Petroleum Engineering Handbook General Engineering Volume I

General Engineering, Volume I of the new Petroleum Engineering Handbook, has been designed to present material that is needed by all practicing petroleum engineers. It includes chapters on mathematics, properties of fl uids, rock properties, rock/fl uid interactions, economics, the law, and the social context of fossil energy 1.1 Introduction......Page 8 1.3 Vibration Theory......Page 13 1.4 Wave Propagation......Page 15 1.5 Wave Behavior......Page 16 1.7 Boundary and Initial Conditions......Page 18 1.8 Mechanical Vibration Analysis......Page 19 1.9 SDOF System......Page 20 1.10 Two-Degree-of-Freedom (2DOF) Systems......Page 31 1.11 Continuous Systems......Page 41 1.12 Wave Reflection From Various Geometric Boundaries......Page 43 Nomenclature......Page 44 References......Page 46 Suggested Reading......Page 47 Appendix—Glossary of Vibration Theory Terms......Page 49 2.2 Partial Differential Equations......Page 52 2.3 Vector Analysis......Page 58 2.4 Numerical Methods......Page 61 2.5 Matrices and Linear Algebra......Page 64 2.6 Diagonalizing the Permeability Tensor......Page 69 2.7 Rotational Transformation of a 2 × 2 Permeability Tensor......Page 76 Nomenclature......Page 81 References......Page 82 SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 83 3.1 Introduction......Page 84 3.2 Bessel Functions......Page 89 3.3 Laplace Transformation......Page 93 3.4 Green’s Functions and Source Functions......Page 107 Nomenclature......Page 175 References......Page 178 SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 179 4.1 Introduction......Page 180 4.2 General Guidelines for Setting Up a Sampling Program......Page 181 4.3 Reservoir-Fluid Type......Page 187 4.4 Well Conditioning......Page 188 4.5 Selection and Preparation of Sampling Equipment......Page 190 4.6 Pressurized Hydrocarbon Fluid-Sampling Procedures......Page 191 4.7 Nonpressurized Hydrocarbon Fluid-Sampling Procedures......Page 203 4.8 Oilfield Waters......Page 206 4.9 Sampling-Data Measurement and Recording......Page 209 4.10 Quality Control of Samples......Page 212 4.11 Hazards......Page 217 4.12 Special Topics in Fluid Sampling......Page 218 4.13 Conclusions......Page 220 References......Page 221 SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 222 5.2 Ideal Gas......Page 224 5.3 Critical Temperature and Pressure......Page 225 5.4 Specific Gravity (Relative Density)......Page 226 5.6 Specific Gravity of Gas Mixtures......Page 227 5.8 Amagat’s Law......Page 228 5.10 Real-Gas Law......Page 230 5.12 Isothermal Compressibility of Gases......Page 240 5.13 Gas Viscosity......Page 243 5.15 Vapor Pressure......Page 248 5.16 Further Example Problems......Page 251 Nomenclature......Page 260 References......Page 262 SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 263 6.1 Introduction......Page 264 6.2 Crude Oil Characterization......Page 266 6.3 Bubblepoint Pressure......Page 268 6.4 Nonhydrocarbon Gas Effects......Page 277 6.6 Formation Volume Factor......Page 280 6.7 Isothermal Compressibility......Page 282 6.9 Viscosity......Page 284 6.10 Surface Tension......Page 288 6.11 Water-Hydrocarbon Surface Tension......Page 295 Nomenclature......Page 311 References......Page 313 Conversion Factors......Page 316 Appendix......Page 317 7.2 Fundamental Ideas and Problem Statement......Page 340 7.3 Fundamental Equations......Page 344 7.4 Volumetric Properties of Pure Fluids......Page 357 7.5 Volumetric Properties of Mixtures......Page 371 7.6 Characterization of In-Situ Fluids......Page 373 Nomenclature......Page 374 References......Page 375 SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 376 8.2 Phase Diagrams for a Single Component......Page 378 8.3 The Phase Rule......Page 379 8.4 Binary Phase Diagrams......Page 380 8.5 Ternary Phase Diagrams......Page 383 8.6 Quaternary Phase Diagrams......Page 387 8.7 Reservoir Fluid Systems......Page 388 8.8 Phase Diagrams for EOR Processes......Page 391 Nomenclature......Page 401 References......Page 402 SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 403 9.1 Introduction......Page 404 9.2 Characteristics of Asphaltenes and Waxes......Page 407 9.3 Experimental Measurements of Asphaltene Precipitation......Page 415 9.4 Thermodynamic Models for Asphaltene Precipitation......Page 419 9.5 Asphaltene Deposition and Plugging......Page 429 9.6 Remedial Treatment for Asphaltene Precipitation......Page 436 9.7 Experimental Analysis of Wax Characteristics of Petroleum Fluids......Page 437 9.8 Thermodynamic Models for Wax Precipitation......Page 439 9.9 Wax-Deposition Models......Page 456 9.10 Prevention and Remediation of Wax Precipitation......Page 459 Nomenclature......Page 461 References......Page 464 SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 471 10.1 History of Produced Water in Oil and Gas Fields......Page 472 10.2 Primary Production......Page 475 10.3 Economics of Produced Water......Page 476 10.4 Scale Deposition and Corrosion......Page 478 10.5 Drillstem or Downhole Water Sampling......Page 479 10.6 Compressibility......Page 485 10.7 Density......Page 486 10.8 Formation Volume Factor......Page 489 10.11 Viscosity......Page 491 10.12 The pH......Page 493 10.13 The Redox Potential......Page 496 10.15 Organic Constituents......Page 497 10.16 The Mixing-Line Technique......Page 499 Nomenclature......Page 501 References......Page 502 SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 504 11.1 Introduction......Page 506 11.2 Phase Definitions and the Gibbs Phase Rule......Page 507 11.3 Equilibrium of H2O + Hydrocarbon Systems Without Hydrates......Page 508 11.4 Equilibrium of an H2O + Hydrocarbon System With Hydrates......Page 513 11.5 Conclusions......Page 534 Nomenclature......Page 536 References......Page 537 SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 538 12.1 Introduction......Page 540 12.2 Stability of Emulsions......Page 547 12.3 Demulsification......Page 557 12.4 Special Topics in Crude Oil Emulsions......Page 567 Nomenclature......Page 573 References......Page 574 12.A1 Notes......Page 576 SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 577 13.1 Introduction......Page 578 13.2 Rocks: Minerals Plus Pores......Page 580 13.3 Density and Porosity......Page 584 13.4 Fluid Properties......Page 592 13.5 Elasticity, Stress-Strain, and Elastic Waves......Page 601 13.6 Rock Failure Relationships......Page 647 13.7 Gamma Ray Characteristics......Page 673 Nomenclature......Page 679 References......Page 682 General References......Page 687 SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 692 14.1 Introduction......Page 694 14.2 Petrologic Controls......Page 695 14.3 Corrections to Core Measurements......Page 703 14.4 Petrophysical Models......Page 708 14.5 Statistical Approaches and Reservoir Zonation......Page 725 14.6 Discussion......Page 727 14.7 Practical Applications......Page 729 Nomenclature......Page 730 References......Page 731 SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 733 15.1 Introduction......Page 734 15.2 Observations of Capillary Pressure Relationships......Page 735 15.3 Capillary Pressure Models......Page 741 15.4 Observations of Relative Permeability Relationships......Page 743 15.5 Relative Permeability Models......Page 753 15.6 Measurement of Rock/Fluid Relationships......Page 759 15.7 Trends and Cautions in Rock/Fluid Properties......Page 766 Nomenclature......Page 767 References......Page 769 SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 772 16.1 Introduction......Page 774 16.2 Economic Model for Oil and Gas Property Evaluation......Page 775 16.3 Time Value of Money......Page 782 16.4 Key Economic Parameters......Page 786 16.5 Recommended Practices for Economic Calculations......Page 789 16.6 Risk Analysis for Oil and Gas Property Evaluation......Page 790 16.7 The Next Frontier......Page 799 Nomenclature......Page 811 References......Page 812 SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 814 17.2 History of International Oil and Gas Development......Page 816 17.3 Interests in Petroleum Properties......Page 818 17.4 Considerations in Conducting Operations in International Projects......Page 821 17.5 Joint Operating Agreement......Page 826 17.6 Marketing Arrangements......Page 827 17.7 Abandonment......Page 829 17.8 Dispute Resolution......Page 830 17.9 International Law and Legal Systems......Page 834 References......Page 836 18.2 Energy Options......Page 838 18.3 Energy Forecast......Page 841 18.4 Changing Industry Policy......Page 844 18.6 Implications for Engineers......Page 845 References......Page 846 SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page 847 v. 1. General engineering / John R. Fanchi, editor v. 2. Drilling engineering / Robert F. Mitchell, editor v. 3. Facilities and construction engineering / Kenneth E. Arnold, editor v. 4. Production operations engineering / Joe Dunn Clegg, editor v. 5, pt. A and pt. B. Reservoir engineering and petrophysics / Edward D. Holstein, editor v. 6. Emerging and peripheral technologies / H.R. Warner Jr., editor v. 7. Indexes and standards.