Plant Systematics 3rd Edition

Cover Title Page Copyright Advisory Board Reviewers Preface Contents 1 Diseases of the Cardiovascular System Chest Pain Ischemic Heart Disease Stable Angina Pectoris Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) Variant (Prinzmetal) Angina Congestive Heart Failure Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Arrhythmias Terminology Premature Complexes Tachyarrhythmias Atrial Fibrillation Atrial Flutter Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia Wolff–Parkinson–White (WPW) Syndrome Summary of Atrial Tachyarrhythmias (Figure 1-11) Ventricular Tachycardia Ventricular Fibrillation Bradyarrhythmias Sinus Bradycardia Sick Sinus Syndrome AV Block Diseases of the Heart Muscle Dilated Cardiomyopathy Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Myocarditis Pericardial Diseases Acute Pericarditis Constrictive Pericarditis Pericardial Effusion Cardiac Tamponade Valvular Heart Disease Mitral Stenosis Aortic Stenosis Aortic Regurgitation Mitral Regurgitation Tricuspid Regurgitation Mitral Valve Prolapse Rheumatic Heart Disease Infective Endocarditis Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis (Marantic Endocarditis) Nonbacterial Verrucous Endocarditis (Libman–Sacks Endocarditis) Congenital Heart Diseases Atrial Septal Defect Ventricular Septal Defect Coarctation of the Aorta Patent Ductus Arteriosus Tetralogy of Fallot Diseases of the Vasculature Hypertensive Emergency Aortic Dissection Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Peripheral Arterial Disease Acute Arterial Occlusion Cholesterol Embolization Syndrome Deep Venous Thrombosis Chronic Venous Insufficiency (Venous Stasis Disease) Superficial Thrombophlebitis Cardiac Neoplasms Atrial Myxoma Shock Basics of Shock Cardiogenic Shock Hypovolemic Shock Septic Shock Neurogenic Shock Obstructive Shock Syncope 2 Diseases of the Pulmonary System Obstructive Lung Diseases Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Asthma Bronchiectasis Cystic Fibrosis Lung Neoplasms Lung Cancer Solitary Pulmonary Nodule Mediastinal Masses Diseases of the Pleura Pleural Effusion Empyema Pneumothorax Tension Pneumothorax Malignant Mesothelioma Interstitial Lung Disease Overview Interstitial Lung Diseases Associated With Granulomas Environmental Lung Disease/Pneumoconiosis Interstitial Lung Disease Associated With Hypersensitivity Alveolar Filling Disease Miscellaneous Interstitial Lung Diseases Respiratory Failure Acute Respiratory Failure Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Mechanical Ventilation Diseases of the Pulmonary Vasculature Pulmonary Hypertension Cor Pulmonale Pulmonary Embolism Miscellaneous Topics Pulmonary Aspiration Dyspnea Hemoptysis 3 Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System Diseases of the Colon Colorectal Cancer Colonic Polyps Diverticulosis Angiodysplasia of the Colon (Arteriovenous Malformations, Vascular Ectasia) Acute Mesenteric Ischemia Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (Ogilvie Syndrome) Colonic Volvulus Diseases of the Liver Acute Liver Failure Cirrhosis Wilson Disease Hemochromatosis Hepatocellular Adenoma Hepatic Hemangiomas Focal Nodular Hyperplasia Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Malignant Hepatoma) Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Hemobilia Liver Cysts Liver Abscess Budd–Chiari Syndrome Jaundice Liver Lab Tests Diseases of the Gallbladder and Biliary Tract Cholelithiasis Acute Cholecystitis Acalculous Cholecystitis Choledocholithiasis Cholangitis Carcinoma of the Gallbladder Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Primary Biliary Cholangitis Cholangiocarcinoma Biliary Cysts Biliary Stricture Biliary Dyskinesia Diseases of the Appendix Acute Appendicitis Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs) and Carcinoid Syndrome Diseases of the Pancreas Acute Pancreatitis Chronic Pancreatitis Pancreatic Cancer Gastrointestinal Bleeding Diseases of the Esophagus Esophageal Cancer Achalasia Diffuse Esophageal Spasm Esophageal Hiatal Hernias Mallory–Weiss Syndrome Plummer–Vinson Syndrome (Upper Esophageal Webs) Esophageal Rings (Schatzki Ring) Esophageal Diverticula Esophageal Perforation Diseases of the Stomach Peptic Ulcer Disease Acute Gastritis Chronic Gastritis Gastric Cancer Gastric Lymphoma Diseases of the Small Intestine Small Bowel Obstruction Paralytic Ileus Celiac Disease Whipple’ Disease Tropical Sprue Inflammatory Bowel Disease Crohn Disease Ulcerative Colitis 4 Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Diseases of the Pancreas Diabetes Mellitus Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus Acute Complications of Diabetes Mellitus Obesity Hypoglycemia Insulinoma Zollinger–Ellison Syndrome (ZES, Gastrinoma) Glucagonoma Somatostatinoma VIPoma (Verner–Morrison or Watery Diarrhea, Hypokalemia, Achlorhydria Syndrome) Diseases of the Thyroid Gland Hyperthyroidism Thyroid Storm Hypothyroidism Thyroiditis Thyroid Nodules Thyroid Cancer Diseases of the Pituitary Gland Pituitary Adenomas Hyperprolactinemia Acromegaly Craniopharyngioma Hypopituitarism Diabetes Insipidus Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone Diseases of the Parathyroid Glands Hypoparathyroidism Primary Hyperparathyroidism Diseases of the Adrenal Glands Cushing Syndrome Pheochromocytoma Primary Hyperaldosteronism Adrenal Insufficiency Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia 5 Diseases of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems Cerebrovascular Disease Ischemic Stroke Hemorrhagic Stroke Seizures Movement Disorders Parkinson Disease Huntington Chorea Tremor Ataxia Restless Leg Syndrome Tourette Syndrome Dementia Overview Alzheimer Disease Altered Mental Status Acute Encephalopathy Coma Demyelinating Disease Multiple Sclerosis Guillain–Barré Syndrome Neuromuscular Diseases Myasthenia Gravis Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Becker Muscular Dystrophy Neurocutaneous Syndromes Neurofibromatosis Type I (von Recklinghausen Disease) Neurofibromatosis Type II Tuberous Sclerosis Sturge–Weber Syndrome Von Hippel–Lindau Disease Spinal Cord Diseases Syringomyelia Brown-Séquard Syndrome Transverse Myelitis Horner Syndrome Poliomyelitis Miscellaneous Conditions Vertigo Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis or “Lou Gehrig Disease” Aphasia Bell Palsy Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux) How to Localize a Neurologic Lesion 6 Connective Tissue and Joint Diseases Connective Tissue Diseases Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Rheumatoid Arthritis Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma) Sjögren Syndrome Mixed Connective Tissue Disease Crystal-Induced Arthritides Gout Pseudogout (Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease) Myopathies and Pain Syndromes Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies Inclusion Body Myositis Polymyalgia Rheumatica Fibromyalgia Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies Ankylosing Spondylitis Reactive Arthritis Psoriatic Arthritis Vasculitis Vasculitis Overview (Figure 6-9) Large-Vessel Vasculitides Medium-Vessel Vasculitides ANCA-Associated Small-Vessel Vasculitides Immune Complex Small-Vessel Vasculitides Variable-Vessel Vasculitis 7 Diseases of the Renal and Genitourinary System Renal Failure Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Chronic Kidney Disease Dialysis Proteinuria and Hematuria Proteinuria Hematuria Glomerular Disease Overview Primary Glomerular Disorders (see Figure 7-4) Secondary Glomerular Disorders Tubulointerstitial Diseases Acute Interstitial Nephritis Renal Papillary Necrosis Renal Tubular Acidosis Fanconi Syndrome Renal Cystic Diseases Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease Medullary Sponge Kidney Simple Renal Cysts Renal Vascular Disease Renal Artery Stenosis (Renovascular Hypertension) Renal Vein Thrombosis Atheroembolic Disease of the Renal Arteries Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis Sickle Cell Nephropathy Stones and Obstructions Nephrolithiasis Urinary Tract Obstruction Neoplasms Prostate Cancer Renal Cell Carcinoma Bladder Cancer Testicular Cancer Penile Cancer Miscellaneous Conditions Testicular Torsion Epididymitis 8 Fluids, Electrolytes, and Acid–Base Disorders Volume Disorders Approach to Volume Disorders Hypovolemia Hypervolemia Sodium Overview of Sodium Homeostasis Hyponatremia Hypernatremia Calcium Calcium Metabolism Hypocalcemia Hypercalcemia Potassium Potassium Metabolism Hypokalemia Hyperkalemia Magnesium Overview Hypomagnesemia Hypermagnesemia Phosphate Overview Hypophosphatemia Hyperphosphatemia Acid–Base Disorders Metabolic Acidosis Metabolic Alkalosis Respiratory Acidosis Respiratory Alkalosis 9 Hematologic Diseases and Neoplasms Anemias Basics of Anemia Microcytic Anemias Iron-Deficiency Anemia Thalassemias Sideroblastic Anemia Normocytic Anemias Anemia of Chronic Disease Aplastic Anemia Macrocytic Anemias Vitamin B12 Deficiency Folate Deficiency Hemolytic Anemias Overview Sickle Cell Disease Hereditary Spherocytosis Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria Platelet Disorders Thrombocytopenia Immune (Idiopathic) Thrombocytopenic Purpura Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia, Type 2 Bernard–Soulier Syndrome Glanzmann Thrombasthenia Disorders of Coagulation von Willebrand Disease Hemophilia A Hemophilia B Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Vitamin K Deficiency Coagulopathy of Liver Disease Hypercoagulable States Anticoagulation Heparin Low–Molecular-Weight Heparin Warfarin Direct Oral Anticoagulants Oncology Epidemiology Cancer Prevention and Screening Principles of Cancer Staging and Therapy Breast Cancer Plasma Cell Disorders Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance Multiple Myeloma Waldenström Macroglobulinemia Lymphomas Hodgkin Lymphoma Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Leukemias Acute Leukemias Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Myeloproliferative Disorders Polycythemia Vera Myelodysplastic Syndromes Essential Thrombocythemia 10 Infectious Diseases Infections of the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts Pneumonia Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Lung Abscess Tuberculosis Influenza SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infections of the Central Nervous System Meningitis Encephalitis Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract (see also Chapter 3) Viral Hepatitis Botulism Intra-Abdominal Abscess Clostridioides difficile Infection (CDI) Infections of the Genitourinary Tract Cystitis (Lower Urinary Tract Infections) Pyelonephritis Prostatitis Sexually Transmitted Diseases Condyloma Acuminata (Anogenital Warts) Chlamydia Gonorrhea HIV and AIDS Herpes Simplex Syphilis Chancroid Lymphogranuloma Venereum Pediculosis Pubis (Pubic Lice) Skin and Soft Tissue Infections (SSTIs) Cellulitis Erysipelas Necrotizing Fasciitis Lymphadenitis or Lymphangitis Tetanus Infections of the Bones and Joints Osteomyelitis Acute Infectious Arthritis Zoonoses and Arthropod-Borne Diseases Lyme Disease Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) Malaria Rabies Other Zoonoses Common Fungal Infections Candidiasis Aspergillus Cryptococcosis Other Fungal Infections Common Parasitic Infections Fever and Sepsis Fever of Unknown Origin Toxic Shock Syndrome Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections (CRBSIs) Neutropenic Fever Miscellaneous Infections Infectious Mononucleosis 11 Diseases of the Skin and Hypersensitivity Disorders KEY DEFINITIONS COMMON SKIN DISORDERS Acneiform Eruptions Acne Vulgaris Rosacea Hidradenitis Suppurativa Atopic and Contact Dermatitis Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) Contact Dermatitis Papulosquamous Eruptions Psoriasis Seborrheic Dermatitis Pityriasis Rosea Lichen Planus Allergic Reactions Urticaria (Hives) Angioedema Anaphylaxis Drug Reactions Other Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disorders Erythema Nodosum Pyoderma Gangrenosum Bullous Pemphigoid Pemphigus Vulgaris Vitiligo SKIN CONDITIONS RELATED TO INFECTIONS AND INFESTATIONS Warts Molluscum Contagiosum Herpes Zoster (Shingles) Dermatophytes Tinea Versicolor Scabies BENIGN AND MALIGNANT SKIN LESIONS Benign Skin Lesions Actinic Keratosis (Also Called Solar Keratosis) Seborrheic Keratosis Keratoacanthoma Malignant Skin Lesions Basal Cell Carcinoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma Melanoma 12 Ambulatory Medicine Cardiovascular Diseases Hypertension Hyperlipidemias Headache Tension Headache Cluster Headaches Migraine Upper Respiratory Diseases Cough Acute Bronchitis The Common Cold Sinusitis Laryngitis Sore Throat Gastrointestinal Diseases Dyspepsia Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Diarrhea Constipation Irritable Bowel Syndrome Nausea and Vomiting Hemorrhoids MUSCULOSKELETAL PROBLEMS Overview of Musculoskeletal Examination Maneuvers Low Back Pain Common Disorders of the Cervical Spine Knee Pain Ankle Sprains Tendinitis and Bursitis Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Osteoarthritis Osteoporosis Diseases of the Eye Age-Related Macular Degeneration Glaucoma Cataracts Red Eye Conjunctivitis Amaurosis Fugax Sleep Disorders Obstructive Sleep Apnea Narcolepsy Insomnia Miscellaneous Topics Obesity Hearing Loss/Impaired Hearing Urinary Incontinence Fatigue Erectile Dysfunction Addiction Medicine Overview of Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) Alcohol Use Disorder Opioid Use Disorder Smoking Health Maintenance Appendix Radiographic Interpretation Chest Radiograph Abdominal Radiographs Electrocardiogram Interpretation Electrocardiogram Pearls Intravenous Therapy Central Venous Line Arterial Lines Nutritional Support Guide to Antibacterial Antibiotic Therapy Physical Examination Pearls Heart Sounds Murmurs Breath Sounds Abdominal Examination Neurologic Examination Tumor Markers Workup and Management of Common Problems On the Wards Hypotension Hypertension Chest Pain Tachycardia Oliguria Fever in the Hospitalized Patient Hypoglycemia Change in Mental Status (Acute Encephalopathy) Shortness of Breath/Acute Hypoxia Basic Statistics and Evidence-Based Medicine End-of-Life Issues and Informed Consent Questions Answers Index