Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery of the Male Breast ||

"The thorax has a fundamental role in the aesthetic of the male body: congenital or acquired alterations are experienced as extremely frustrating clinical situations. Most breast surgery texts briefly mention gynecomastia, but no text comprehensively addresses the male breast and thorax, including reconstructive and cosmetic surgery and surgery in transgender patients. This gap is now thoroughly filled by Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery of the Male Breast: after introducing principles of anatomy and aesthetics for the male thorax, the first part focusses on the main congenital malformations and their treatment; the main benign acquired pathologies and their treatment (including an ample section dedicated to gynecomastia), the carcinoma of the male breast, with reference to familiar forms; the treatment of carcinoma and reconstruction of the thorax. The book closes with a chapter dedicated to breast surgery in transgender patients. While female breast surgery is increasingly practiced in specific Breast Units and highly specialized centers, male breast issues are treated in general and plastic surgeries units. This handy volume is a sound reference for the most complex clinical cases, and the latest reconstruction treatments for the male thorax and will be useful for general and thoracic surgeons, plastic surgeons and senologists." -- Prové de l'editor Foreword Preface and Acknowledgments Contents List of Videos Part I: Aesthetic Aspects of the Male Chest 1: Arts and Aesthetics of Male Chest 1.1 Aesthetic Aspects of the Male Chest References Part II: Anatomy of the Male Chest 2: Preoperative Considerations on the Thorax: Anatomy and Surgical Landmarks 2.1 Nipple-Areola Complex 2.2 Breast 2.3 Skeletal Muscles 2.4 Vessels 2.4.1 Main Arteries 2.4.2 Main Veins and Lymphatics 2.5 Nerves 2.6 Surgical Landmarks and Reference Measurements 2.6.1 Bony Landmarks 2.6.2 Drawing Landmarks 2.7 Clinical Aspects About Plastic Surgery 2.7.1 Areolar Zone 2.7.2 Periareolar Zone 2.7.3 The Subaxillary Zone 2.7.4 The Supra-Axillary Zone 2.7.5 The Distal Edge of the Pectoralis Major 2.7.6 The Submammary Zone 2.7.7 The Sternal Zone 2.8 Conclusions References Part III: Male Chest Congenital Pathologies 3: Poland’s Syndrome 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Epidemiology 3.3 Pathogenesis 3.4 Clinical Presentation 3.5 Associated Syndromes and Peculiar Signs 3.5.1 Moebius Syndrome 3.5.2 Winging Scapula 3.5.3 Klippel-Feil Syndrome 3.6 Surgical Indications 3.7 Surgical Techniques 3.8 Review of the Literature References 4: Pectus Excavatum 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Epidemiology 4.3 Pathogenesis 4.4 Clinical Presentation and Classification 4.5 Surgical Indications and Timing 4.6 Surgical Techniques 4.6.1 Surgical Technique of Open Repair 4.6.2 Technique of Minimally Invasive Repair 4.7 Postoperative Treatment and Rehabilitation 4.8 Complications 4.9 Review of the Literature References 5: Pectus Carinatum 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Epidemiology 5.3 Pathogenesis 5.4 Clinical Presentation and Classification 5.4.1 Lower Pectus Carinatum 5.4.2 Upper PC 5.5 Surgical Indications and Timing 5.6 Surgical Techniques 5.6.1 Minimally Invasive Repair 5.6.2 Open Repair 5.7 Postoperative Treatment and Rehabilitation 5.8 Complications 5.9 Review of the Literature References Part IV: Benign Pathologies of Male Breast 6: Gynecomastia 6.1 Introduction and Epidemiology 6.2 Etiopathogenesis 6.2.1 Neonatal Gynecomastia 6.2.2 Pubertal Gynecomastia 6.2.3 Senile Gynecomastia 6.2.4 Idiopathic Gynecomastia 6.3 Anatomicopathologic Aspects 6.4 Diagnosis 6.4.1 Anamnesis 6.4.2 Lab Tests 6.4.3 Instrumental Examination 6.5 Classification 6.5.1 Grade I 6.5.2 Grade II 6.5.3 Grade III 6.5.4 Grade IV 6.6 Treatment 6.6.1 Pharmacological Treatment 6.6.2 Surgical Treatment 6.6.3 Grade I 6.6.3.1 Marking 6.6.3.2 Surgical Technique 6.6.3.3 Webster Technique 6.6.3.4 Pull-Through Technique 6.6.4 Grade II 6.6.4.1 Marking 6.6.4.2 Surgical Technique 6.6.5 Grade III 6.6.5.1 Marking 6.6.5.2 Surgical Technique 6.6.6 Grade IV 6.6.6.1 Marking 6.6.6.2 Surgical Technique 6.6.7 Complications 6.6.8 Review of the Literature References 7: Gynecomastia After Massive Weight Loss: Reshaping with Intercostal Perforator Flaps 7.2 Introduction 7.3 ICAP Flaps Applied in Correction of Severe Gynecomastia and Severe Ptosis of Male Breast: Surgical Technique 7.4 Discussion 7.5 Conclusions References 8: Male Tuberous Breast 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Epidemiology 8.3 Pathogenesis 8.4 Clinical Presentation and Classification 8.5 Surgical Techniques 8.6 Postoperative Treatment and Rehabilitation 8.7 Outcomes and Complications 8.8 Conclusions References Part V: Oncologic Pathologies of Male Breast 9: Skin Tumors of the Male Chest 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Skin Tumors 9.1.1.1 Epithelial Tumors Epidermal Tumors Adnexal Tumors Follicular Tumors Sebaceous Gland Tumors Sweat Gland Tumors 9.1.1.2 Merkel Cell Carcinoma 9.1.1.3 Melanocytic Tumors 9.1.1.4 Mesenchymal Tumors Lipogenic Tumors Fibrohistiocytic Tumors Myogenic Tumors Neurogenic Tumors Vascular and Hematolymphoid Tumors 9.2 Diagnosis References 10: Breast Cancer in Men: Oncology 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Risk Factors 10.2.1 Genetics of BCiM 10.3 Clinical Presentation and Pathological/Molecular Features 10.3.1 Clinical Presentation 10.3.2 Diagnosis 10.3.3 Pathological Features 10.3.4 Molecular Subtypes 10.4 Treatment 10.4.1 Management of Localized Breast Cancer 10.4.2 Management of Metastatic Breast Cancer References 11: Male Breast Cancer: Oncologic Surgery 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Surgical Indications and Timing 11.3 Treatment Options 11.4 Surgical Planning 11.5 Surgical Techniques 11.5.1 Demolitive Procedures 11.5.2 Conservative Procedures 11.5.3 Prophylactic Contralateral Mastectomy 11.6 Postoperative Treatment and Rehabilitation 11.7 Complications and Outcomes 11.8 Conclusions References 12: Male Breast Cancer: Reconstructive Surgery 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Surgical Indications and Timing 12.3 Surgical Planning 12.4 Treatment Options 12.4.1 Immediate Reconstruction 12.4.2 Delayed Reconstruction 12.4.3 Breast Symmetrization 12.4.4 Nipple-Areola Complex (NAC) Reconstruction 12.5 Surgical Techniques 12.5.1 Direct Closure 12.5.2 Reconstruction with Pedicled Latissimus Dorsi (LD) Musculocutaneous Flap 12.5.3 Reconstruction with Pedicled and Free Perforator Flaps 12.5.4 Breast Symmetrization 12.5.5 NAC Reconstruction 12.6 Postoperative Treatment and Rehabilitation 12.7 Complications 12.7.1 Systemic Complications 12.7.2 Local Complications 12.8 Review of the Literature References Part VI: Anterior Chest Wall Reconstruction 13: Chest Fistula Repair 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Surgical Indications and Timing 13.3 Surgical Planning 13.4 Surgical Options 13.4.1 Inner-Layer Reconstruction 13.4.2 Middle-Layer Reconstruction 13.4.3 Outer-Layer Reconstruction 13.5 Surgical Technique 13.6 Postoperative Treatment and Rehabilitation 13.7 Complications 13.8 Review of the Literature References 14: Pedicled Flaps for Anterior Chest Wall Reconstruction 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Surgical Indications and Timing 14.3 Surgical Planning 14.4 Surgical Treatment 14.4.1 Muscle and Musculocutaneous Flaps 14.4.2 Perforator Flaps 14.4.3 Other Flaps 14.5 Postoperative Treatment and Rehabilitation 14.6 Complications 14.7 Review of the Literature References 15: Free Flaps for Anterior Chest Wall Reconstruction 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Surgical Indications and Timing 15.3 Surgical Planning 15.4 Surgical Treatment 15.4.1 Microsurgical Flaps 15.4.2 Recipient Vessels 15.5 Postoperative Treatment and Rehabilitation 15.6 Complications 15.7 Review of the Literature References Part VII: Feminization of the Male Chest 16: Augmentation Mammoplasty in Trans Women 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Surgical Indications and Timing 16.3 Surgical Planning 16.3.1 The Pocket Positioning 16.3.2 The Choice of the Implant Shape 16.3.3 The Volume 16.4 Treatment Options 16.5 Surgical Techniques 16.6 Postoperative Treatment and Rehabilitation 16.7 Complications 16.8 Review of the Literature References Part VIII: Masculinization of the Female Chest 17: Mastectomy in Trans Men 17.1 Introduction 17.1.1 Definition and Epidemiology 17.2 Surgical Indication and Timing 17.3 Surgical Planning 17.4 Surgical techniques 17.5 Postoperative Treatment and Rehabilitation 17.6 Outcomes and Complications 17.7 Review of the Literature 17.8 Following Up the Breast Tissue 17.9 Conclusions References