Physics High School Course

Binder1.pdf Physics Frontmatter Physics-PRINT.pdf Contents Preface About OpenStax About OpenStax resources Customization Art Atrribution in Physics Errata Format About Physics Coverage and scope Flexibility Student-centered focus Additional resources Student and instructor resources Partner resources About the Authors Contributing Authors Reviewers Chapter 1 What is Physics? Chapter Outline Introduction 1.1 Physics: Definitions and Applications Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms What Physics Is Physics: Past and Present Application of Physics Boundless Physics The Physics of Landing on a Comet Grasp Check Check Your Understanding 1.2 The Scientific Methods Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Scientific Methods Modeling Snap Lab Using Models and the Scientific Processes Grasp Check Scientific Laws and Theories Check Your Understanding 1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms The Role of Units SI Units: Fundamental and Derived Units The Meter The Kilogram The Second The Ampere Kelvins Metric Prefixes Known Ranges of Length, Mass, and Time Using Scientific Notation with Physical Measurements Unit Conversion and Dimensional Analysis Worked Example Unit Conversions: A Short Drive Home Strategy Worked Example Using Physics to Evaluate Promotional Materials Strategy Accuracy, Precision and Significant Figures Uncertainty Percent Uncertainty Worked Example Calculating Percent Uncertainty: A Bag of Apples Strategy Uncertainty in Calculations Precision of Measuring Tools and Significant Figures Zeros Significant Figures in Calculations Significant Figures in this Text Worked Example Approximating Vast Numbers: a Trillion Dollars Strategy Graphing in Physics Analyzing a Graph Using Its Equation Using Logarithmic Scales in Graphing Virtual Physics Graphing Lines Grasp Check Check Your Understanding Key Terms Section Summary 1.1 Physics: Definitions and Applications 1.2 The Scientific Methods 1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units Key Equations 1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units Chapter Review Concept Items 1.1 Physics: Definitions and Applications 1.2 The Scientific Methods 1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units Critical Thinking Items 1.1 Physics: Definitions and Applications 1.2 The Scientific Methods 1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units Problems 1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units Performance Task 1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units Test Prep Multiple Choice 1.1 Physics: Definitions and Applications 1.2 The Scientific Methods 1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units Short Answer 1.1 Physics: Definitions and Applications 1.2 The Scientific Methods 1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units Extended Response 1.2 The Scientific Methods 1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension Chapter Outline Introduction 2.1 Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Defining Motion Snap Lab Looking at Motion from Two Reference Frames Grasp Check Links To Physics History: Galileo's Ship Grasp Check Distance vs. Displacement Tips For Success Snap Lab Distance vs. Displacement Grasp Check Watch Physics Vectors & Scalars Grasp Check Displacement Problems Tips For Success Worked Example Calculating Distance and Displacement Strategy Tips For Success Practice Problems Work In Physics Mars Probe Explosion Grasp Check Check Your Understanding 2.2 Speed and Velocity Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Speed Worked Example Calculating Average Speed Strategy Practice Problems Velocity Tips For Success Watch Physics Calculating Average Velocity or Speed Grasp Check Worked Example Calculating Average Velocity Strategy Tips For Success Worked Example Solving for Displacement when Average Velocity and Time are Known Strategy Tips For Success Worked Example Solving for Time when Displacement and Average Velocity are Known Strategy Practice Problems Virtual Physics The Walking Man Grasp Check Check Your Understanding 2.3 Position vs. Time Graphs Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Graphing Position as a Function of Time Tips For Success Snap Lab Graphing Motion Grasp Check Solving Problems Using Position vs. Time Graphs Worked Example Using Position–Time Graph to Calculate Average Velocity: Jet Car Strategy Worked Example Using Position–Time Graph to Calculate Average Velocity: Jet Car, Take Two Strategy Practice Problems Check Your Understanding 2.4 Velocity vs. Time Graphs Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Graphing Velocity as a Function of Time Virtual Physics Maze Game Grasp Check Tips For Success Tips For Success Solving Problems using Velocity–Time Graphs Worked Example Using Velocity Graph to Calculate Some Stuff: Jet Car Strategy Tips For Success Worked Example Using Curvy Velocity Graph to Calculate Some Stuff: jet car, Take Two Strategy Practice Problems Snap Lab Graphing Motion, Take Two Grasp Check Check Your Understanding Key Terms Section Summary 2.1 Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement 2.2 Speed and Velocity 2.3 Position vs. Time Graphs 2.4 Velocity vs. Time Graphs Key Equations 2.1 Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement 2.2 Speed and Velocity 2.3 Position vs. Time Graphs 2.4 Velocity vs. Time Graphs Chapter Review Concept Items 2.1 Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement 2.2 Speed and Velocity 2.3 Position vs. Time Graphs 2.4 Velocity vs. Time Graphs Critical Thinking Items 2.1 Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement 2.2 Speed and Velocity 2.3 Position vs. Time Graphs 2.4 Velocity vs. Time Graphs Problems 2.1 Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement 2.2 Speed and Velocity 2.3 Position vs. Time Graphs 2.4 Velocity vs. Time Graphs Performance Task 2.4 Velocity vs. Time Graphs Test Prep Multiple Choice 2.1 Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement 2.2 Speed and Velocity 2.3 Position vs. Time Graphs 2.4 Velocity vs. Time Graphs Short Answer 2.1 Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement 2.2 Speed and Velocity 2.3 Position vs. Time Graphs 2.4 Velocity vs. Time Graphs Extended Response 2.1 Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement 2.2 Speed and Velocity 2.3 Position vs. Time Graphs 2.4 Velocity vs. Time Graphs Chapter 3 Acceleration Chapter Outline Introduction 3.1 Acceleration Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Defining Acceleration Virtual Physics The Moving Man Grasp Check Calculating Average Acceleration Worked Example An Accelerating Subway Train Strategy Worked Example An Accelerating Subway Train Strategy Tips For Success Practice Problems Watch Physics Acceleration Grasp Check Grasp Check Snap Lab Measure the Acceleration of a Bicycle on a Slope Grasp Check Check Your Understanding 3.2 Representing Acceleration with Equations and Graphs Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms How the Kinematic Equations are Related to Acceleration Virtual Physics The Moving Man (Part 2) Grasp Check Grasp Check Applying Kinematic Equations to Situations of Constant Acceleration Problem-Solving Steps Summary of Problem Solving Fun In Physics Drag Racing Grasp Check Worked Example Acceleration of a Dragster Strategy Practice Problems Constant Acceleration Work In Physics Effects of Rapid Acceleration Grasp Check Worked Example Falling Objects Strategy Strategy Practice Problems Check Your Understanding Key Terms Section Summary 3.1 Acceleration 3.2 Representing Acceleration with Equations and Graphs Key Equations 3.1 Acceleration 3.2 Representing Acceleration with Equations and Graphs Chapter Review Concept Items 3.1 Acceleration 3.2 Representing Acceleration with Equations and Graphs Critical Thinking Items 3.1 Acceleration 3.2 Representing Acceleration with Equations and Graphs Problems 3.1 Acceleration 3.2 Representing Acceleration with Equations and Graphs Performance Task 3.2 Representing Acceleration with Equations and Graphs Materials Test Prep Multiple Choice 3.1 Acceleration 3.2 Representing Acceleration with Equations and Graphs Short Answer 3.1 Acceleration 3.2 Representing Acceleration with Equations and Graphs Extended Response 3.1 Acceleration 3.2 Representing Acceleration with Equations and Graphs Chapter 4 Forces and Newton’s Laws of Motion Chapter Outline Introduction 4.1 Force Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Defining Force and Dynamics Free-Body Diagrams and Examples of Forces Tips For Success Check Your Understanding 4.2 Newton's First Law of Motion: Inertia Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Newton’s First Law and Friction Mass and Inertia Tips For Success Watch Physics Newton’s First Law of Motion Grasp Check Virtual Physics Forces and Motion—Basics Grasp Check Check Your Understanding 4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Describing Newton’s Second Law of Motion Applying Newton’s Second Law Snap Lab Mass and Weight Grasp Check Tips For Success Watch Physics Newton’s Second Law of Motion Grasp Check Worked Example What Acceleration Can a Person Produce when Pushing a Lawn Mower? Strategy Worked Example What Rocket Thrust Accelerates This Sled? Strategy Practice Problems Check Your Understanding 4.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Describing Newton’s Third Law of Motion Applying Newton’s Third Law Tips For Success Links To Physics Math: Problem-Solving Strategy for Newton’s Laws of Motion Grasp Check Watch Physics Newton’s Third Law of Motion Grasp Check Worked Example An Accelerating Subway Train Strategy Practice Problems Check Your Understanding Key Terms Section Summary 4.1 Force 4.2 Newton's First Law of Motion: Inertia 4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion 4.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion Key Equations 4.2 Newton's First Law of Motion: Inertia 4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion 4.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion Chapter Review Concept Items 4.1 Force 4.2 Newton's First Law of Motion: Inertia 4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion 4.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion Critical Thinking Items 4.1 Force 4.2 Newton's First Law of Motion: Inertia 4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion 4.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion Problems 4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion 4.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion Performance Task 4.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion Test Prep Multiple Choice 4.1 Force 4.2 Newton's First Law of Motion: Inertia 4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion 4.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion Short Answer 4.1 Force 4.2 Newton's First Law of Motion: Inertia 4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion 4.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion Extended Response 4.1 Force 4.2 Newton's First Law of Motion: Inertia 4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion 4.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion Chapter 5 Motion in Two Dimensions Chapter Outline Introduction 5.1 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms The Graphical Method of Vector Addition and Subtraction Tips For Success Watch Physics Visualizing Vector Addition Examples Grasp Check Using the Graphical Method of Vector Addition and Subtraction to Solve Physics Problems Worked Example Adding Vectors Graphically by Using the Head-to-Tail Method: A Woman Takes a Walk Strategy Worked Example Subtracting Vectors Graphically: A Woman Sailing a Boat Strategy Worked Example Adding Velocities: A Boat on a River Strategy Practice Problems Virtual Physics Vector Addition Grasp Check Check Your Understanding 5.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Components of Vectors Analytical Method of Vector Addition and Subtraction Watch Physics Classifying Vectors and Quantities Example Grasp Check Tips For Success Using the Analytical Method of Vector Addition and Subtraction to Solve Problems Worked Example Strategy Practice Problems Links To Physics Atmospheric Science Grasp Check Check Your Understanding 5.3 Projectile Motion Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Properties of Projectile Motion Solve Problems Involving Projectile Motion Tips For Success Watch Physics Projectile at an Angle Grasp Check Worked Example A Fireworks Projectile Explodes High and Away Strategy Worked Example Calculating Projectile Motion: Hot Rock Projectile Strategy Practice Problems Virtual Physics Projectile Motion Grasp Check Check Your Understanding 5.4 Inclined Planes Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Static Friction and Kinetic Friction Working with Inclined Planes Watch Physics Inclined Plane Force Components Grasp Check Tips For Success Worked Example Finding the Coefficient of Kinetic Friction on an Inclined Plane Strategy Worked Example Weight on an Incline, a Two-Dimensional Problem Strategy Practice Problems Snap Lab Friction at an Angle: Sliding a Coin Grasp Check Check Your Understanding 5.5 Simple Harmonic Motion Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Hooke’s Law and Simple Harmonic Motion Oscillations and Periodic Motion Watch Physics Introduction to Harmonic Motion Grasp Check Solving Spring and Pendulum Problems with Simple Harmonic Motion Tips For Success Worked Example Measuring Acceleration due to Gravity: The Period of a Pendulum Strategy Worked Example Hooke’s Law: How Stiff Are Car Springs? Strategy Practice Problems Snap Lab Finding Gravity Using a Simple Pendulum Grasp Check Check Your Understanding Key Terms Section Summary 5.1 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods 5.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods 5.3 Projectile Motion 5.4 Inclined Planes 5.5 Simple Harmonic Motion Key Equations 5.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods 5.3 Projectile Motion 5.4 Inclined Planes 5.5 Simple Harmonic Motion Chapter Review Concept Items 5.1 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods 5.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods 5.3 Projectile Motion 5.4 Inclined Planes 5.5 Simple Harmonic Motion Critical Thinking Items 5.1 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods 5.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods 5.3 Projectile Motion 5.4 Inclined Planes 5.5 Simple Harmonic Motion Problems 5.1 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods 5.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods 5.3 Projectile Motion 5.4 Inclined Planes 5.5 Simple Harmonic Motion Performance Task 5.5 Simple Harmonic Motion Test Prep Multiple Choice 5.1 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods 5.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods 5.3 Projectile Motion 5.4 Inclined Planes 5.5 Simple Harmonic Motion Short Answer 5.1 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods 5.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods 5.3 Projectile Motion 5.4 Inclined Planes 5.5 Simple Harmonic Motion Extended Response 5.1 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods 5.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods 5.3 Projectile Motion 5.4 Inclined Planes 5.5 Simple Harmonic Motion Chapter 6 Circular and Rotational Motion Chapter Outline Introduction 6.1 Angle of Rotation and Angular Velocity Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Angle of Rotation Angular Velocity Tips For Success Watch Physics Relationship between Angular Velocity and Speed Grasp Check Solving Problems Involving Angle of Rotation and Angular Velocity Snap Lab Measuring Angular Speed Grasp Check Worked Example Angle of rotation at a Clock Tower Strategy Worked Example How Fast Does a Car Tire Spin? Strategy Practice Problems Check Your Understanding 6.2 Uniform Circular Motion Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Centripetal Acceleration Tips For Success Virtual Physics Ladybug Motion in 2D Grasp Check Centripetal Force Watch Physics Centripetal Force and Acceleration Intuition Grasp Check Solving Centripetal Acceleration and Centripetal Force Problems Snap Lab Estimating Centripetal Acceleration Grasp Check Worked Example Comparing Centripetal Acceleration of a Car Rounding a Curve with Acceleration Due to Gravity Strategy Worked Example Frictional Force on Car Tires Rounding a Curve Strategy and Solution for (a) Strategy and Solution for (b) Practice Problems Check Your Understanding 6.3 Rotational Motion Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Rotational Kinematics Tips For Success Fun In Physics Storm Chasing Grasp Check Torque Solving Rotational Kinematics and Torque Problems Watch Physics Introduction to Torque Grasp Check Worked Example Calculating the Time for a Fishing Reel to Stop Spinning Strategy Worked Example Calculating the Torque on a Merry-Go-Round Strategy Practice Problems Check Your Understanding Key Terms Section Summary 6.1 Angle of Rotation and Angular Velocity 6.2 Uniform Circular Motion 6.3 Rotational Motion Key Equations 6.1 Angle of Rotation and Angular Velocity 6.2 Uniform Circular Motion 6.3 Rotational Motion Chapter Review Concept Items 6.1 Angle of Rotation and Angular Velocity 6.2 Uniform Circular Motion 6.3 Rotational Motion Critical Thinking Items 6.1 Angle of Rotation and Angular Velocity 6.2 Uniform Circular Motion 6.3 Rotational Motion Problems 6.1 Angle of Rotation and Angular Velocity 6.2 Uniform Circular Motion 6.3 Rotational Motion Performance Task 6.3 Rotational Motion Test Prep Multiple Choice 6.1 Angle of Rotation and Angular Velocity 6.2 Uniform Circular Motion 6.3 Rotational Motion Short Answer 6.1 Angle of Rotation and Angular Velocity 6.2 Uniform Circular Motion 6.3 Rotational Motion Extended Response 6.1 Angle of Rotation and Angular Velocity 6.2 Uniform Circular Motion 6.3 Rotational Motion Chapter 7 Newton's Law of Gravitation Chapter Outline Introduction 7.1 Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Concepts Related to Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion Kepler’s First Law Kepler’s Second Law Tips For Success Kepler’s Third Law Links To Physics History: Ptolemy vs. Copernicus Grasp Check Virtual Physics Acceleration Grasp Check Calculations Related to Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion Kepler’s First Law Kepler’s Second Law Worked Example Kepler’s First Law Strategy Worked Example Kepler’s Second Law Strategy Kepler’s Third Law Worked Example Kepler’s Third Law Strategy Practice Problems Check Your Understanding 7.2 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and Einstein's Theory of General Relativity Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Concepts Related to Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation Virtual Physics Gravity and Orbits Grasp Check Snap Lab Take-Home Experiment: Falling Objects Grasp Check Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity Boundless Physics NASA gravity probe B Grasp Check Calculations Based on Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation Tips For Success Watch Physics Mass and Weight Clarification Grasp Check Watch Physics Mass and Weight Clarification Grasp Check Worked Example Change in g Strategy Worked Example Earth’s g at the Moon Practice Problems Check Your Understanding Key Terms Section Summary 7.1 Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion 7.2 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and Einstein's Theory of General Relativity Key Equations 7.1 Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion 7.2 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and Einstein's Theory of General Relativity Chapter Review Concept Items 7.1 Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion 7.2 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and Einstein's Theory of General Relativity Critical Thinking Items 7.1 Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion 7.2 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and Einstein's Theory of General Relativity Problems 7.1 Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion Performance Task 7.2 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and Einstein's Theory of General Relativity Test Prep Multiple Choice 7.1 Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion 7.2 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and Einstein's Theory of General Relativity Short Answer 7.1 Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion 7.2 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and Einstein's Theory of General Relativity Extended Response 7.1 Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion 7.2 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and Einstein's Theory of General Relativity Chapter 8 Momentum Chapter Outline Introduction 8.1 Linear Momentum, Force, and Impulse Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Momentum, Impulse, and the Impulse-Momentum Theorem Newton’s Second Law in Terms of Momentum Tips For Success Snap Lab Hand Movement and Impulse Grasp Check Links To Physics Engineering: Saving Lives Using the Concept of Impulse Grasp Check Solving Problems Using the Impulse-Momentum Theorem Worked Example Calculating Momentum: A Football Player and a Football Strategy Worked Example Calculating Force: Venus Williams’ Racquet Strategy Practice Problems Check Your Understanding 8.2 Conservation of Momentum Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Conservation of Momentum Tips For Success Fun In Physics Angular Momentum in Figure Skating Grasp Check Check Your Understanding 8.3 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Elastic and Inelastic Collisions Watch Physics Momentum: Ice Skater Throws a Ball Grasp Check Watch Physics Introduction to Momentum Grasp Check Snap Lab Ice Cubes and Elastic Collisions Grasp Check Tips For Success Solving Collision Problems Virtual Physics Collision Lab Grasp Check Worked Example Calculating Velocity: Inelastic Collision of a Puck and a Goalie Strategy Worked Example Calculating Final Velocity: Elastic Collision of Two Carts Strategy Worked Example Calculating Final Velocity in a Two-Dimensional Collision Strategy Practice Problems Check Your Understanding Key Terms Section Summary 8.1 Linear Momentum, Force, and Impulse 8.2 Conservation of Momentum 8.3 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions Key Equations 8.1 Linear Momentum, Force, and Impulse 8.2 Conservation of Momentum 8.3 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions Chapter Review Concept Items 8.1 Linear Momentum, Force, and Impulse 8.2 Conservation of Momentum 8.3 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions Critical Thinking Items 8.1 Linear Momentum, Force, and Impulse 8.2 Conservation of Momentum 8.3 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions Problems 8.1 Linear Momentum, Force, and Impulse 8.3 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions Performance Task 8.3 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions Test Prep Multiple Choice 8.1 Linear Momentum, Force, and Impulse 8.2 Conservation of Momentum 8.3 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions Short Answer 8.1 Linear Momentum, Force, and Impulse 8.2 Conservation of Momentum 8.3 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions Extended Response 8.1 Linear Momentum, Force, and Impulse 8.2 Conservation of Momentum 8.3 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions Chapter 9 Work, Energy, and Simple Machines Chapter Outline Introduction 9.1 Work, Power, and the Work–Energy Theorem Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms The Work–Energy Theorem Watch Physics Work and Energy Grasp Check Calculations Involving Work and Power Links To Physics Watt’s Steam Engine Watch Physics Watt's Role in the Industrial Revolution Grasp Check Worked Example Applying the Work–Energy Theorem Strategy Tips For Success Practice Problems Check Your Understanding 9.2 Mechanical Energy and Conservation of Energy Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Mechanical Energy and Conservation of Energy Virtual Physics Energy Skate Park Basics Grasp Check Calculations involving Mechanical Energy and Conservation of Energy Tips For Success Watch Physics Conservation of Energy Grasp Check Worked Example Applying the Law of Conservation of Energy Strategy Tips For Success Practice Problems Snap Lab Converting Potential Energy to Kinetic Energy Grasp Check Check Your Understanding 9.3 Simple Machines Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Simple Machines Watch Physics Introduction to Mechanical Advantage Grasp Check Watch Physics Mechanical Advantage of Inclined Planes and Pulleys Grasp Check Calculating Mechanical Advantage and Efficiency of Simple Machines Worked Example Efficiency of a Lever Strategy Practice Problems Check Your Understanding Key Terms Section Summary 9.1 Work, Power, and the Work–Energy Theorem 9.2 Mechanical Energy and Conservation of Energy 9.3 Simple Machines Key Equations 9.1 Work, Power, and the Work–Energy Theorem 9.2 Mechanical Energy and Conservation of Energy 9.3 Simple Machines Chapter Review Concept Items 9.1 Work, Power, and the Work–Energy Theorem 9.2 Mechanical Energy and Conservation of Energy 9.3 Simple Machines Critical Thinking Items 9.1 Work, Power, and the Work–Energy Theorem 9.2 Mechanical Energy and Conservation of Energy 9.3 Simple Machines Problems 9.1 Work, Power, and the Work–Energy Theorem 9.2 Mechanical Energy and Conservation of Energy 9.3 Simple Machines Performance Task 9.3 Simple Machines Test Prep Multiple Choice 9.1 Work, Power, and the Work–Energy Theorem 9.2 Mechanical Energy and Conservation of Energy 9.3 Simple Machines Short Answer 9.1 Work, Power, and the Work–Energy Theorem 9.2 Mechanical Energy and Conservation of Energy 9.3 Simple Machines Extended Response 9.1 Work, Power, and the Work–Energy Theorem 9.2 Mechanical Energy and Conservation of Energy 9.3 Simple Machines Chapter 10 Special Relativity Chapter Outline Introduction 10.1 Postulates of Special Relativity Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Scientific Experiments and Problems Tips For Success Einstein’s Postulates Watch Physics The Speed of Light Grasp Check Snap Lab Measure the Speed of Light Grasp Check Worked Example Calculating the Time it Takes Light to Travel a Given Distance Strategy Practice Problems Check Your Understanding 10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Relativistic Effects on Time, Distance, and Momentum Tips For Success Mass-Energy Equivalence Time Dilation Length Contraction Relativistic Momentum Relativistic Energy Boundless Physics The RHIC Collider Grasp Check Worked Example The Speed of Light Strategy Practice Problems Solution Solution Check Your Understanding Key Terms Section Summary 10.1 Postulates of Special Relativity 10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity Key Equations 10.1 Postulates of Special Relativity 10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity Chapter Review Concept Items 10.1 Postulates of Special Relativity 10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity Critical Thinking Items 10.1 Postulates of Special Relativity 10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity Problems 10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity Performance Task 10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity Test Prep Multiple Choice 10.1 Postulates of Special Relativity 10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity Short Answer 10.1 Postulates of Special Relativity 10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity Extended Response 10.1 Postulates of Special Relativity 10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity Chapter 11 Thermal Energy, Heat, and Work Chapter Outline Introduction 11.1 Temperature and Thermal Energy Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Temperature Watch Physics Comparing Celsius and Fahrenheit Temperature Scales Grasp Check Converting Between Celsius, Kelvin, and Fahrenheit Scales Worked Example STRATEGY Worked Example Converting Between Temperature Scales: The Reaumur Scale STRATEGY Practice Problems Tips For Success Check Your Understanding 11.2 Heat, Specific Heat, and Heat Transfer Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Heat Transfer, Specific Heat, and Heat Capacity Snap Lab Temperature Change of Land and Water Grasp Check Conduction, Convection, and Radiation Tips For Success Virtual Physics Energy Forms and Changes Grasp Check Solving Heat Transfer Problems Worked Example Calculating the Required Heat: Heating Water in an Aluminum Pan STRATEGY Worked Example Calculating Temperature Increase: Truck Brakes Overheat on Downhill Runs STRATEGY Practice Problems Check Your Understanding 11.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Phase Changes Fun In Physics Making Ice Cream Grasp Check Solving Thermal Energy Problems with Phase Changes Worked Example Calculating Heat Required for a Phase Change STRATEGY FOR (A) STRATEGY FOR (B) Worked Example Calculating Final Temperature from Phase Change: Cooling Soda with Ice Cubes STRATEGY Tips For Success Practice Problems Check Your Understanding Key Terms Section Summary 11.1 Temperature and Thermal Energy 11.2 Heat, Specific Heat, and Heat Transfer 11.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat Key Equations 11.1 Temperature and Thermal Energy 11.2 Heat, Specific Heat, and Heat Transfer 11.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat Chapter Review Concept Items 11.1 Temperature and Thermal Energy 11.2 Heat, Specific Heat, and Heat Transfer 11.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat Critical Thinking Items 11.1 Temperature and Thermal Energy 11.2 Heat, Specific Heat, and Heat Transfer 11.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat Problems 11.1 Temperature and Thermal Energy 11.2 Heat, Specific Heat, and Heat Transfer 11.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat Performance Task 11.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat Procedure Test Prep Multiple Choice 11.1 Temperature and Thermal Energy 11.2 Heat, Specific Heat, and Heat Transfer 11.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat Short Answer 11.1 Temperature and Thermal Energy 11.2 Heat, Specific Heat, and Heat Transfer 11.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat Extended Response 11.1 Temperature and Thermal Energy 11.2 Heat, Specific Heat, and Heat Transfer 11.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat Chapter 12 Thermodynamics Chapter Outline Introduction 12.1 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: Thermal Equilibrium Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Tips For Success Work In Physics Thermodynamics Engineer Grasp Check Check Your Understanding 12.2 First law of Thermodynamics: Thermal Energy and Work Section Learning Objectives Section Key Terms Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and the Ideal Gas Law Pressure–Volume Work Watch Physics Work from Expansion Grasp Check The First Law of Thermodynamics Tips For Success Watch Physics First L