Retina......Page 690 Vitreous......Page 707 Optic Nerve......Page 709 Ocular Surface Disease......Page 711 Lens......Page 713 Retina......Page 714 Vitreous......Page 715 Optic Nerve......Page 716 Normal Anatomy (Figs. 16.1–16.3)......Page 717 Introduction......Page 720 Congenital Glaucoma (Table 16.3)......Page 724 Primary Glaucoma (Closed- and Open-Angle)......Page 728 Causes......Page 735 Secondary Open-Angle Glaucoma......Page 742 Cornea (Figs. 16.26–16.28; See Also Fig. 8.49A,B)......Page 751 Iris......Page 752 Ciliary Body......Page 753 Neural Retina (Fig. 16.31)......Page 754 Optic Nerve......Page 755 Impaired Outflow: Congenital Glaucoma......Page 758 Impaired Outflow-Secondary Open-Angle......Page 759 Tissue Changes Caused by Elevated Intraocular Pressure......Page 760 Lentigo......Page 761 Nevus......Page 763 Malignant Melanoma......Page 767 Lentigo......Page 769 Nevus......Page 770 Primary Acquired Melanosis (PAM; Figs. 17.15 and 17.16; see also Table 17.2)......Page 774 Primary Malignant Melanoma of Conjunctiva (Fig. 17.17; see also Fig. 17.16)......Page 777 Reactive Tumors......Page 781 Nonreactive Tumors......Page 786 Acquired Neoplasms......Page 789 Iris......Page 791 Ciliary Body and Choroid......Page 797 Melanocytoma (Magnocellular Nevus of the Nerve Head)......Page 824 Malignant Melanoma......Page 825 Melanotic Tumors of the Orbit......Page 826 Melanocytic Tumors of the Uvea: Ciliary Body and Choroid......Page 829 Melanocytic Tumors of the Orbit......Page 831 General Information......Page 832 Heredity......Page 835 Clinical Features......Page 837 Histology......Page 840 Overview......Page 848 General Information......Page 850 Leukokoria (Box 18.1)......Page 851 Discrete Retinal or Chorioretinal Lesions......Page 865 Retinoblastoma—Heredity......Page 866 Retinoblastoma—Prognosis......Page 867 Lesions Simulating Retinoblastoma (Pseudoglioma)—Leukokoria: Persistent Fetal Vasculature......Page 868 Lesions Simulating Retinoblastoma (Pseudoglioma)—Leukokoria: Coats’ Disease......Page 869 Lesions Simulating Retinoblastoma (Pseudoglioma)—Leukokoria: Other Causes......Page 870 A......Page 871 B......Page 872 C......Page 873 D......Page 876 E......Page 877 F......Page 878 G......Page 879 H......Page 880 I......Page 881 L......Page 882 M......Page 884 N......Page 885 O......Page 886 P......Page 887 R......Page 889 S......Page 890 T......Page 892 V......Page 893 Z......Page 894

Bridge the gap between ophthalmology and pathology with the 8th Edition of this comprehensive, easy-to-understand reference from Drs. Myron Yanoff and Joseph W. Sassani. Designed to keep you up to date with every aspect of the field, from current imaging techniques to genetics and molecular biology to clinical pearls, Ocular Pathology provides the concise yet complete information you need for board exams and clinical practice.

• Includes new coverage of genetics and molecular biology, complications in diabetes mellitus, and the role of new drugs and other treatments for macular degeneration.
• Covers the latest imaging techniques, including optical coherence tomography (OCT), anterior segment OCT (AS-OCT) and OCT-angiography.
• Contains new images throughout that provide updated correlations between pathological and clinical aspects of each disorder. Clinicopathological correlations are presented with side-by-side image comparisons to make clinical pearl boxes even more useful.
• Features more than 1,900 illustrations from the collections of internationally renowned leaders in ocular pathology.
• Presents information in a quick-reference outline format – ideal for today’s busy physician.