Physics - Part I

Physics Part I......Page 1 Selected Physical Constants......Page 2 Selected Physical Properties......Page 3 Half-Title......Page 5 Title-Page......Page 7 Copyright......Page 8 Preface......Page 9 Preface to 1960 Edition......Page 11 Contents......Page 15 1-1 Measurement......Page 25 1-2 Physical Quantities, Standards, and Units......Page 26 1-3 Reference Frames......Page 27 1-4 Standard of Length......Page 29 1-5 Standard of Time......Page 31 1-6 Systems of Units......Page 35 Questions......Page 36 Problems......Page 37 2-1 Vectors and Scalars......Page 39 2-2 Addition of Vectors, Geometrical Method......Page 40 2-3 Resolution and Addition of Vectors, Analytic Method......Page 42 2-4 Multiplication of Vectors......Page 47 2-5 Vectors and the Laws of Physics......Page 50 Questions......Page 51 Problems......Page 52 3-2 Particle Kinematics......Page 56 3-3 Average Velocity......Page 57 3-4 Instantaneous Velocity......Page 59 3-5 One-Dimensional Motion-Variable Velocity......Page 60 3-6 Acceleration......Page 62 3-8 One-Dimensional Motion-Constant Acceleration......Page 65 3-9 Consistency of Units and Dimensions......Page 69 3-10 Freely Falling Bodies......Page 72 3-11 Equations of Motion in Free Fall......Page 73 Questions......Page 75 Problems......Page 76 4-1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration......Page 81 4-2 Motion in a Plane with Constant Acceleration......Page 82 4-3 Projectile Motion......Page 83 4-4 Uniform Circular Motion......Page 88 4-5 Tangential Acceleration in Circular Motion......Page 93 4-6 Relative Velocity and Acceleration......Page 95 Questions......Page 97 Problems......Page 98 5-1 Classical Mechanics......Page 103 5-2 Newton's First law......Page 105 5-3 Force......Page 107 5-4 Mass; Newton's Second Law......Page 109 5-5 Newton's Third Law of Motion......Page 111 5-6 Systems of Mechanical Units......Page 114 5-7 The Force Laws......Page 116 5-8 Weight and Mass......Page 117 5-9 A Static Procedure for Measuring Forces......Page 119 5-10 Some Applications of Newton's Laws of Motion......Page 120 Questions......Page 127 Problems......Page 128 6-2 Frictional Forces......Page 133 6-3 The Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion......Page 140 6-4 Forces and Pseudo-Forces......Page 144 6-5 Classical Mechanics, Relativistic Mechanics, and Quantum Mechanics......Page 146 Questions......Page 149 Problems......Page 150 7-1 Introduction......Page 155 7-2 Work Done by a Constant Force......Page 156 7-3 Work Done by a Variable Force-One Dimensional Case......Page 160 7-4 Work Done by a Variable Force-Two-Dimensional Case......Page 163 7-5 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem......Page 165 7-6 Significance of the Work-Energy Theorem......Page 168 Problems......Page 170 8-2 Conservative Forces......Page 174 8-3 Potential Energy......Page 178 8-4 One-Dimensional Conservative Systems......Page 182 8-5 The Complete Solution of the Problem for One-Dimensional Forces Depending on Position Only......Page 186 8-6 Two and Three-Dimensional Conservative Systems......Page 190 8-7 Nonconservative Forces......Page 191 8-8 The Conservation of Energy......Page 194 8-9 Mass and Energy......Page 195 Questions......Page 198 Problems......Page 199 9-1 Center of Mass......Page 207 9-2 Motion of the Center of Mass......Page 213 9-3 Linear Momentum of a Particle......Page 215 9-4 Linear Momentum of a System of Particles......Page 216 9-5 Conservation of Linear Momentum......Page 217 9-6 Some Applications of the Momentum Principle......Page 219 9-7 Systems of Variable Mass......Page 222 Questions......Page 228 Problems......Page 229 10-1 What is a Collision?......Page 234 10-2 Impulse and Momentum......Page 236 10-3 Conservation of Momentum during Collisions......Page 237 10-4 Collisions in One Dimension......Page 239 10-5 The "True" Measure of a Force......Page 246 10-6 Collisions in Two and Three Dimensions......Page 247 10-7 Cross Section......Page 251 10-8 Reactions and Decay Processes......Page 255 Questions......Page 257 Problems......Page 258 11-1 Rotational Motion......Page 265 11-2 Rotational Kinematics-the Variables......Page 267 11-3 Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration......Page 269 11-4 Rotational Quantities as Vectors......Page 271 11-5 Relation between Linear and Angular Kinematics for a Particle in Circular Motion-Scalar Form......Page 275 11-6 Relation between Linear and Angular Kinematics for a Particle in Circular Motion-Vector Form......Page 277 Questions......Page 280 Problems......Page 281 12-2 Torque Acting on a Particle......Page 284 12-3 Angular Momentum of a Particle......Page 287 12-4 Systems of Particles......Page 290 12-5 Kinetic Energy of Rotation and Rotational Inertia......Page 292 12-6 Rotational Dynamics of a Rigid Body......Page 298 12-7 The Combined Translational and Rotational Motion of a Rigid Body......Page 306 Questions......Page 311 Problems......Page 313 13-1 Introduction......Page 319 13-2 The Top......Page 320 13-3 Angular Momentum and Angular Velocity......Page 323 13-4 Conservation of Angular Momentum......Page 329 13-5 Some Other Aspects of the Conservation of Angular Momentum......Page 334 13-6 Rotational Dynamics-A Review......Page 335 Questions......Page 337 Problems......Page 338 14-2 The Equilibrium of a Rigid Body......Page 344 14-3 Center of Gravity......Page 347 14-4 Examples of Equilibrium......Page 350 14-5 Stable, Unstable, and Neutral Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies in a Gravitational Field......Page 357 Problems......Page 359 15-1 Oscillations......Page 366 15-2 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator......Page 369 15-3 Simple Harmonic Motion......Page 372 15-4 Energy Considerations in Simple Harmonic Motion......Page 377 15-5 Applications of Simple Harmonic Motion......Page 381 15-6 Relation between Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion......Page 387 15-7 Combinations of Harmonic Motions......Page 390 15-8 Two-Body Oscillations......Page 392 15-9 Damped Harmonic Motion......Page 394 15-10 Forced Oscillations and Resonance......Page 396 Questions......Page 399 Problems......Page 400 16-1 Historical Introduction......Page 406 16-2 The Law of Universal Gravitation......Page 411 16-3 The Constant of Universal Gravitation, G......Page 412 16-4 Inertial and Gravitational Mass......Page 415 16-5 Variations in Acceleration Due to Gravity......Page 417 16-6 Gravitational Effect of a Spherical Distribution of Mass......Page 421 16-7 The Motions of Planets and Satellites......Page 425 16-8 The Gravitational Field......Page 428 16-9 Gravitational Potential Energy......Page 430 16-10 Potential Energy for Many-Particle Systems......Page 434 16-11 Energy Considerations in the Motions of Planets and Satellites......Page 436 16-12 The Earth as an Inertial Reference Frame......Page 437 16-13 The Principle of Equivalence......Page 438 Questions......Page 439 Problems......Page 441 17-1 Fluids......Page 447 17-2 Pressure and Density......Page 448 17-3 The Variation of Pressure in a Fluid at Rest......Page 449 17-4 Pascal's Principle and Archimedes' Principle......Page 454 17-5 Measurement of Pressure......Page 456 Questions......Page 458 Problems......Page 460 18-1 General Concepts of Fluid Flow......Page 464 18-2 Streamlines......Page 466 18-3 The Equation of Continuity......Page 467 18-4 Bernoulli's Equation......Page 469 18-5 Applications of Bernoulli's Equation and the Equation of Continuity......Page 472 18-6 Conservation of Momentum in Fluid Mechanics......Page 476 18-7 Fields of Flow......Page 477 Questions......Page 480 Problems......Page 482 19-1 Mechanical Waves......Page 487 19-2 Types of Waves......Page 488 19-3 Traveling Waves......Page 491 19-4 The Superposition Principle......Page 494 19-5 Wave Speed......Page 496 19-6 Power and Intensity in Wave Motion......Page 500 19-7 Interference of Waves......Page 502 19-8 Complex Waves......Page 505 19-9 Standing Waves......Page 507 19-10 Resonance......Page 512 Questions......Page 515 Problems......Page 516 20-1 Audible, Ultrasonic, and Infrasonic Waves......Page 521 20-2 Propagation and Speed of Longitudinal Waves......Page 522 20-3 Traveling Longitudinal Waves......Page 525 20-4 Standing Longitudinal Waves......Page 528 20-5 Vibrating Systems and Sources of Sound......Page 529 20-6 Beats......Page 534 20-7 The Doppler Effect......Page 536 Questions......Page 542 Problems......Page 543 21-1 Macroscopic and Microscopic Descriptions......Page 548 21-2 Thermal Equilibrium-The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics......Page 549 21-3 Measuring Temperature......Page 550 21-4 The Constant Volume Gas Thermometer......Page 553 21-5 Ideal Gas Temperature Scale......Page 554 21-6 The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales......Page 557 21-7 The International Practical Temperature Scale......Page 558 21-8 Temperature Expansion......Page 559 Questions......Page 564 Problems......Page 565 22-1 Heat, a Form of Energy......Page 569 22-2 Quantity of Heat and Specific Heat......Page 571 22-3 Molar Heat Capacities of Solids......Page 574 22-4 Heat Conduction......Page 576 22-5 The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat......Page 578 22-6 Heat and Work......Page 579 22-7 The First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 584 22-8 Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 585 Questions......Page 590 Problems......Page 591 23-1 Introduction......Page 595 23-2 Ideal Gas-A Macroscopic Description......Page 596 23-3 An Ideal Gas-Microscopic Definition......Page 598 23-4 Kinetic Calculation of the Pressure......Page 599 23-5 Kinetic Interpretation of Temperature......Page 603 23-6 Intermolecular Forces......Page 606 23-7 Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas......Page 608 23-8 Equipartition of Energy......Page 613 Questions......Page 618 Problems......Page 619 24-1 Mean Free Path......Page 623 24-2 Distribution of Molecular Speeds......Page 626 24-3 Experimental Confirmation of the Maxwellian Distribution......Page 629 24-4 Brownian Motion......Page 632 24-5 The van der Waals Equation of State......Page 635 Questions......Page 639 Problems......Page 640 25-2 Reversible and Irreversible Processes......Page 643 25-3 The Carnot Cycle......Page 646 25-4 The Second Law of Thermodyna.mics......Page 650 25-5 The Efficiency of Engines......Page 653 25-6 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale......Page 655 25-7 Entropy-Reversible Processes......Page 657 25-8 Entropy-Irreversible Processes......Page 660 25-9 Entropy and the Second Law......Page 662 25-10 Entropy and Disorder......Page 664 Questions......Page 666 Problems......Page 668 I Relation between Linear and Angular Kinematics for a Particle Moving in a Plane......Page 671 II Polar Vectors and Axial Vectors......Page 675 III The Wave Equation for a Stretched String......Page 678 IV Derivation of Maxwell's Speed Distribution Law......Page 681 A Definition of Standards and Fundamental and Derived Physical Constants......Page 685 B Miscellaneous Terrestrial Data......Page 688 C The Solar System......Page 690 D Periodic Table of the Elements......Page 692 E The Particles of Physics......Page 693 F Symbols, Dimensions, and Units for Physical Quantities......Page 695 G Conversion Factors......Page 697 H Mathematical Symbols and the Greek Alphabet......Page 705 I Mathematical Formulas......Page 706 J Values of Trigonometric Functions......Page 709 K Nobel Prize Winners 1n Physics......Page 711 L The Gaussian System of Units......Page 714 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems......Page 717 Index......Page 725 Selected Numerical Constants......Page 735 Selected Conversion Factors......Page 736 Back Cover......Page 737