Ophthalmology (Lecture Notes)

Highly Commended in Internal medicine in the 2017 BMA Medical Book Awards Highly illustrated, comprehensive, and accessible, Ophthalmology Lecture Notes is the ideal reference and revision guide to common eye problems and their diagnosis and management. Beginning with overviews of anatomy, history taking, and examination, it then covers a range of core ophthalmic conditions, including a new chapter on paediatric ophthalmology. The content has been thoroughly updated and includes: Over 200 diagrams and photographs A range of core clinical cases in chapter 20 demonstrating the clinical context of key conditions Learning objectives and summary of key points in each chapter Ophthalmology Lecture Notes is perfect for developing knowledge for clinical practice or revision in the run-up to examinations, and uses a systematic approach to provide medical students and junior doctors with all the tools they need to manage clinical situations. It is also useful for optometrists in training, helping them develop a sound understanding of clinical ophthalmology. Ophthalmology: Lecture Notes Contents Preface to Twelfth Edition Preface to First Edition Acknowledgements Abbreviations About the Companion Website 1: Anatomy Introduction Surface Anatomy of the Face Sensory Innervation of the Face: the Fifth Cranial Nerve Gross Anatomy of the Eye The Orbit The Eyelids (The Tarsus) The Lacrimal Drainage System Detailed Functional Anatomy The Tear Film The Cornea The Sclera The Choroid The Retina The Vitreous The Ciliary Body The Iris The Iridocorneal (Drainage) Angle The Lens The Optic Nerve The Ocular Blood Supply The Third, Fourth and Sixth Cranial Nerves Central Origin Peripheral Course Assessment Questions True or False Answers 2: History, Symptoms and Examination Introduction General Ophthalmic History Specific Ophthalmic History Red Eye Sudden Visual Loss Gradual Visual Loss Ocular Pain Diplopia Examination Physiological Testing of the Eye Visual Fields Colour Vision Pupillary Reactions Eye Movements Anatomical Examination of the Eye Special Examination Techniques Investigative Techniques Assessment Questions True or False Answers 3: Clinical Optics Introduction Refractive Error (Ametropia) Accommodation and Presbyopia Optical Correction After Cataract Extraction Contact Lenses Spectacles Low-Vision Aids Refractive Surgery Assessment Questions True or False Answers 4: The Orbit Introduction Clinical Features Proptosis Enophthalmos Pain Eyelid and Conjunctival Changes Binocular Diplopia Visual Acuity Investigation of Orbital Disease Differential Diagnosis of Orbital Disease Disorders of the Extraocular Muscles Infective Disorders Inflammatory Disease Vascular Abnormalities Orbital Tumours Dermoid Cysts Assessment Questions True or False Answers 5: The Eyelids Introduction Abnormalities of Lid Position Ptosis Entropion Ectropion Inflammation of the Eyelids Blepharitis Benign Lid Lumps and Bumps Chalazion Molluscum Contagiosum Cysts Squamous Cell Papilloma Xanthelasmas Keratoacanthoma Naevus (Mole) Malignant Tumours Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) Squamous Cell Carcinoma Abnormalities of the Lashes Trichiasis Assessment Questions True or False Answers 6: The Lacrimal System Introduction Abnormalities in Tear Flow and Evaporation – Dry Eye Aqueous-Deficient Dry Eye Evaporative Dry Eye – Inadequate Meibomian Oil Delivery Evaporative Dry Eye – Malposition of the Globe or Lid Margins Cicatricial Conjunctival Disorders Disorders of Tear Drainage Obstruction of Tear Drainage (Infantile) Obstruction of Tear Drainage (Adult) Infections of the Nasolacrimal System Assessment Questions True or False Answers 7: Conjunctiva, Cornea and Sclera Introduction Symptoms Signs Conjunctiva Inflammatory Diseases of the Conjunctiva Conjunctival Degenerations Cornea Infective Corneal Lesions Corneal Dystrophies Disorders of Shape Corneal Degenerations Corneal Thinning Corneal Grafting Sclera Assessment Questions True or False Answers 8: The Lens and Cataract Introduction Cataract Definition and Causes Symptoms Signs Investigation Treatment Congenital Cataract Disorders of Lens Shape Disorders of Lens Position (Ectopia Lentis) Assessment Questions to Check Your Understanding Answers 9: Uveitis Introduction Epidemiology Specific Conditions Associated With Uveitis Ankylosing Spondylitis Reiter's Disease Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis-Related Uveitis History Fuchs' Heterochromic Uveitis Toxoplasmosis Behçet's and Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Diseases AIDS and CMV Retinitis Sympathetic Ophthalmitis Assessment Questions True or False Answers 10: Glaucoma Introduction Pathophysiology Classification Pathogenesis Primary (Chronic) Open-Angle Glaucoma Closed-Angle Glaucoma Secondary Glaucoma Congenital Glaucoma Chronic (Primary) Open-Angle Glaucoma Epidemiology Genetics History Examination Treatment Normal-Tension Glaucoma Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma Epidemiology History Examination Treatment Secondary Glaucoma Congenital Glaucoma Prognosis of the Glaucomas Assessment Questions True or False Answers 11: Retina and Choroid Introduction Symptoms of Retinal Disease Macular Dysfunction Peripheral Retinal Dysfunction Acquired Macular Disease Age-Related Macular Degeneration Macular Holes and Membranes Central Serous Retinopathy Macular Oedema Toxic Maculopathies Vitreous Floaters and Posterior Vitreous Detachment Retinal Detachment Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Traction Retinal Detachment Retinoschisis Inherited Retinal and Photoreceptor Dystrophies Retinitis Pigmentosa Cone Dystrophy Juvenile Macular Dystrophies Albinism Retinal Tumours Retinoblastoma Astrocytomas Choroidal Lesions, Including Melanoma Metastatic Tumours Assessment Questions Answers 12: Retinal Vascular Disease Introduction Signs of Retinal Vascular Disease Leakage from the Microcirculation Occlusion of the Microcirculation Diabetic Retinopathy Arterial Occlusion Venous Occlusion Arteriosclerosis and Hypertension Retinopathy of Prematurity Sickle-Cell Retinopathy Abnormal Retinal Blood Vessels Abnormalities of the Blood Assessment Questions Answers 13: The Pupil and Its Responses Introduction Ocular Causes of Pupillary Abnormality Neurological Causes of an Abnormal Pupil Horner's Syndrome Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD) Light-Near Dissociation Adie's Tonic Pupil Argyll Robertson Pupil Midbrain Pupil Other Causes of Pupillary Abnormality Assessment Questions True or False Answers 14: Disorders of the Visual Pathway Introduction The Optic Nerve The Swollen Optic Disc Papilloedema Due to Raised Intracranial Pressure Optic Neuritis Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy Optic Atrophy The Chiasm Optic Tract, Radiation and Visual Cortex Assessment Questions Answers 15: Eye Movements and their Disorders Introduction Anatomy and Physiology Non-Paralytic Squint Binocular Single Vision Aetiology of Non-Paralytic (Concomitant) Squint Paralytic Squint Isolated Nerve Palsy Disease of the Extraocular Muscles Dysthyroid Eye Disease (Grave's Disease) Myasthenia Gravis Ocular Myositis Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) Brown's Syndrome Duane's Syndrome Gaze Palsies Lesions of the Parapontine Reticular Formation (PPRF) Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia Parinaud's Syndrome (Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome) Abnormal Oscillations of the Eyes Nystagmus Assessment Questions Answers 16: Trauma Introduction History, Symptoms and Signs Examination Without a Slit Lamp With a Slit Lamp Treatment Orbital Blow-Out Fracture Lacerations to the Skin and Lids Corneal Abrasions UV Injury to the Cornea Corneal Foreign Bodies Corneal and Scleral Penetrating Trauma Uveitis Hyphaema Retinal Damage Chemical Injury Prognosis Assessment Questions True or False Answers 17: Tropical Ophthalmology: Eye Diseases in the Developing World Introduction Reasons for the Greater Prevalence of Blindness in the Developing World Providing Eye Care in the Developing World Major Causes of Blindness Blindness in Childhood Causes of Adult Blindness Cataract Tropical Diseases Trachoma Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) Vitamin A Deficiency (Xerophthalmia) Measles Corneal Infection, Ulceration and Scarring HIV and AIDS Ophthalmia Neonatorum Diabetic Retinopathy Assessment Questions True or False Answers References 18: Eye Diseases in Children Introduction Developmental Anatomy and Embryology Development of Vision/Visual Milestones Delayed Visual Maturation (DVM) History and Examination Assessment of Visual Acuity Testing the Visual Field Testing Binocular Vision External Examination Direct Ophthalmoscopy Refraction and the Role of the Optician/Optometrist (General Ophthalmic Services) Fundus Examination Summary of Ocular Disease Seen in Children The Orbit The Eyelids The Lacrimal System Conjunctiva, Cornea, Sclera Cataract Uveitis Glaucoma Retinal and Choroidal Disease Prematurity and the Eye The Visual Pathway Eye Movement Disorders Squint Nystagmus Trauma Child Abuse Assessment Questions True or False 19: Services for the Visually Handicapped Visual Impairment Key Facts Definitions The Causes of Visual Impairment Effect of Vision Impairment on Motor Function, Social Interactions and Cognition Colour Blindness – Impact on Learning and Choice of Career Rehabilitation of an Individual with Vision Impairment Living Skills Schools for the Visually Impaired Low Vision Aids Guide Dogs White Cane Certification, Statement of Educational Needs Useful Contacts and Agencies 20: Clinical Cases Introduction Clinical Cases Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case 8 Case 9 Case 10 Case 11 Case 12 Case 13 Case 14 Case 15 Case 16 Case 17 Case 18 Case 19 Case 20 Case 21 Case 22 Case 23 Case 24 Case 25 Useful References Textbooks Clinical Ophthalmology Basic Science Review Journals Ophthalmic Journals Websites Organizations Producing Patient Information Literature Appendix 1: Conversion Table for Representation of Visual Acuity Appendix 2: Drugs Available for Ophthalmic Use Treatment of Infection Topical Antibiotics Treatment of Chlymidial Infections Treatment of Acanthamoeba Infections Treatment of Viral Infections Treatment of Fungal Infections Treatment of Inflammation Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Preparations Steroid Preparations Mast Cell Stabilizers Antihistamines Mucolytics Mydriatics and Cycloplegics Antimuscarinics Sympathomimetics Ocular Hypotensives Beta Receptor Antagonists Prostaglandin Analogues Sympathomimetics Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Miotics Local Anaesthetics Ocular Lubricants Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibitors Diagnostic Preparations Index EULA Concentrating on core information needed by students, this text integrates basic structure and functions of the eye with clinical ophthalmology. It provides a consistent approach to individual diseases, and has been revised to include current views on ophthalmic disease and treatment. Highly Commended in Internal medicine in the 2017 BMA Medical Book AwardsHighly illustrated, comprehensive, and accessible, Ophthalmology Lecture Notes is the ideal reference and revision guide to common eye problems and their diagnosis and management. Beginning with overviews of anatomy, history taking, and examination, it then covers a range of core ophthalmic conditions, including a new chapter on paediatric ophthalmology. The content has been thoroughly updated and includes:Over 200 diagrams and photographs A range of core clinical cases in chapter 20 demonstrating the clinical context of key conditions Learning objectives and summary of key points in each chapterOphthalmology Lecture Notes is perfect for developing knowledge for clinical practice or revision in the run-up to examinations, and uses a systematic approach to provide medical students and junior doctors with all the tools they need to manage clinical situations. It is also useful for optometrists in training, helping them develop a sound understanding of clinical ophthalmology