Pathophysiology - E-Book

Cover......Page 1 Title......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Preface......Page 11 Brief Contents......Page 3 Contents (chapter outlines with direct linking)......Page 13 Key Questions......Page 25 Pathogenesis......Page 26 Treatment Implications......Page 27 Statistical Normality......Page 28 Cultural Considerations......Page 29 Concepts of Epidemiology......Page 30 Gender.......Page 31 Socioeconomic factors and lifestyle considerations.......Page 32 Primary prevention.......Page 33 Summary......Page 34 Patterns of Disease and Epidemiology......Page 35 Homeostasis......Page 36 Stress as a Concept......Page 37 Resistance or Adaptation Stage......Page 38 Stressors, Gender and Developmental Influences, and Risk Factors......Page 40 Catecholamines: Norepinephrine and Epinephrine......Page 41 Adrenocortical Steroids: Cortisol and Aldosterone......Page 42 Growth Hormone, Prolactin, and Oxytocin......Page 43 Adaptation, Coping, and Resilience......Page 44 Allostatic Overload and Illness......Page 45 Homeostasis and Allostasis......Page 47 Neurohormones and Concepts of Stress......Page 48 Adaptation and Coping......Page 49 Key Questions......Page 50 Lipid Bilayer......Page 51 Membrane Proteins......Page 53 Nucleus......Page 54 Endoplasmic Reticulum......Page 55 Golgi Apparatus......Page 56 Lysosomes and Peroxisomes......Page 57 Cellular Metabolism......Page 58 Oxidative Phosphorylation......Page 60 Endocytosis and Exocytosis......Page 63 Membrane Transport of Small Molecules......Page 64 Sodium–potassium ion pump.......Page 65 Na+-driven carriers.......Page 66 Passive transport carriers.......Page 67 Membrane Channel Proteins......Page 68 Action Potential......Page 69 Cell Signaling Strategies......Page 72 Cell Surface Receptor–Mediated Responses......Page 73 Intracellular Receptor–Mediated Responses......Page 77 Regulation of Cellular Growth and Proliferation......Page 78 Summary......Page 81 Cell Growth Regulation......Page 82 Reversible Cell Injury......Page 83 Intracellular Accumulations......Page 84 Metaplasia......Page 87 Necrosis......Page 88 Apoptosis......Page 90 Ischemia and Hypoxic Injury......Page 92 Infectious and Immunologic Injury......Page 94 Physical and Mechanical Injury......Page 96 Cellular Basis of Aging......Page 98 Somatic Death......Page 99 Cellular Aging and Death......Page 100 Key Questions......Page 101 Structure of DNA......Page 102 DNA Replication......Page 103 Genetic Code......Page 104 Transcription......Page 105 Translation......Page 106 Transcriptional Controls......Page 108 Mechanisms of Development......Page 110 Epithelial Tissue......Page 111 Connective Tissue......Page 113 Muscle Tissue......Page 114 Nervous Tissue......Page 115 Summary......Page 116 Differentiation of Tissues......Page 117 Key Questions......Page 118 Principles of Inheritance......Page 119 DNA Mutation and Repair......Page 120 Genetic Disorders......Page 122 Aberrant Number of Chromosomes......Page 123 Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)......Page 124 Klinefelter Syndrome......Page 125 Mendelian Single-Gene Disorders......Page 126 Marfan Syndrome......Page 127 Autosomal-Recessive Disorders......Page 128 Albinism......Page 129 Sex-Linked (X-Linked) Disorders......Page 130 Nonmendelian Single-Gene Disorders......Page 131 Mitochondrial Gene Mutations......Page 133 Polygenic and Multifactorial Disorders......Page 134 Chemicals and Drugs......Page 135 Radiation......Page 136 Prenatal Diagnosis and Counseling......Page 137 Recombinant DNA Technology......Page 138 Principles of Inheritance and Genetic Disorders......Page 139 Key Questions......Page 141 The Malignant Phenotype......Page 142 Nutrition......Page 144 Genetic Mechanisms of Cancer......Page 147 Cytoplasmic Signaling Pathways......Page 148 From Proto-Oncogene to Oncogene......Page 149 The Rb Gene......Page 151 BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes......Page 152 Initiation......Page 153 Progression......Page 155 Patterns of Spread......Page 156 Angiogenesis......Page 157 Grading and Staging of Tumors......Page 158 Effects of Cancer on the Body......Page 160 Surgery......Page 161 Gene and Molecular Therapy......Page 162 Stem Cell Transplantation......Page 163 Cancer Biology......Page 164 Key Questions......Page 165 Physical and Mechanical Barriers......Page 166 Nutritional status.......Page 167 Bacterial Endotoxin......Page 168 Antimicrobial Resistance......Page 169 Transmission of Infection......Page 171 Emerging Infectious Diseases......Page 172 Bacteria......Page 173 Viruses......Page 174 Fungi......Page 175 Parasites......Page 176 Emerging Infectious Diseases......Page 181 Key Questions......Page 182 Mononuclear Phagocyte System......Page 183 Primary Lymphoid Organs......Page 184 Lymph Nodes and Lymphatics......Page 185 Neutrophils......Page 186 Eosinophils......Page 187 Monocytes and Macrophages......Page 188 Lymphocytes......Page 189 T Lymphocytes......Page 190 Complement......Page 191 Innate Defenses and Inflammation......Page 193 Increased Vascular Permeability......Page 195 Phagocytosis......Page 196 Healing......Page 198 Systemic Manifestations of Inflammation......Page 199 Antigen Presentation by MHC......Page 200 MHC Class II Presentation......Page 201 T Helper Cells (CD4+)......Page 202 Antigen Recognition by B Cells......Page 205 Antibody Structure......Page 207 Class Switching and Affinity Maturation......Page 209 Antibody Functions......Page 210 Active Immunity......Page 211 Integrated Response to Microbial Antigen......Page 213 Integrated Response to Viral Antigen......Page 215 Regulation of Immune Function......Page 216 Immunology......Page 217 Key Questions......Page 218 Autoimmunity......Page 219 Environmental Triggers......Page 220 Pharmacotherapies......Page 221 Hypersensitivity......Page 222 Pathogenesis......Page 223 Treatment......Page 224 Etiology and Pathogenesis......Page 225 Transfusion Reaction......Page 226 Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn......Page 227 Etiology......Page 228 Pathogenesis......Page 229 Treatment.......Page 230 Type IVa – Allergic Contact Dermatitis......Page 231 Type IVd – Pustular Psoriasis......Page 233 Etiology and pathogenesis.......Page 234 Clinical manifestations and treatment.......Page 235 Secondary Immunodeficiency Disorders......Page 236 Summary......Page 237 Deficient Immune Responses......Page 238 Classification of Hematologic Neoplasms......Page 239 Etiology of Myeloid and Lymphoid Neoplasms......Page 240 Diagnosis of Hematologic Neoplasms......Page 241 Principles of Treatment......Page 242 Prevention and Management of Complications......Page 243 Prognosis and treatment.......Page 245 Prognosis and treatment.......Page 246 Pathogenesis and clinical manifestations.......Page 247 Pathogenesis and clinical manifestations.......Page 248 Prognosis and treatment.......Page 250 Prognosis and treatment.......Page 251 Prognosis and treatment.......Page 253 Myeloid Neoplasms......Page 255 Lymphoid Neoplasms......Page 256 Key Questions......Page 257 Types of HIV......Page 258 Transmission......Page 260 Prevention of Transmission......Page 262 HIV Binding and Infection......Page 263 Viral Production and Cell Death......Page 266 Progression of HIV Infection From Seroconversion to AIDS......Page 268 Diagnostic Testing......Page 269 Monitoring the Progression of HIV......Page 270 Systemic Manifestations......Page 272 Pulmonary Manifestations......Page 273 Mucocutaneous Manifestations......Page 274 Gynecologic Manifestations......Page 275 Neurologic Manifestations......Page 276 Manifestations in Other Systems......Page 277 Antiretroviral Therapy Recommendations......Page 278 Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors......Page 279 HIV Epidemiology......Page 281 Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Management......Page 282 Key Questions......Page 283 Composition of Blood......Page 284 Cellular Components......Page 285 Structure and Function of Red Blood Cells......Page 286 Hematopoiesis......Page 287 Hemoglobin Synthesis......Page 289 Nutritional Requirements for Erythropoiesis......Page 290 Red Cell Production......Page 291 Oxygen Transport......Page 292 Alterations in Oxygen Transport......Page 294 General Effects of Anemia......Page 296 Treatment.......Page 301 Course and prognosis.......Page 302 Etiology and pathogenesis.......Page 303 Course and prognosis.......Page 304 Treatment.......Page 305 Etiology and pathogenesis.......Page 306 Treatment.......Page 307 Neoantigen formation.......Page 308 Other Extrinsic Abnormalities......Page 309 Clinical manifestations.......Page 310 Etiology and pathogenesis.......Page 316 Course and prognosis.......Page 317 Summary......Page 318 Anemias......Page 319 Polycythemia......Page 321 Stages of Hemostasis......Page 322 Fibrin Clot......Page 323 Clinical Assessment......Page 325 Clinical manifestations.......Page 328 Pathogenesis.......Page 330 Diagnosis and treatment.......Page 331 Diagnosis and treatment.......Page 332 Diagnosis and treatment.......Page 333 Pathogenesis.......Page 334 Coagulation Disorders......Page 335 Key Questions......Page 337 Vessel Structure......Page 339 Anatomy of Capillaries......Page 340 Hemodynamics of the Circulatory System......Page 341 Blood Flow, Pressure, and Resistance......Page 342 Velocity and Laminar and Turbulent Flow......Page 343 Wall Tension and Compliance......Page 344 Dynamics in the Microcirculation: Capillaries and Lymphatics......Page 345 Intrinsic Mechanisms......Page 346 Etiology.......Page 347 Clinical manifestations.......Page 348 Arteriovenous fistulas.......Page 349 Etiology and Pathogenesis......Page 350 Modifiable risk factors.......Page 351 Nonmodifiable risk factors.......Page 353 Classifications......Page 354 Acute Arterial Occlusion......Page 355 Clinical Manifestations and Treatment......Page 356 Etiology and Pathogenesis......Page 357 Summary......Page 358 Venous and Lymphatic Disorders......Page 359 Determinants of Systemic Blood Pressure......Page 361 Components of Blood Pressure Measurement......Page 362 Indirect Measurement of Blood Pressure......Page 363 Long-Term Regulation of Systemic Blood Pressure......Page 365 Definition and Classification......Page 367 Risk Factors......Page 368 End-organ damage.......Page 369 Treatment Interventions......Page 370 Secondary Hypertension......Page 372 Hypertensive Emergencies and Urgency......Page 373 Low Blood Pressure......Page 374 Measuring Blood Pressure and Definitions of Hypertension......Page 375 Secondary Hypertension......Page 376 Low Blood Pressure......Page 377 Key Questions......Page 378 Heart......Page 379 Circulatory System......Page 380 Cardiac Cycle......Page 382 Isovolumic Contraction......Page 383 Anatomy of the Coronary Vessels......Page 384 Regulation of Coronary Blood Flow......Page 385 Structure of the Contractile Apparatus......Page 387 Characteristics of Contractile Filaments......Page 389 Sliding Filament/Cross-Bridge Theory of Muscle Contraction......Page 390 Energy of Muscle Relaxation......Page 391 Oxygen Utilization......Page 392 Phase 0......Page 393 Rhythmicity of Myocardial Cells......Page 394 Specialized Conduction System of the Heart......Page 395 Electrocardiography......Page 396 Determinants of Heart Rate......Page 398 Contractile Capabilities of the Heart (Contractility)......Page 399 Electrocardiography......Page 400 Echocardiography......Page 402 Cardiac Catheterization/Coronary Angiography......Page 403 Resources......Page 405 Key Questions......Page 406 Risk Factors and Mechanisms of Coronary Atherosclerosis......Page 407 Pathophysiology of Ischemia......Page 409 Acute Coronary Syndrome......Page 412 Diagnosis of MI.......Page 413 Electrocardiographic changes.......Page 414 Clinical course.......Page 415 Prognosis and treatment.......Page 416 Chronic Ischemic Cardiomyopathy......Page 417 Disorders of the Mitral Valve......Page 418 Mitral Stenosis......Page 419 Mitral Valve Prolapse......Page 420 Aortic Regurgitation......Page 421 Infective Endocarditis......Page 422 Myocarditis......Page 423 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy......Page 424 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy......Page 425 Acute Pericarditis......Page 426 Embryologic Development......Page 427 Etiology and Incidence of Congenital Heart Disease......Page 428 Pathophysiology of Congenital Heart Disease......Page 429 Atrial Septal Defect......Page 430 Patent Ductus Arteriosus......Page 431 Transposition of the Great Arteries......Page 432 Summary......Page 433 Resources......Page 434 Key Questions......Page 435 Diastolic Dysfunction With Preserved Ejection Fraction......Page 436 Increased Preload......Page 437 Myocardial Remodeling and Progression......Page 439 Left-Sided Heart Failure......Page 441 Right-Sided Heart Failure......Page 442 Class and Stage of Heart Failure......Page 444 Triggered Activity......Page 445 Reentry......Page 446 Normal Sinus Rhythm......Page 447 Sinus Arrest......Page 448 Premature atrial complexes and tachycardia.......Page 449 Junctional Dysrhythmias......Page 450 Ventricular fibrillation.......Page 451 Disturbances of Atrioventricular Conduction......Page 452 Intraventricular Conduction Defects......Page 453 Summary......Page 455 Heart Failure......Page 456 Dysrhythmias......Page 457 Pathogenesis of Shock......Page 458 Impaired Tissue Oxygenation......Page 459 Compensatory Mechanisms and Stages of Shock......Page 461 Etiology and Pathogenesis......Page 463 Treatment......Page 464 Treatment......Page 465 Clinical Manifestations......Page 466 Etiology and pathogenesis.......Page 467 Pathogenesis.......Page 468 Clinical manifestations.......Page 469 Treatment.......Page 470 Arterial Oxygen Content......Page 471 Hemodynamic Monitoring......Page 472 Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome......Page 473 Septic Shock......Page 474 Key Questions......Page 475 Upper Airway Structures......Page 476 Lower Airway Structures......Page 477 Age-Related Variations......Page 481 Minute Ventilation......Page 484 Airway Resistance......Page 485 Neurologic Control of Ventilation......Page 486 Ventilation–Perfusion Ratios......Page 489 Barriers to Diffusion......Page 490 Carbon Dioxide Transport......Page 491 Hypoxemia and Hypoxia......Page 492 Etiology......Page 493 Treatment......Page 494 Pulmonary Function Testing......Page 495 Clinical Manifestations......Page 496 Etiology......Page 497 Diagnosis......Page 498 Pathogenesis......Page 499 Summary......Page 500 Pulmonary Malignancies......Page 501 Key Questions......Page 502 Etiology......Page 503 Pathogenesis......Page 504 Treatment......Page 505 Etiology......Page 507 Etiology......Page 509 Clinical Manifestations......Page 510 Treatment......Page 511 Etiology......Page 512 Pathogenesis......Page 513 Diagnosis......Page 514 Pathogenesis......Page 515 Treatment......Page 516 Treatment......Page 517 Pathogenesis......Page 518 Treatment......Page 519 Treatment......Page 520 Cystic Fibrosis and Pulmonary Infections......Page 521 Key Questions......Page 523 Pathogenesis.......Page 524 Pathogenesis.......Page 525 Treatment.......Page 526 Pathogenesis.......Page 527 Etiology.......Page 528 Diagnosis.......Page 529 Treatment.......Page 530 Etiology.......Page 531 Etiology.......Page 532 Diagnosis.......Page 533 Clinical manifestations.......Page 534 Etiology.......Page 535 Pathogenesis.......Page 536 Pathogenesis.......Page 537 Pathogenesis.......Page 538 Diagnosis.......Page 539 Etiology.......Page 540 Clinical manifestations.......Page 541 Summary......Page 542 Pulmonary Infections......Page 543 Key Questions......Page 545 Fluid Intake and Absorption......Page 546 Fluid Distribution......Page 547 Fluid Loss Through Abnormal Routes......Page 548 Clinical manifestations.......Page 549 Hyponatremia......Page 550 Etiology.......Page 551 Edema......Page 552 Electrolyte Intake and Absorption......Page 553 Plasma Potassium......Page 555 Clinical manifestations.......Page 556 Hypercalcemia......Page 557 Etiology.......Page 558 Etiology.......Page 559 Clinical manifestations.......Page 560 Summary......Page 561 Magnesium and Phosphate......Page 564 Acid–Base Homeostasis......Page 565 Respiratory Contribution......Page 566 Renal Contribution......Page 567 Compensatory response.......Page 569 Etiology.......Page 570 Etiology.......Page 571 Clinical manifestations.......Page 572 Summary......Page 573 Resources......Page 574 Key Questions......Page 575 Renal Lymphatics and Innervation......Page 576 Renal Blood Supply......Page 577 Overview of Nephron Structure and Function......Page 578 Glomerulus......Page 579 Proximal Convoluted Tubule......Page 581 Loop of Henle......Page 582 Collecting Duct......Page 583 Physics of Filtration......Page 584 Factors Affecting Filtration Pressure......Page 586 Effects of Glucose and Amino Acids......Page 587 Role of Mesangial Cells......Page 588 Regulation of Acid–Base Balance......Page 589 Secretion of Potassium......Page 590 Antidiuretic Hormone......Page 591 Aldosterone, Angiotensin II, Natriuretic Peptides, Urodilatin, Uroguanylin, and Guanylin......Page 592 Diuretic Agents......Page 593 Urine and Blood Studies......Page 594 Urinalysis......Page 595 Intravenous Urography/Pyelography......Page 596 Summary......Page 597 Resources......Page 598 Pain......Page 599 Other Diagnostic Tests......Page 600 Renal Agenesis and Hypoplasia......Page 601 Autosomal-Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease......Page 602 Etiology and pathogenesis.......Page 603 Diagnosis and treatment.......Page 604 Infection......Page 605 Diagnosis and treatment.......Page 606 Obstruction......Page 607 Etiology and pathogenesis.......Page 608 Diagnosis and treatment.......Page 609 Glomerular Disorders (Glomerulopathies)......Page 610 Glomerulonephritis......Page 611 Acute Glomerulonephritis......Page 612 Nephrotic Syndrome......Page 613 Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)......Page 614 Pyelonephritis and Urinary Tract Infection......Page 615 Glomerulopathy......Page 616 Acute Kidney Injury......Page 617 Prerenal Kidney Injury......Page 618 Intrinsic/Intrarenal Kidney Injury......Page 619 Clinical Presentation of Acute Kidney Injury......Page 620 Oliguric Phase......Page 623 Postoliguric Phase......Page 624 Risk Factors......Page 625 Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 626 Pain......Page 627 Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 628 Pain......Page 629 Kidney Transplant......Page 630 Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 631 Acute Kidney Injury......Page 632 Functional Anatomy......Page 633 Mechanism of Micturition......Page 634 Pathogenesis.......Page 635 Treatment.......Page 636 Bladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis......Page 637 Neurogenic Bladder......Page 638 Diagnosis and clinical manifestations.......Page 639 Ureterocele......Page 640 Risk factors.......Page 641 Treatment.......Page 642 Cystitis......Page 643 Diagnosis and treatment.......Page 644 Summary......Page 646 Bladder Pain, Dysfunction and Congenital Anomaly......Page 647 Urinary Tract Infections......Page 648 Urinary Stones......Page 649 Upper Genitourinary Tract......Page 650 Bladder......Page 651 Prostate......Page 652 Testes......Page 653 Epididymis and Ductus Deferens......Page 654 Penis......Page 655 Nephric System......Page 656 Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular Axis......Page 657 Transport of Spermatozoa......Page 661 Acrosome Reaction......Page 663 Resources......Page 664 Micropenis......Page 665 Etiology and treatment.......Page 666 Etiology and treatment.......Page 667 Etiology.......Page 668 Infectious Disorders......Page 669 Cryptorchidism......Page 671 Treatment.......Page 672 Diagnosis and treatment.......Page 673 Treatment.......Page 674 Treatment.......Page 675 Prostate Cancer......Page 676 Diagnosis.......Page 677 Treatment.......Page 678 Resources......Page 679 Organization of the Female Reproductive Organs......Page 680 Ovaries......Page 681 External Genitalia......Page 682 Menstrual Cycle......Page 683 Breast Development......Page 686 Fetal Membranes and Placenta......Page 687 First Month......Page 688 Hormonal Changes......Page 689 Changes in the Circulatory System......Page 691 Menopause......Page 692 Summary......Page 693 Menopause......Page 694 Key Questions......Page 695 Etiology and pathogenesis.......Page 696 Treatment.......Page 697 Clinical manifestations.......Page 698 Clinical manifestations and treatment.......Page 699 Etiology.......Page 700 Clinical manifestations and treatment.......Page 701 Clinical manifestations and treatment.......Page 702 Etiology.......Page 703 Clinical manifestations and treatment.......Page 704 Clinical manifestations and treatment.......Page 705 Fat Necrosis......Page 706 Specific Benign Neoplasms......Page 707 Clinical manifestations.......Page 708 Treatment.......Page 709 Summary......Page 710 Disorders of Pregnancy......Page 711 Disorders of the Breast......Page 712 Key Questions......Page 713 Etiology and clinical manifestations.......Page 714 Pathogenesis.......Page 715 Herpesvirus Infections......Page 716 Treatment.......Page 717 Pathogenesis and clinical manifestations.......Page 718 Summary......Page 719 Resources......Page 720 Key Questions......Page 721 Embryology......Page 722 Oral Cavity and Pharynx......Page 723 Stomach......Page 724 Small Intestine......Page 725 Large Intestine......Page 727 Neural Control......Page 728 Electrical Activity of Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle......Page 729 Propulsive Movements......Page 730 Swallowing......Page 731 Regulation of gastric emptying.......Page 732 Control of motility.......Page 733 Defecation.......Page 734 Regulation of colonic motility.......Page 735 Digestion and Absorption......Page 736 Digestion of Lipids......Page 737 Digestion of Proteins......Page 738 Water and Electrolytes......Page 739 Age-Related Changes......Page 741 Summary......Page 742 Resources......Page 743 Key Questions......Page 744 Abdominal Pain......Page 745 Pathophysiologic mechanisms.......Page 747 Treatment.......Page 748 Esophageal Varices......Page 749 Etiology and pathogenesis.......Page 750 Inflammatory Bowel Disease......Page 752 Treatment.......Page 753 Clinical manifestations.......Page 754 Etiology.......Page 755 Clinical manifestations and treatment.......Page 756 Clinical manifestations and treatment.......Page 757 Hirschsprung Disease......Page 758 Etiology.......Page 759 Treatment.......Page 760 Clinical manifestations and treatment.......Page 761 Etiology and risk factors.......Page 762 Stress of Lifestyle Changes......Page 763 Disorders of Stomach and Intestinal Wall......Page 764 Cancers of the GI Tract......Page 765 Structure and Function of the Pancreaticobiliary System......Page 766 Physiology of Bile......Page 767 Pathophysiology of Cholesterol Gallstone Formation......Page 768 Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis......Page 769 Clinical manifestations.......Page 770 Diagnosis.......Page 771 Etiology and pathogenesis.......Page 772 Treatment.......Page 773 Etiology and pathogenesis.......Page 774 Treatment.......Page 775 Pancreatic Cancer......Page 776 Pancreatitis......Page 777 Key Questions......Page 778 Etiology and pathogenesis.......Page 779 Hepatic.......Page 780 Diagnostic tests.......Page 782 Portal Hypertension......Page 783 Treatment.......Page 784 Treatment.......Page 787 Etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations.......Page 788 Treatment.......Page 789 Prognosis and treatment.......Page 790 Pathogenesis and clinical manifestations.......Page 791 Diagnosis.......Page 792 Prevention.......Page 793 Treatment.......Page 795 Management of autoimmune hepatitis.......Page 796 Diagnosis and treatment.......Page 797 Treatment.......Page 798 Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis.......Page 799 Transplantation......Page 800 Posttransplantation Management......Page 801 Infectious and Acquired Hepatitides in Children......Page 802 Disorders of Bilirubin Metabolism......Page 803 Liver Diseases and Geriatric Considerations......Page 804 Viral Hepatitis......Page 805 Liver Disease in Children......Page 806 Key Questions......Page 807 G-Protein–Coupled Receptors.......Page 808 Protein Kinase Receptors.......Page 809 Hormone Synthesis, Secretion, and Metabolism......Page 810 Receptor Down-Regulation and Up-Regulation......Page 811 Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary Gland......Page 812 Antidiuretic Hormone......Page 813 Growth Hormone......Page 814 Gonadotropins......Page 816 Thyroid Action on Target Cells......Page 817 Steroid Hormone Synthesis and Secretion......Page 818 Steroid Action on Target Cells......Page 819 Hyporesponsiveness......Page 821 Hypothalamic-Pituitary System, Thyroid and Adrenal Glands......Page 822 Etiology of Endocrine Disorders......Page 823 Classification of Endocrine Disorders......Page 824 Etiology and pathogenesis.......Page 825 Treatment.......Page 826 Clinical manifestations.......Page 827 Etiology and pathogenesis.......Page 828 Treatment.......Page 829 Clinical manifestations.......Page 830 Diagnosis.......Page 831 Clinical manifestations.......Page 832 Hyperaldosteronism......Page 833 Etiology and pathogenesis.......Page 834 Etiology and pathogenesis.......Page 835 Etiology and pathogenesis.......Page 836 Etiology and pathogenesis.......Page 837 Resources......Page 838 Key Questions......Page 839 Hormonal Regulation......Page 840 Neural Regulation......Page 841 Stress......Page 842 Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Impaired Fasting Glucose Tolerance......Page 844 Etiology.......Page 845 Pathogenesis and clinical manifestations.......Page 846 Pathogenesis and clinical manifestations.......Page 847 Screening for Diabetes......Page 848 Diabetic Ketoacidosis......Page 849 Microvascular Complications......Page 850 Treatment and Education......Page 851 Obesity and Eating Disorders......Page 852 Oral Antidiabetic Agents......Page 853 Insulin......Page 854 Assessment of Efficacy......Page 855 Pediatric Considerations......Page 857 Geriatric Considerations......Page 858 Treatment......Page 859 Diabetes Management and Outcomes......Page 860 Metabolic Processes......Page 862 Carbohydrates......Page 863 Lipids......Page 864 Role of Genetics, Epigenetics, and Environment......Page 865 Hormonal Regulation of Nutrient Intake and Appetite......Page 866 Cortisol......Page 867 Metabolic Responses to Starvation and Physiologic Stress......Page 868 Physiologic Stress......Page 869 Infection, Sepsis, and Fever......Page 870 Immobility......Page 872 Resources......Page 873 Key Questions......Page 874 Support and Protection of the Central Nervous System......Page 875 Cerebrum......Page 877 Diencephalon......Page 880 Brainstem......Page 884 The Spinal Cord......Page 885 Cranial Nerves......Page 887 Spinal Nerves......Page 888 Autonomic Nervous System......Page 891 Glia......Page 892 Membrane Potentials......Page 896 Synaptic Transmission......Page 898 Neurotransmitters......Page 899 Development......Page 904 Injury......Page 905 Sensory Receptors......Page 906 Motor Function......Page 907 Spinal Reflexes......Page 908 Central Control of Motor Function......Page 909 Consciousness and Memory......Page 910 Sleep......Page 912 Resources......Page 914 Key Questions......Page 915 Cellular Energy Failure......Page 916 Excitatory Amino Acids......Page 917 Reperfusion Injury......Page 918 Etiology......Page 919 Brain Compression and Herniation......Page 921 Management......Page 923 Glasgow Coma Scale......Page 924 Pupil Reflex......Page 925 Epidemiology......Page 926 Epidural Hematoma......Page 927 Subdural Hematoma......Page 928 Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke......Page 929 Treatment......Page 930 Cognitive Deficits......Page 932 Etiology......Page 933 Treatment......Page 934 Treatment......Page 935 Pathogenesis and Manifestations......Page 936 Traumatic Brain Injury......Page 937 Brain Infections......Page 938 Key Questions......Page 939 Generalized seizures.......Page 940 Diagnosis and Treatment......Page 941 Pathogenesis......Page 942 Etiology......Page 944 Clinical Manifestations and Treatment......Page 945 Clinical Manifestations......Page 946 Etiology......Page 947 Etiology and Clinical Manifestations......Page 948 Clinical Manifestations and Treatment......Page 949 Treatment.......Page 951 Spinal Cord Injury......Page 952 Pathogenesis......Page 953 Clinical Manifestations and Treatment......Page 955 Clinical Manifestations and Treatment......Page 956 Dementia and Alzheimers Disease......Page 957 Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nervous System......Page 958 Key Questions......Page 960 Inner Ear......Page 961 General Manifestations of Hearing Impairment......Page 962 Etiology.......Page 963 Diagnosis and treatment.......Page 964 Acute Otitis Media......Page 965 Structure of the Eye......Page 966 Visual Pathways......Page 967 Myopia, Hyperopia, Presbyopia, and Astigmatism......Page 968 Amblyopia......Page 969 Etiology and pathogenesis.......Page 971 Diagnosis and treatment.......Page 972 Interventions for Individuals With Vision Impairment......Page 974 Diagnosis and treatment.......Page 976 Hearing......Page 977 Smell and Taste......Page 978 Physiology of Pain......Page 979 Transmission......Page 980 Modulation......Page 982 Types of Pain......Page 984 Acute Pain......Page 985 Chronic Pain......Page 986 Diagnosis and Treatment......Page 987 Neuropathic Pain......Page 988 Clinical Manifestations......Page 989 Referred Pain......Page 990 Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Pain Management......Page 991 Altering the Perception and Integration of Pain......Page 992 Pain Syndromes......Page 993 Age Considerations......Page 994 Key Questions......Page 995 Dopamine effects......Page 996 GABAergic interneuron origin......Page 997 Marijuana use in adolescents and schizophrenia......Page 998 Neurologic effects......Page 999 Pharmacologic Treatment......Page 1000 Nonpharmacologic Treatment......Page 1001 Major Depressive and Persistent Depressive Disorders......Page 1002 Etiology and Neurobiology......Page 1003 Clinical Manifestations......Page 1004 Nonpharmacologic Treatment......Page 1005 Etiology and Neurobiology......Page 1006 Pharmacologic Treatment......Page 1007 Geriatric Consid "Develop a strong understanding of pathophysiology. Pathophysiology, 6th Edition explores the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of diseases and disorders. Each section focuses on the major alterations in the homeostasis of the body systems in order to provide you with a unifying framework. Current scientific findings and relevant global research are integrated throughout the book, with chapters organized by body system, beginning with an illustrated review of anatomy and normal physiology. Each chapter includes a discussion on the disease processes and abnormalities that may occur, with a focus on the pathophysiologic concepts involved. Written by leading educators, this text simplifies a rigorous subject with practical learning resources, an emphasis on critical thinking, and coverage of the latest scientific findings and relevant research. Plus, more than 1,000 updated, full color illustrations and photos throughout, give you a chance to visualize disease and disease processes and gain a clearer understanding of the material."--Provided by publisher Help students develop a strong understanding of pathophysiology. Pathophysiology, 6th Edition explores the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of diseases and disorders. Each section focuses on the major alterations in the homeostasis of the body systems in order to provide students with a unifying framework. Current scientific findings and relevant global research are integrated throughout the book, with chapters organized by body system, beginning with an illustrated review of anatomy and normal physiology. Each chapter includes a discussion on the disease processes and abnormalities that may occur, with a focus on the pathophysiologic concepts involved. Written by leading educators, this text simplifies a rigorous subject with practical learning resources, an emphasis on critical thinking, and coverage of the latest scientific findings and relevant research. Plus, more than 1,000 updated, full color illustrations and photos throughout, give students a chance to visualize disease and disease processes and gain a clearer understanding of the material. "Pathophysiology, 6th Edition" explores the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of diseases and disorders. Each section focuses on the major alterations in the homeostasis of the body systems in order to provide you with a unifying framework. Current scientific findings and relevant global research are integrated throughout the book, with chapters organized by body system, beginning with an illustrated review of anatomy and normal physiology. Each chapter includes a discussion on the disease processes and abnormalities that may occur, with a focus on the pathophysiologic concepts involved. This text simplifies a rigorous subject with practical learning resources, an emphasis on critical thinking, and coverage of the latest scientific findings and relevant research. Plus, more than 1,000 updated, full color illustrations and photos throughout, give you a chance to visualize disease and disease processes and gain a clearer understanding of the material. -- From product description