Physics: principles with applications

Elegant, engaging, exacting, and concise, Giancoli's Physics: Principles with Applications, Seventh Edition, helps students view the world through eyes that know physics. Giancoli's text is a trusted classic, known for its elegant writing, clear presentation, and quality of content. Using concrete observations and experiences students can relate to, the text features an approach that reflects how science is actually practiced: it starts with the specifics, then moves to the great generalizations and the more formal aspects of a topic to show students why we believe what we believe. Written with the goal of giving students a thorough understanding of the basic concepts of physics in all its aspects, the text uses interesting applications to biology, medicine, architecture, and digital technology to show students how useful physics is in their own everyday lives and in their future professions. -- Amazon.com.;Vol I. Introduction, measurement, estimating -- Describing motion : Kinematics in one dimension -- Kinematics in two dimensions : Vectors -- Dynamics : Newton's laws of motion -- Circular motion : Gravitation -- Work and energy -- Linear momentum -- Rotational motion -- Static equilibrium : Elasticity and fracture -- Fluids -- Oscillations and waves -- Sound -- Temperature and kinetic theory -- Heat -- The laws of thermodynamics.;Vol. II. Electric charge and electric field -- Electric potential -- Electric currents -- DC currents -- Magnetism -- Electromagnetic induction and Faraday's Law -- Electromagnetic waves -- Light : Geometric optics -- The wave nature of light -- Optical instruments -- The special theory of relativity -- Early quantum theory and models of the atom -- Quantum mechanics of atoms -- Molecules and solids -- Nuclear physics and radioactivity -- Nuclear energy : effects and uses of radation -- Elementary particles -- Astrophysics and cosmology. Cover......Page 1 Contents......Page 4 Applications List......Page 11 Preface......Page 14 Dedication......Page 17 To Students......Page 19 Use of color......Page 20 Chapter 1: Introduction, Measurement, Estimating......Page 22 1-1 The Nature of Science......Page 23 1-2 Physics and its Relation to Other Fields......Page 25 Uncertainty......Page 26 Significant Figures......Page 27 Scientific Notation......Page 28 1-5 Units, Standards, and the SI System......Page 29 Time......Page 30 Base vs. Derived Quantities......Page 31 1-6 Converting Units......Page 32 1-7 Order of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating......Page 34 A Harder Example-But Powerful......Page 36 1-8 Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis......Page 37 MisConceptual Questions......Page 38 Problems......Page 39 General Problems......Page 40 Search and Learn......Page 41 Chapter 2: Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension......Page 42 2-1 Reference Frames and Displacement......Page 43 2-2 Average Velocity......Page 44 2-3 Instantaneous Velocity......Page 46 2-4 Acceleration......Page 47 Deceleration......Page 48 2-5 Motion at Constant Acceleration......Page 49 2-6 Solving Problems......Page 51 2-7 Freely Falling Objects......Page 54 Additional Example-Using the Quadratic Formula......Page 59 Velocity as Slope......Page 60 Summary......Page 61 Questions......Page 62 MisConceptual Questions......Page 63 Problems......Page 64 General Problems......Page 67 Search and Learn......Page 69 Chapter 3: Kinematics in Two Dimensions; Vectors......Page 70 3-2 Addition of Vectors-Graphical Methods......Page 71 3-3 Subtraction of Vectors, and Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar......Page 73 Components......Page 74 Adding Vectors......Page 76 3-5 Projectile Motion......Page 79 3-6 Solving Projectile Motion Problems......Page 81 Level Horizontal Range......Page 84 3-7 Projectile Motion Is Parabolic......Page 85 3-8 Relative Velocity......Page 86 Summary......Page 87 MisConceptual Questions......Page 88 Problems......Page 89 General Problems......Page 93 Search and Learn......Page 95 Chapter 4: Dynamics: Newton’s Laws of Motion......Page 96 4-2 Newton’s First Law of Motion......Page 97 Inertial Reference Frames......Page 98 4-4 Newton’s Second Law of Motion......Page 99 4-5 Newton’s Third Law of Motion......Page 102 4-6 Weight-the Force of Gravity; and the Normal Force......Page 105 4-7 Solving Problems with Newton’s Laws: Free-Body Diagrams......Page 108 Tension in a Flexible Cord......Page 110 Friction......Page 114 Inclines......Page 118 Questions......Page 119 MisConceptual Questions......Page 120 Problems......Page 122 General Problems......Page 126 Search and Learn......Page 129 Chapter 5: Circular Motion; Gravitation......Page 130 5-1 Kinematics of Uniform Circular Motion......Page 131 5-2 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion......Page 133 5-3 Highway Curves: Banked and Unbanked......Page 136 5-4 Non uniform Circular Motion......Page 139 5-5 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation......Page 140 5-6 Gravity Near the Earth’s Surface......Page 142 Satellite Motion......Page 143 Weightlessness......Page 145 5-8 Planets, Kepler’s Laws, and Newton’s Synthesis......Page 146 Kepler’s Third Law Derived, Sun’s Mass, Perturbations......Page 147 Sun/Earth Reference Frames......Page 149 5-10 Types of Forces in Nature......Page 150 Questions......Page 151 MisConceptual Questions......Page 152 Problems......Page 153 General Problems......Page 156 Search and Learn......Page 158 Chapter 6: Work and Energy......Page 159 6-1 Work Done by a Constant Force......Page 160 6-3 Kinetic Energy, and the Work-Energy Principle......Page 163 Gravitational Potential Energy......Page 166 Potential Energy Defined in General......Page 168 Potential Energy as Stored Energy......Page 169 6-5 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces......Page 170 6-6 Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation......Page 171 6-7 Problem Solving Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy......Page 172 6-8 Other Forms of Energy and Energy Transformations; The Law of Conservation of Energy......Page 176 6-9 Energy Conservation with Dissipative Forces: Solving Problems......Page 177 Work-Energy versus Energy Conservation......Page 178 6-10 Power......Page 180 Questions......Page 182 MisConceptual Questions......Page 184 Problems......Page 185 General Problems......Page 188 Search and Learn......Page 190 Chapter 7: Linear Momentum......Page 191 7-1 Momentum and Its Relation to Force......Page 192 7-2 Conservation of Momentum......Page 194 7-3 Collisions and Impulse......Page 197 7-4 Conservation of Energy and Momentum in Collisions......Page 198 7-5 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension......Page 199 7-6 Inelastic Collisions......Page 201 7-7 Collisions in Two Dimensions......Page 203 7-8 Center of Mass (CM)......Page 205 7-9 CM for the Human Body......Page 207 7-10 CM and Translational Motion......Page 208 Summary......Page 210 Questions......Page 211 MisConceptual Questions......Page 212 Problems......Page 213 General Problems......Page 216 Search and Learn......Page 218 Chapter 8: Rotational Motion......Page 219 8-1 Angular Quantities......Page 220 8-2 Constant Angular Acceleration......Page 224 8-3 Rolling Motion (Without Slipping)......Page 225 8-4 Torque......Page 227 8-5 Rotational Dynamics; Torque and Rotational Inertia......Page 229 8-6 Solving Problems in Rotational Dynamics......Page 231 8-7 Rotational Kinetic Energy......Page 233 Work Done by Torque......Page 235 8-8 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation......Page 236 8-9 Vector Nature of Angular Quantities......Page 238 Summary......Page 240 Questions......Page 241 MisConceptual Questions......Page 242 Problems......Page 243 General Problems......Page 247 Search and Learn......Page 250 Chapter 9: Static Equilibrium; Elasticity and Fracture......Page 251 9-1 The Conditions for Equilibrium......Page 252 The Second Condition for Equilibrium......Page 253 9-2 Solving Statics Problems......Page 254 A More Difficult Example-The Ladder......Page 258 9-3 Applications to Muscles and Joints......Page 259 9-4 Stability and Balance......Page 261 Young’s Modulus......Page 262 Tension, Compression, and Shear Stress......Page 264 Volume Change-Bulk Modulus......Page 265 9-6 Fracture......Page 266 9-7 Spanning a Space: Arches and Domes......Page 267 Summary......Page 270 Questions......Page 271 MisConceptual Questions......Page 272 Problems......Page 273 General Problems......Page 277 Search and Learn......Page 280 Chapter 10: Fluids......Page 281 10-2 Density and Specific Gravity......Page 282 10-3 Pressure in Fluids......Page 283 Gauge Pressure......Page 285 10-5 Pascal’s Principle......Page 286 10-6 Measurement of Pressure; Gauges and the Barometer......Page 287 10-7 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle......Page 289 10-8 Fluids in Motion; Flow Rate and the Equation of Continuity......Page 293 10–9 Bernoulli’s Equation......Page 295 10-10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle: Torricelli, Airplanes, Baseballs, Blood Flow......Page 297 Sailboats......Page 298 Other Applications......Page 299 10-12 Flow in Tubes: Poiseuille’s Equation, Blood Flow......Page 300 10-13 Surface Tension and Capillarity......Page 301 Capillarity......Page 302 10-14 Pumps, and the Heart......Page 303 Questions......Page 304 MisConceptual Questions......Page 305 Problems......Page 306 General Problems......Page 310 Search and Learn......Page 312 Chapter 11: Oscillations and Waves......Page 313 11-1 Simple Harmonic Motion-Spring Oscillations......Page 314 11-2 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion......Page 316 11-3 The Period and Sinusoidal Nature of SHM......Page 319 Period and Frequency-Derivation......Page 320 Sinusoidal Motion......Page 321 11-4 The Simple Pendulum......Page 322 11-5 Damped Harmonic Motion......Page 324 11-6 Forced Oscillations; Resonance......Page 325 11-7 Wave Motion......Page 326 11-8 Types of Waves and Their Speeds: Transverse and Longitudinal......Page 328 Speed of Longitudinal Waves......Page 329 Other Waves......Page 330 11-9 Energy Transported by Waves......Page 331 Intensity Related to Amplitude and Frequency......Page 332 11-10 Reflection and Transmission of Waves......Page 333 11-11 Interference; Principle of Superposition......Page 334 11-12 Standing Waves; Resonance......Page 336 11-13 Refraction......Page 338 11-14 Diffraction......Page 339 Summary......Page 340 Questions......Page 341 MisConceptual Questions......Page 342 Problems......Page 343 General Problems......Page 346 Search and Learn......Page 348 Chapter 12: Sound......Page 349 12-1 Characteristics of Sound......Page 350 Sound Level......Page 352 Intensity Related to Amplitude......Page 354 The Ear’s Response......Page 355 12-4 Sources of Sound: Vibrating Strings and Air Columns......Page 356 Stringed Instruments......Page 357 Wind Instruments......Page 358 12-5 Quality of Sound, and Noise; Superposition......Page 361 Interference in Space......Page 362 Beats—Interference in Time......Page 363 12-7 Doppler Effect......Page 365 12-8 Shock Waves and the Sonic Boom......Page 369 Sonar......Page 370 Ultrasound Medical Imaging......Page 371 Summary......Page 372 Questions......Page 373 MisConceptual Questions......Page 374 Problems......Page 375 General Problems......Page 378 Search and Learn......Page 379 13-1 Atomic Theory of Matter......Page 380 13-2 Temperature and Thermometers......Page 382 Temperature Scales......Page 383 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics......Page 384 Linear Expansion......Page 385 Anomalous Behavior of Water Below 4°C......Page 387 13-5 The Gas Laws and Absolute Temperature......Page 388 13-6 The Ideal Gas Law......Page 390 13-7 Problem Solving with the Ideal Gas Law......Page 391 13-8 Ideal Gas Law in Terms of Molecules: Avogadro’s Number......Page 393 13-9 Kinetic Theory and the Molecular Interpretation of Temperature......Page 394 13-10 Distribution of Molecular Speeds......Page 397 13-11 Real Gases and Changes of Phase......Page 398 Vapor Pressure......Page 400 Partial Pressure and Humidity......Page 401 13-13 Diffusion......Page 402 Summary......Page 404 MisConceptual Questions......Page 405 Problems......Page 406 General Problems......Page 409 Search and Learn......Page 410 Chapter 14: Heat......Page 411 14-1 Heat as Energy Transfer......Page 412 Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas......Page 413 14-3 Specific Heat......Page 414 14-4 Calorimetry-Solving Problems......Page 415 Bomb Calorimeter......Page 417 14-5 Latent Heat......Page 418 Evaporation......Page 420 14-6 Heat Transfer: Conduction......Page 421 14-7 Heat Transfer: Convection......Page 423 14-8 Heat Transfer: Radiation......Page 424 Questions......Page 427 MisConceptual Questions......Page 428 Problems......Page 429 General Problems......Page 431 Search and Learn......Page 432 Chapter 15: The Laws of Thermodynamics......Page 433 15-1 The First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 434 Isothermal Processes (∆T=0)......Page 435 Work Done in Volume Changes......Page 436 15-3 Human Metabolism and the First Law......Page 439 15-4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics-Introduction......Page 440 Steam Engine and Internal Combustion Engine......Page 441 Why a ∆T Is Needed to Drive a Heat Engine......Page 442 Carnot Engine......Page 443 15-6 Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps......Page 446 SEER Rating......Page 448 15-7 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 449 Biological Development......Page 451 15-9 Unavailability of Energy; Heat Death......Page 452 15-10 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law......Page 453 15-11 Thermal Pollution, Global Warming, and Energy Resources......Page 455 Summary......Page 457 MisConceptual Questions......Page 458 Problems......Page 459 General Problems......Page 462 Search and Learn......Page 463 Chapter 16: Electric Charge and Electric Field......Page 464 16-1 Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation......Page 465 16-3 Insulators and Conductors......Page 466 16-4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope......Page 467 16-5 Coulomb’s Law......Page 468 Adding Electric Forces; Principle of Superposition......Page 471 16-7 The Electric Field......Page 474 16-8 Electric Field Lines......Page 478 Gravitational Field......Page 479 16-9 Electric Fields and Conductors......Page 480 16-10 Electric Forces in Molecular Biology: DNA Structure and Replication......Page 481 16-11 Photocopy Machines and Computer Printers Use Electrostatics......Page 483 16-12 Gauss’s Law......Page 484 Summary......Page 487 Questions......Page 488 MisConceptual Questions......Page 489 Problems......Page 490 General Problems......Page 492 Search and Learn......Page 493 Chapter 17: Electric Potential......Page 494 Electric Potential and Potential Difference......Page 495 Breakdown Voltage......Page 498 17-4 The Electron Volt, a Unit of Energy......Page 499 17-5 Electric Potential Due to Point Charges......Page 500 17-7 Capacitance......Page 503 17-8 Dielectrics......Page 506 17-9 Storage of Electric Energy......Page 507 Health Effects......Page 508 17-10 Digital; Binary Numbers; Signal Voltage......Page 509 Noise......Page 510 CRT......Page 511 Flat Screens and Addressing Pixels......Page 512 Oscilloscopes......Page 513 Summary......Page 514 Questions......Page 515 MisConceptual Questions......Page 516 Problems......Page 517 General Problems......Page 519 Search and Learn......Page 521 Chapter 18: Electric Currents......Page 522 18-1 The Electric Battery......Page 523 Electric Cells and Batteries......Page 524 18-2 Electric Current......Page 525 18-3 Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Resistors......Page 526 Some Helpful Clarifications......Page 528 18-4 Resistivity......Page 529 Temperature Dependence of Resistivity......Page 530 18-5 Electric Power......Page 531 18-6 Power in Household Circuits......Page 533 18-7 Alternating Current......Page 535 18-8 Microscopic View of Electric Current......Page 537 18-10 Electrical Conduction in the Human Nervous System......Page 538 Summary......Page 540 MisConceptual Questions......Page 541 Problems......Page 542 General Problems......Page 544 Search and Learn......Page 546 Chapter 19: DC Circuits......Page 547 19-1 EMF and Terminal Voltage......Page 548 19-2 Resistors in Series and in Parallel......Page 549 19-3 Kirchhoff’s Rules......Page 553 19-4 EMFs in Series and in Parallel; Charging a Battery......Page 557 Safety when Jump Starting......Page 558 19-5 Circuits Containing Capacitors in Series and in Parallel......Page 559 Capacitor Charging......Page 560 Capacitor Discharging......Page 562 Medical and Other Applications of RC Circuits......Page 563 19-7 Electric Hazards......Page 564 Safe Wiring......Page 566 19-8 Ammeters and Voltmeters-Measurement Affects the Quantity Being Measured......Page 567 Effects of Meter Resistance......Page 568 Digital Meters......Page 569 Questions......Page 570 MisConceptual Questions......Page 571 Problems......Page 573 General Problems......Page 577 Search and Learn......Page 580 20-1 Magnets and Magnetic Fields......Page 581 Uniform Magnetic Field......Page 583 20-2 Electric Currents Produce Magnetic Fields......Page 584 20-3 Force on an Electric Current in a Magnetic Field; Definition of B......Page 585 20-4 Force on an Electric Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field......Page 587 The Hall Effect......Page 590 20-5 Magnetic Field Due to a Long Straight Wire......Page 591 20-6 Force between Two Parallel Wires......Page 592 20-7 Solenoids and Electromagnets......Page 593 20-8 Ampère’s Law......Page 594 Field Inside a Solenoid......Page 595 20-9 Torque on a Current Loop; Magnetic Moment......Page 596 Galvanometer......Page 597 Loudspeakers and Headsets......Page 598 20-11 Mass Spectrometer......Page 599 Magnetic Permeability......Page 600 Hysteresis......Page 601 Questions......Page 602 MisConceptual Questions......Page 603 Problems......Page 604 General Problems......Page 608 Search and Learn......Page 610 Chapter 21: Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday’s Law......Page 611 21-1 Induced EMF......Page 612 21-2 Faraday’s Law of Induction; Lenz’s Law......Page 613 21-3 EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor......Page 617 21-5 Electric Generators......Page 618 Deriving the Generator Equation......Page 619 Back EMF, in a Motor......Page 620 Eddy Currents......Page 621 21-7 Transformers and Transmission of Power......Page 622 Magnetic Storage: Read/Write on Tape and Disks......Page 625 Semiconductor Memory: DRAM, Flash......Page 626 Credit Card Reader......Page 627 Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)......Page 628 Self-Inductance......Page 629 21-12 LR Circuit......Page 631 Inductor......Page 632 Capacitor......Page 633 Phasor Diagrams......Page 635 Summary......Page 637 Questions......Page 638 MisConceptual Questions......Page 639 Problems......Page 641 General Problems......Page 644 Search and Learn......Page 645 Chapter 22: Electromagnetic Waves......Page 646 Maxwell’s Fourth Equation (Ampère’s Law Extended)......Page 647 22-2 Production of Electromagnetic Waves......Page 648 22-3 Light as an Electromagnetic Wave and the Electromagnetic Spectrum......Page 650 22-4 Measuring the Speed of Light......Page 653 22-5 Energy in EM Waves......Page 654 22-6 Momentum Transfer and Radiation Pressure......Page 656 22-7 Radio and Television; Wireless Communication......Page 657 Summary......Page 660 MisConceptual Questions......Page 661 Problems......Page 662 General Problems......Page 663 Search and Learn......Page 664 Chapter 23: Light: Geometric Optics......Page 665 23-2 Reflection; Image Formation by a Plane Mirror......Page 666 23-3 Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors......Page 670 Image Formation-Ray Diagrams......Page 672 Mirror Equation and Magnification......Page 673 Concave Mirror Examples......Page 674 Seeing the Image; Seeing Yourself......Page 675 Convex Mirrors......Page 676 23-4 Index of Refraction......Page 677 23-5 Refraction: Snell’s Law......Page 678 23-6 Total Internal Reflection; Fiber Optics......Page 680 Fiber Optics; Medical Instruments......Page 681 23-7 Thin Lenses; Ray Tracing......Page 682 Seeing the Image......Page 684 23-8 The Thin Lens Equation......Page 685 23-9 Combinations of Lenses......Page 689 Summary......Page 691 Questions......Page 692 MisConceptual Questions......Page 693 Problems......Page 694 General Problems......Page 697 Search and Learn......Page 699 Chapter 24: The Wave Nature of Light......Page 700 24-1 Waves vs. Particles; Huygens’ Principle and Diffraction......Page 701 24-2 Huygens’ Principle and the Law of Refraction......Page 702 24-3 Interference-Young’s Double-Slit Experiment......Page 703 24-4 The Visible Spectrum and Dispersion......Page 706 24-5 Diffraction by a Single Slit or Disk......Page 708 24-6 Diffraction Grating......Page 711 24-7 The Spectrometer and Spectroscopy......Page 713 24-8 Interference in Thin Films......Page 714 Colors in a Thin Soap Film......Page 717 Lens Coatings......Page 718 24-9 Michelson Interferometer......Page 719 Polaroids (Polarization by Absorption)......Page 720 Polarization by Reflection......Page 722 24-11 Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD)......Page 724 24-12 Scattering of Light by the Atmosphere......Page 725 Questions......Page 726 MisConceptual Questions......Page 727 Problems......Page 728 General Problems......Page 731 Search and Learn......Page 733 25-1 Cameras: Film and Digital......Page 734 Digital Artifacts......Page 735 Camera Adjustments......Page 736 Picture Sharpness......Page 738 Telephotos and Wide-angles......Page 739 25-2 The Human Eye; Corrective Lenses......Page 740 Underwater Vision......Page 742 25-3 Magnifying Glass......Page 743 25-4 Telescopes......Page 744 25-5 Compound Microscope......Page 747 25-6 Aberrations of Lenses and Mirrors......Page 748 25-7 Limits of Resolution; Circular Apertures......Page 749 25-8 Resolution of Telescopes and Microscopes; the λ Limit......Page 751 25-9 Resolution of the Human Eye and Useful Magnification......Page 753 25-11 X-Rays and X-Ray Diffraction......Page 754 Tomography Images (CT)......Page 756 Tomographic Image Reconstruction......Page 757 Questions......Page 759 MisConceptual Questions......Page 760 Problems......Page 761 General Problems......Page 763 Search and Learn......Page 764 Chapter 26: The Special Theory of Relativity......Page 765 26-1 Galilean-Newtonian Relativity......Page 766 26-2 Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity......Page 769 26-3 Simultaneity......Page 770 26-4 Time Dilation and the Twin Paradox......Page 771 Twin Paradox......Page 775 Global Positioning System (GPS)......Page 776 26-5 Length Contraction......Page 777 26-6 Four-Dimensional Space-Time......Page 779 26-7 Relativistic Momentum......Page 780 26-9 E=MC2; Mass and Energy......Page 781 When Do We Use Relativistic Formulas?......Page 784 26-10 Relativistic Addition of Velocities......Page 785 Summary......Page 786 MisConceptual Questions......Page 787 Problems......Page 788 General Problems......Page 790 Search and Learn......Page 791 Chapter 27: Early Quantum Theory and Models of the Atom......Page 792 27-1 Discovery and Properties of the Electron......Page 793 Electron Charge Measurement......Page 794 27-2 Blackbody Radiation; Planck’s Quantum Hypothesis......Page 795 27-3 Photon Theory of Light and the Photoelectric Effect......Page 796 Applications of the Photoelectric Effect......Page 799 27-4 Energy, Mass, and Momentum of a Photon......Page 800 27-5 Compton Effect......Page 801 27-6 Photon Interactions; Pair Production......Page 802 27-8 Wave Nature of Matter......Page 803 Electron Diffraction......Page 804 What Is an Electron?......Page 805 27-9 Electron Microscopes......Page 806 27-10 Early Models of the Atom......Page 807 27-11 Atomic Spectra: Key to the Structure of the Atom......Page 808 27-12 The Bohr Model......Page 810 Spectra Lines Explained......Page 813 27-13 de Broglie’s Hypothesis Applied to Atoms......Page 816 Summary......Page 817 Questions......Page 818 MisConceptual Questions......Page 819 Problems......Page 820 General Problems......Page 822 Search and Learn......Page 823 Chapter 28: Quantum Mechanics of Atoms......Page 824 28-2 The Wave Function and Its Interpretation; the Double-Slit Experiment......Page 825 Double-Slit Interference Experiment for Electrons......Page 826 28-3 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle......Page 827 28-4 Philosophic Implications; Probability versus Determinism......Page 831 28-5 Quantum-Mechanical View of Atoms......Page 832 28-6 Quantum Mechanics of the Hydrogen Atom; Quantum Numbers......Page 833 Selection Rules: Allowed and Forbidden Transitions......Page 835 28-7 Multielectron Atoms; the Exclusion Principle......Page 836 28-8 The Periodic Table of Elements......Page 837 28-9 X-Ray Spectra and Atomic Number......Page 838 28-11 Lasers......Page 841 Creating an Inverted Population......Page 842 Applications......Page 843 28-12 Holography......Page 844 Summary......Page 845 MisConceptual Questions......Page 846 Problems......Page 847 General Problems......Page 848 Search and Learn......Page 849 29-1 Bonding in Molecules......Page 850 Covalent Bonds......Page 851 Partial Ionic Character of Covalent Bonds......Page 852 29-2 Potential-Energy Diagrams for Molecules......Page 853 29-3 Weak (van der Waals) Bonds......Page 855 Protein Synthesis......Page 857 29-4 Molecular Spectra......Page 858 Rotational Energy Levels in Molecules......Page 859 Vibrational Energy Levels in Molecules......Page 860 29-5 Bonding in Solids......Page 861 29-6 Free-Electron Theory of Metals; Fermi Energy......Page 862 29-7 Band Theory of Solids......Page 863 29-8 Semiconductors and Doping......Page 865 29-9 Semiconductor Diodes, LEDs, OLEDs......Page 866 Rectifiers......Page 867 LEDs......Page 868 pn Diode Lasers......Page 869 OLED Functioning (advanced)......Page 870 29-10 Transistors: Bipolar and MOSFETs......Page 871 29-11 Integrated Circuits, 22-nm Technology......Page 872 Questions......Page 873 MisConceptual Questions......Page 874 Problems......Page 875 General Problems......Page 876 Search and Learn......Page 877 Chapter 30: Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity......Page 878 30-1 Structure and Properties of the Nucleus......Page 879 Binding Energies......Page 881 Nuclear Forces......Page 883 30-3 Radioactivity......Page 884 30-4 Alpha Decay......Page 885 Additional Example......Page 886 β- Decay......Page 887 30-6 Gamma Decay......Page 889 30-8 Half-Life and Rate of Decay......Page 890 Half-Life......Page 891 Mean Life......Page 892 30-9 Calculations Involving Decay Rates and Half-Life......Page 893 30-10 Decay Series......Page 894 30-11 Radioactive Dating......Page 895 30-12 Stability and Tunneling......Page 897 Counters......Page 898 Visualization......Page 899 Questions......Page 900 MisConceptual Questions......Page 901 Problems......Page 902 General Problems......Page 904 Search and Learn......Page 905 31-1 Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements......Page 906 Cross Section......Page 909 Nuclear Fission and Chain Reactions......Page 910 Nuclear Reactors......Page 912 Atom Bomb......Page 914 Nuclear Fusion; Stars......Page 915 Possible Fusion Reactors......Page 917 31-4 Passage of Radiation Through Matter; Biological Damage......Page 919 31-5 Measurement of Radiation-Dosimetry......Page 920 Human Exposure to Radiation......Page 922 31-6 Radiation Therapy......Page 924 31-7 Tracers in Research and Medicine......Page 925 31-8 Emission Tomography: PET and SPECT......Page 926 31-9 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)......Page 927 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)......Page 928 Questions......Page 930 MisConceptual Questions......Page 931 Problems......Page 932 General Problems......Page 934 Search and Learn......Page 935 Chapter 32: Elementary Particles......Page 936 32-1 High-Energy Particles and Accelerators......Page 937 Cyclotron......Page 938 Synchrotron......Page 940 Colliding Beams......Page 941 32-2 Beginnings of Elementary Particle Physics-Particle Exchange......Page 943 32-3 Particles and Antiparticles......Page 945 Negative Sea of Electrons; Vacuum State......Page 946 32-4 Particle Interactions and Conservation Laws......Page 947 32-5 Neutrinos......Page 949 Neutrino Mass Estimate from a Supernova......Page 950 32-6 Particle Classification......Page 951 32-8 Strangeness? Charm? Towards a New Model......Page 953 32-9 Quarks......Page 954 32-10 The Standard Model: QCD and Electroweak Theory......Page 957 32-11 Grand Unified Theories......Page 960 Proton Decay......Page 961 GUT and Cosmology......Page 962 Summary......Page 963 MisConceptual Questions......Page 964 Problems......Page 965 General Problems......Page 966 Search and Learn......Page 967 Chapter 33: Astrophysics and Cosmology......Page 968 33-1 Stars and Galaxies......Page 969 Luminosity and Brightness of Stars......Page 972 H-R Diagram......Page 973 Stellar Evolution; Nucleosynthesis......Page 975 High Mass Stars-Supernovae, Neutron Stars, Black Holes......Page 976 Novae and Supernovae......Page 977 Parallax......Page 978 Distance via SNIa, Redshift......Page 979 33-4 General Relativity: Gravity and the Curvature of Space......Page 980 Black Holes......Page 983 33-5 The Expanding Universe: Redshift and Hubble’s Law......Page 985 Scale Factor (advanced)......Page 986 Expansion, and the Cosmological Principle......Page 987 33-6 The Big Bang and the Cosmic Microwave Background......Page 988 The Observable Universe......Page 990 The History......Page 991 33-8 Inflation: Explaining Flatness, Uniformity, and Structure......Page 994 Galaxy Seeds, Fluctuations, Magnetic Monopoles......Page 995 Critical Density......Page 996 Dark Energy-Cosmic Acceleration......Page 997 33-10 Large-Scale Structure of the Universe......Page 998 33-11 Finally.........Page 999 Summary......Page 1000 MisConceptual Questions......Page 1001 Problems......Page 1002 General Problems......Page 1003 Search and Learn......Page 1004 A-1 Relationships, Proportionality, and Equations......Page 1005 A-2 Exponents......Page 1006 A-4 Algebra......Page 1007 Solving for an Unknown......Page 1008 Two or More Unknowns......Page 1009 A-5 The Binomial Expansion......Page 1010 A-6 Plane Geometry......Page 1011 A-7 Trigonometric Functions and Identities......Page 1012 A-8 Logarithms......Page 1014 B Selected Isotopes......Page 1016 C Rotating Frames of Reference; Inertial Forces; Coriolis Effect......Page 1020 D Molar Specific Heats for Gases, and the Equipartition of Energy......Page 1023 Equipartition of Energy......Page 1024 Solids......Page 1025 E Galilean and Lorentz Transformations......Page 1026 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems......Page 1031 Index......Page 1047 Photo Credits......Page 1073 Elegant, engaging, exacting, and concise, Giancoli's Physics: Principles with Applications, Seventh Edition, helps you view the world through eyes that know physics. Giancoli's text is a trusted classic, known for its elegant writing, clear presentation, and quality of content. Using concrete observations and experiences you can relate to, the text features an approach that reflects how science is actually practiced: it starts with the specifics, then moves to the great generalizations and the more formal aspects of a topic to show you "why" we believe what we believe. Written with the goal of giving you a thorough understanding of the basic concepts of physics in all its aspects, the text uses interesting applications to biology, medicine, architecture, and digital technology to show you how useful physics is to your everyday life and in your future profession.