PMF IAS Environment for UPSC 2024-25 | 3rd Edition

1. Environment, Habitat and Ecosystem 1.1. Basics Environment Habitat Habitat vs Environment Ecosystem Classification of Ecosystems Ecosystem vs Environment vs Ecology 1.2. Components of an Ecosystem Abiotic Components [UPSC 2015] Which one of the following is the best description of the term “ecosystem”? Explanation Answer: c) A community of organisms together with the environment in which they live. [UPSC 2012] If a tropical rainforest is removed, it does not regenerate quickly as compared to a tropical deciduous forest. This is because Explanation Answer: a) the soil of rain forest is deficient in nutrients Major Abiotic Limiting Factors Effect of Abiotic Components on Terrestrial Autotrophs Light Frost Snow Temperature Nitrogen Dieback Biotic Components Primary Producers / Autotrophs Consumers / Heterotrophs Macro Consumers Micro Consumers 2. Ecology – Principles and Organizations 2.1. Levels of Organizations in Ecology Individual and Species Population Identifying Populations using Pugmarks Community Stable Community Ecosystem Ecological Niche Difference Between Niche and Habitat [UPSC 2013] Which one of the following terms describes not only the physical space occupied by an organism but also its functional role in the community of organisms? Explanation Answer: b) Niche Biome Ecotone Characteristics of An Ecotone Ecocline Edge Effect and Edge Species Biosphere 2.2. Principles of Ecology Adaptation Examples of Adaptation Morphological Archaebacteria (Archaea) and Eubacteria [UPSC 2023] Consider the following statements: How many of the above statements are correct? Explanation Statement 1 is correct Statement 2 is correct Statement 3 is correct Physiological Behavioural Halophytes Variation Adaptive radiation Speciation Allopatric Speciation Parapatric Speciation Sympatric Speciation Hybridization Mutation Natural Selection Evolution Extinction Q. Which of the following are true? Codes: Explanation Answer: b) 2, 3 only Q. Choose the incorrect pairs Codes: Explanation Answer: c) 1, 2, 3 only (incorrect pairs) [UPSC 2018] The term “sixth mass extinction/sixth extinction” is often mentioned in the news in the context of the discussion of (2018) Extinction Events Answer: d) 3. Functions of an Ecosystem – Succession and Homeostasis 3.1. Ecological Succession Stages in Ecological Succession Primary Succession [UPSC 2014] Lichens, which are capable of initiating ecological succession even on a bare rock, are actually a symbiotic association of Explanation Answer: b) Algae and Fungai [UPSC 2021] In nature, which of the following is/are likely to be found surviving on a surface without soil? Select the correct answer using the code given below Explanation Answer: c) 2 and 3 Autotrophic and Heterotrophic succession Secondary Succession Explanation Difference Between Primary and Secondary Succession Autogenic and Allogenic Succession [UPSC 2013] In the grasslands, trees do not replace the grasses as a part of an ecological succession because of Explanation Answer: c) Succession in Plants Succession in Water 3.2. Homeostasis in Ecosystem Homeostasis Regulate Conform Conformers have not evolved to become regulators Migrate Suspend 4. Functions of an Ecosystem – Trophic Levels 4.1. Food Chain Grazing food chain Detritus food chain [UPSC 2013] With reference to the food chains in ecosystems, which of the following kinds of organism(s) is/are known as decomposer organism(s)? Select the correct answer using the codes given below. Explanation Humus Answer: b) 2 and 3 only [UPSC 2021] Which of the following are detritivores? Explanation Answer: c) 1, 3 and 5 only 4.2. Food Web Types of Biotic Interactions in a Food Web Interactions Species Effect Comments 1 2 Negative Interactions Positive Interactions Neutral Interactions [UPSC 2014] Which one of the following is the correct sequence of a food chain? Explanation Answer: (a) Diatoms-Crustaceans-Herrings (NCERT) [2021] Consider the following kinds of organisms: Which of the above are primary producers in the food chains of oceans? Explanation Answer: b) 2 and 3 only [UPSC 2013] With reference to food chains in ecosystems, consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: a) 1 only [2021] Which of the following have species that can establish symbiotic relationship with other organisms? Explanation Answer: d) 1, 2 and 3 4.3. Ecological Pyramids Pyramid of Numbers Pyramid of Numbers – Upright Pyramid of Numbers – Inverted Pyramid of Biomass Pyramid of Biomass – Upright Pyramid of Biomass – Inverted Pyramid of Energy Ecological Efficiency Explanation Limitations of Ecological Pyramids Biomagnification – Pollutants and Trophic Level Bioaccumulation Biomagnification 5. Functions of an Ecosystem – Biogeo Chemical Cycling Elements in the Human Body 5.1. Types of Nutrient Cycles 5.2. Carbon Cycle (Gaseous Cycle) Steps in the Carbon Cycle [UPSC 2011] Consider the following: Which of the above adds carbon dioxide to the carbon cycle on Earth? Explanation Answer: c) 2, 3 and 4 only [UPSC 2014] Which one of the following is the process involved in photosynthesis? Explanation Answer: b) 5.3. Nitrogen Cycle (Gaseous Cycle) Nitrogen Fixing – N2 to Ammonia (NH3) N2-Fixers Nitrification – Ammonia to Nitrites and Nitrates Importance of Nitrification Ammonification – Urea, Uric Acid to NH3 to Nitrite Denitrification – Nitrate to Nitrogen Nitrogen Cycle Summary [UPSC 2013] Which of the following adds/add nitrogen to the soil? Select the correct answer using the codes given below. Explanation Excretion of urea and Dead Biomass Burning of coal Answer: c) 1 and 3 only (debatable between (c) and (d)) [UPSC 2015] What can be the impact of excessive use of nitrogenous fertilisers in agriculture? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation Excessive Fertilization Suppresses N2 Fixers Excessive Fertilization and Nitrogen Leaching Excessive Fertilization Contributes to Acid Rain Answer: c) 2 and 3 only 5.4. Methane Cycle (Gaseous Cycle) Natural Sources of Methane Emissions Wetlands Termites Oceans Methane Hydrates Permian–Triassic Extinction (Third Mass Extinction) Human Sources of Methane Emissions Landfills Wastewater Treatment Fossil Fuels Livestock Rice Cultivation Biomass Burning Methane Sink Reaction with the hydroxyl radical Methane Hydrates 5.5. Phosphorus Cycle (Sedimentary cycle) 5.6. Sulphur Cycle (Mostly Sedimentary Cycle) Steps in Sulphur Cycle [UPSC 2022] Among the following crops, which one is the most important anthropogenic source of both methane and nitrous oxide? Explanation Answer: b) Rice (excessive irrigation and overuse of fertilisers) [UPSC 2019] Which of the following statements are correct about the deposits of methane hydrate? Select the correct answer using the code given below: Answer: d) all [UPSC 2018] With reference to agricultural soils, consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: b) 3 only [UPSC 2021] In case of which one of the following biogeochemical cycles, the weathering of rocks is the main source of release of nutrient to enter the cycle? 6. Wetland Ecosystem 6.1. Differences Between Wetlands and Lakes 6.2. Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Differences between Lagoon and Estuary Importance of Estuaries Ecological Importance Economic Importance Estuarine Vegetation Indian Estuarine Ecosystem Threats Faced by the Estuarine Ecosystem 6.3. Mangroves Adaptive Mechanism of Mangroves Mangroves in India Mangroves of Sundarbans Bengal tigers may not survive climate change Other major Mangrove Forests on the East Coast Mangrove Forests on the West Coast [UPSC 2016] What is/are unique about ‘Kharai camel’, a breed found in India? (2016) Select the correct answer using the code given below. Kharai Camel – India’s swimming camels Answer: a) 1 and 2 only Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats and Tangible Incomes (MISHTI) Programme Global Status of Mangrove Cover Why are mangroves not found beyond subtropics? Importance of mangroves [UPSC 2013] Which one of the following is the correct sequence of ecosystems in the order of decreasing productivity? Explanation Answer: c) Mangroves, grasslands, lakes, oceans Threats to Mangroves [UPSC 2019] Discuss the causes of the depletion of mangroves and explain their importance in maintaining coastal ecology. Aquaculture, Agriculture and Salt Ponds Consequences Coastal Development and Lumbering Consequence: Habitat loss and climate vulnerability The Curious Case of Mumbai’s Coastal Road Project Ecological and Economic Damage Climate Change Replantation Does not Produce Optimum Results 6.4. Importance of Wetlands [UPSC 2022] “If rainforests and tropical’ forests are the lungs of the Earth, then surely, ‘wetlands function as its kidneys.” Which one of the following functions of wetlands best reflects the above statement? Explanation 6.5. Reasons for the Depletion of Wetlands Mitigation of Wetland Destruction 6.6. Measures to Protect Wetlands of India National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Eco-systems (NPCA) Wetlands (Conservation-Management) Rules 2010 Wetlands (Conservation-Management) Rules 2017 State Wetland Authority What CAN NOT be notified as wetlands under the Rules? Prohibited activities (very much similar to the 2011 rules) Concerns 6.7. Measures to Protect Global Wetlands Ramsar Convention on Wetlands Criteria for Identification of Wetlands Contracting Parties (COP) to Ramsar Convention The Responsibilities of the Contracting Parties [UPSC 2019] Consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: c) 3 only International Organisation Partners Other Partners Wetlands International [UPSC 2014] With reference to a conservation organisation called ‘Wetlands International’, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Answer: Wetlands International is an NGO. b) 2 only Ramsar Site Deletion from the List Transboundary Ramsar Sites The Montreux Record [UPSC 2014] If a wetland of international importance is brought under the ‘Montreux Record’, what does it imply? Answer: a) 7. Natural Ecosystems 7.1. Terrestrial Ecosystems or Biomes Major Biomes Tundra Forest Grassland Desert Tundra Biome Taiga or Boreal Biome Podzols Temperate Deciduous Biome (North-Western Europe – British Type Climate) Temperate Rainforest Biome Sub-Tropical Deciduous Biome in Eastern China, South-eastern USA Steppe or Temperate Grassland Biome Temperate Deciduous Biome (Mediterranean) Tropical Deciduous Biome (Monsoon Climate) Savanna or Tropical Wet and Dry Biome Managed Fires Rejuvenates Savannas Tropical Rainforest Biome Importance of Rainforests Climate Importance of the Amazon Rainforest Threats: Frequent Fires in the Amazon Rainforest Prolonged droughts due to climate change Slash and burn agricultural practice Political Discourse and Land grabbers How do the fires in the Amazon affect the world? Carbon sink to carbon source and global warming Forest fires intensify droughts Pollution and Global Warming Forest Fires and Droughts Make Way for Grasslands (Decrease in Productivity) Forefires are essential for other Ecosystems Fires give new life Catastrophic Forest Fires Threats: Plantation Boom, Resource Extraction Effects of Destroying Rainforests Soil Degradation Droughts and famine Commercial plantation crops would fail in the long run Extinction of indigenous communities [UPSC 2013] Which of the following is/are unique characteristic/characteristics of equatorial forests? Select the correct answer using the code given below: Answer: every single statement is correct Desert Biome 7.2. Aquatic Ecosystems Aquatic Organisms Factors Limiting the Productivity Sunlight Photic zone Aphotic zone Winterkill Impact of Global Warming on Dissolved Oxygen Temperature 7.3. Natural Ecosystem Services and Goods Quantifying the Economic Value of Natural Ecosystems (Ecosystem valuation) The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) [UPSC 2016] With reference to an initiative called ‘The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016) Select the correct answer using the code given below. Answer: Statement 1) is false; d) 2 and 3 only Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) Ecological services offered by the Himalayan States Global scenario Amazon Fund Gross Environment Product (GEP) and Green GDP Ecosystem Services by Seagrass Importance of Seagrass [UPSC 2015] With reference to ‘dugong’, a mammal found in India, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 Answer: c) 1 and 3 Threats faced by seagrass Eutrophication Ecosystem Services by Seaweed Commercial Significance Ecological Importance of Seaweed Cultivation Treating coastal pollution Oxygen and Nutrient Supply Ocean Macroalgal Afforestation (OMA) Other Utilities Seaweed Cultivation: Potential in India Challenges to seaweed harvesting in India 8. Biodiversity and Loss of Biodiversity 8.1. Terms Related to Biodiversity Biodiversity Species Richness Species Evenness Alpha, Beta and Gamma Diversity Genetic Diversity Species Diversity Ecological Diversity Endemism Species Types Keystone species Bioprospecting Biopiracy 8.2. Biodiversity of India Realms Biomes, Biogeographic Zones and Provinces 8.3. Biodiversity Hot Spots Hope Spots Biodiversity Hotspots in India [UPSC 2010] Consider the following statements: Explanation Answer: d) neither 8.4. Loss of Biodiversity The Extent of Biodiversity Loss as per IPBES Report Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) Key Points From Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 2019 Living Planet Report 2022 The State of the World’s Birds Prelims Practice: Consider the following statements regarding ‘The State of the World’s Birds’. Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: b) 2 only 8.5. Causes Behind Biodiversity Loss Habitat Loss and Fragmentation Consequence: Barrier Effect and Associated Damage Explanation Fragmentation of India’s Tiger Habitats Due to Highways Alien Species Invasions Consequence: Destruction of Sholas by Invasive Species Even the grasslands are in danger How are invasive species introduced into an ecosystem? Threats to native wildlife from invasive species Over-Exploitation Species Extinction Co-extinctions Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO/Transgenic Organisms) The Curious Case of Genetically Modified Mosquitoes Trade in Wildlife Pollution and Climate Change 8.6. Consequences of Loss of Biodiversity Affects Livelihood Food and Nutritional Security Crisis Human-animal Conflict Causes Impacts Preventive and Mitigation strategies Culling – Conservation or Biodiversity loss? Natural culling Culling by humans – controlled culling Why did controlled culling become necessary? The practice of Culling worldwide Animal Welfare Activists vs Pro Culling Lobby Increased Zoonoses Due to Habitat Loss How does the change in ecosystems and biodiversity loss help Zoonoses thrive? Adverse Changes to Biotic Interactions 9. Biodiversity Conservation 9.1. In situ conservation Reserved and Protected Forests Wildlife Sanctuaries or Wildlife Refuges Tiger Reserves [UPSC 2023] Identify and discuss the factors responsible for diversity of natural vegetation in India. As-sess the significance of wildlife sanctuaries in rain forest regions of India. (Answer in 250 words) National Park Biosphere Reserve UNESCO’s Criteria for designation Seville Strategy Core Buffer Strategy Core area Buffer zone Transition area [UPSC 2014] The most important strategy for the conservation of biodiversity together with traditional human life is the establishment of Explanation Answer: a) Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs) Legal Status Activities Prohibited/Restricted/Allowed in ESZs [UPSC 2014] With reference to ‘Eco-Sensitive Zones’, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation Answer: d) Neither Conservation Reserves Community Reserves [UPSC 2023] Consider the following statements: Once the Central Government notifies an area as a ‘Community Reserve’ How many of the above statements are correct? Explanation Statement 1 is incorrect, and Statements 2, 3 and 4 are correct Answer: c) Only three Sacred Groves 9.2. Ex Situ Conservation [UPSC 2011-12] Which one of the following is not a site for in-situ method of conservation of flora? Explanation Answer: b) Botanical Garden 9.3. National Initiatives Wildlife Mitigation Measures – Eco-Bridges Quarantine Centres to Check Invasive Species Issues with the functioning of the quarantine centres Preservation of the Western and Eastern Ghats Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Madhav Gadgil Committee Recommendations of Gadgil Committee (WGEEP) Report Kasturirangan Committee Recommendations of the Kasturirangan Committee October 2018 notification Historic Citizen Movements Chipko Movement Role of Sunderlal Bhaguna Role of Women in the Movement Appiko Movement Anti-Tehri Dam Protest 9.4. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA) [UPSC 2016] Consider the following pairs: Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? Explanation Answer: c) 3 only [UPSC 2014] Consider the following international agreements: Which of the above has/have a bearing on the biodiversity? Answer: d) all Aichi Biodiversity Targets Sharm El Sheikh Declaration – New Deal for Nature COP-15 of the UN CBD India’s Demands at COP 15 Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework 4 Global Goals by 2050 23 Global Targets By 2030 1) Reducing threats to biodiversity (by 2030) – 8 Targets 2) Meeting people’s needs through sustainable use and benefit-sharing (by 2030) – 5 Targets 3) Tools and solutions for implementation and mainstreaming (by 2030) – 10 Targets 9.5. Other International Efforts Global Partnership on Forest and Landscape Restoration (GPFLR) Bonn Challenge [UPSC 2021] With reference to the ‘New York Declaration on Forests,’ which of the following statements are correct? Explanation Answer: a) 1, 2 and 4 only Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) Mains Practice: What do you understand by Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR)? While identifying the principles of FLR enumerate the initiatives taken by the Government to restore India’s Forest and Tree Cover.. World Forestry Congress and Seoul Declaration Prelims Practice: “Seoul Declaration”, which was in the news recently, is related to? Explanation Prelims Practice: Recently AFFIRM and SAFE initiatives were in news. They are related to? Explanation Initiatives By The UN United Nations Strategic Plan for Forests 2017–2030 Decade on Ecosystem Restoration Biodiversity Finance Initiative (BIOFIN) UNESCO World Heritage Sites 10. Wildlife Conservation Part I 10.1. Regulating Trade in Wildlife Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Parties to CITES [UPSC 2015] With reference to the IUCN and the CITES, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct using the code given below. Explanation Answer: b) 2 and 3 only Conference of Parties to CITES (CoP) Functioning of CITES The protection offered to species by CITES The 18th Conference of the Parties to CITES (CoP18) 19th Conference of the Parties to CITES (CoP19) India’s Proposals Jeypore Ground (Indian) Gecko (EN) North Indian Rosewood/Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) Other Proposals Thelenota (Sea Cucumbers) Ivory Trade CITES Tiger Enforcement Task Force Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE) The Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network (TRAFFIC) [UPSC 2017] Consider the following statements in respect of TRAFFIC: Which of the above statements is/are correct? Answer: b) Coalition Against Wildlife Trafficking (CAWT) 10.2. Policies/Laws Concerning CITES in India Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 WPA 2022 Policies Regulating Foreign Trade Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act 1992 Foreign Trade Policy (2009-2014) EXIM Policy Enforcement: Wildlife Crime Control Bureau WCCB’s Operation ‘Clean Art ‘Not all animals migrate by choice’ campaign 10.3. Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) The 13th Conference of the Parties to CMS (CoP13) Central Asian Mammals Initiative Major Animals Included in Central Mammals Initiative 10.4. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) IUCN Red List or Red Data List or Red Book Critically endangered (CR) [UPSC 2011-12] The ‘Red Data Books’ published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) contain lists of Which of the statement given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: b) 2 only Explanation BirdLife International (BI) [UPSC 2015] With reference to ‘Birdlife International’ which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation Answer: c) 1 and 3 only Challenges to Tiger Conservation Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) Prevention is better than cure Measures Taken by GOI Legal Administrative Financial 3-pronged strategy to manage negative interactions International Cooperation Global Tiger Forum (GTF) Tiger Task Force National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) NTCA members Functions of NTCA Mandates to the states Challenges Tiger Corridors List of macro-landscape level tiger corridors Core and Buffer Zones in Tiger Reserves Core area Buffer areas Tiger Census Estimation of Tiger Populations 2018 Census Methodology MSTrIPES – Technology in Wildlife Conservation Advantage of MSTrIPES 2018 Tiger Census Report (All-India Tiger Estimate) Shivalik Gangetic Plain Central Indian Landscape and Eastern Ghats Western Ghats The Northeast Important Observations from 2018 tiger census Other Important observations Tiger Census 2022 Highlights of the Tiger Census 2022 The International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) Measures that led to the increase in tiger population 10.6. International Efforts Towards Tiger and Snow Leopard Conservation The Global Tiger Initiative Global Snow Leopard and Ecosystem Program (GSLESP) Snow Leopard Population Assessment in India St. Petersburg Declaration International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime TX2 and Tiger Conservation Excellence Award Conservation Assured | Tiger Standards (CA|TS or CATS) TX2 Award Tiger Conservation Excellence Award Project Snow Leopard Why to conserve the high-altitude ecosystem? 10.7. Reintroduction of Cheetahs in India Cheetah vs Leopard vs Jaguar Why Kuno NP? Concerns 10.8. Conservation of Lions Asiatic Lion Project Lion Mains Prectise: Explain the importance of India's Cheetah Reintroduction Project. Should a similar project be taken up for Gir Lions? Analyse. (200 words) Mains Prectise: Compare and contrast (differentiate) the challenges in conserving Bengal Tiger and Asiatic Lion. (200 words) 11. Wildlife Conservation Part II 11.1. Conservation of Elephants [UPSC 2020] With reference to Indian elephants, consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/ are correct? Explanation Answer: a) 1 and 2 only Asian Elephant vs African Elephant and African Forest Elephant vs African Savanna (Bush) Elephant Ecological Importance of Elephants Elephant Corridor Threats to Elephant Corridors Mitigation Project Elephant Other Intitiatives Haathi Mere Saathi Project RE-HAB Asian Elephant Alliance IUCN Asian Elephant Specialist Group (AsESG) 11.2. Conservation of Great One-Horned Rhino Rhino Species Across the World India’s Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros [UPSC 2019] Consider the following statements: Which one of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: a) 1 only Conservation Measures India Rhino Vision (IRV) 2020 Evaluation of IRV 2020 Way forward 11.3. Conservation of the Indian Dolphins Indian Dolphin Species South Asian River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica) Ganges River Dolphin – Susu (P. g. gangetica) Indus River Dolphin (P. g. minor) [UPSC 2015] Which one of the following is the national aquatic animal of India? [UPSC 2014] Other than poaching, what are the possible reasons for the decline in the population of Ganges River Dolphins? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation Answer: c) 1, 3 and 4 only [UPSC 2017] If you want to see gharials in their natural habitat, which is the best place to visit? Irrawady Dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) Ganges River Dolphin Conservation Measures 11.4. Conservation of Indian Crocodile Species Crocodile vs Alligator vs Gharial Indian Crocodile Species Gharial (CR) Mugger/Indian Crocodile (VU) Saltwater Crocodile (LC) Indian Crocodile Conservation Project Madras Crocodile Bank Trust 11.5. Conservation of Turtles Batagur Turtles Species Northern River Terrapin (CR) Three-Striped Roofed Turtle (CR) Red-Crowned (Bengal) Roofed Turtle (CR) Nissilonia Turtle Species Leith's Softshell Turtle (CR) Black Softshell Turtle (CR) Indian (Ganges) Softshell Turtle (EN) Indian Peacock Softshell Turtle (EN) Indian Narrow (Small) Headed Softshell Turtle (EN) Sea Turtle Species Hawksbill Sea Turtle (CR) Kemp's (Atlantic) Ridley Sea Turtle (CR) Green Sea Turtle (EN) Leatherback Sea Turtle (VU) Olive Ridley Sea Turtle (VU) [UPSC 2013] Consider the following fauna of India: Which of the above is/are endangered? Explanation Answer: d) none Sea Turtle Conservation Project 11.6. Conservation of Indian Vultures Diclofenac and Indian Vulture Crisis Consequences of Depopulation of Vultures India Vultures Species White-Rumped Vulture (CR) Red-Headed Vulture (CR) Indian (Long-Billed) Vulture (CR) Slender-Billed Vulture (CR) Egyptian Vulture (EN) Himalayan (Griffon) Vulture (NT) Bearded Vulture (NT) Cinereous Vulture (NT) (Eurasian) Griffon Vulture (LC) Major Non-Indian Vulture Species White-Backed Vulture (CR) Ruppell’s (Griffon) Vulture (CR) Steps Taken by The Government Diclofenac Alternative Vulture Safety Zones (VSZ) Action Plan for Vulture Conservation in India 2020-25 Vulture Safe Zones Other Steps Taken for Vulture Conservation 11.7. Other National Efforts Project Hangul (Kashmiri Stag) Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats Components of the Scheme 22 Indian Critically Endangered (Locally) Species Under Species Recovery Programme Mammals Marine Mammals Birds Reptiles Animal Welfare Board of India [UPSC 2014] Consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/ are correct? Explanation Answer: b) 2 and 3 only National Wildlife Action Plan (NWAP) 2017-2031 Components of 3rd NWAP (2017 – 2031) Landscape Approach to Conservation National Action Plan for Conservation of Migratory Birds (2018-2023) Central Asian Flyway (CAF) Green Good Deeds Initiative Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) 11.8. International Efforts World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF) Initiatives by WWF Earth Hour Debt-for-Nature Swap [UPSC 2014] With reference to Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? [UPSC 2014] Consider the following statements regarding ‘Earth Hour’ Which of the statements given above is / are correct? Answer: c) Similar Topic: Earth Day Network (EDN) & Earth Day International Whaling Commission (IWC) 12. Air Pollution – Causes and Air Pollutants Environmental Issues and Environmental Degradation 12.1. Pollution Air Pollution Major Causes of Air Pollution Vehicular and Industrial Emissions Improper Use of Pyrolysis Applications of Pyrolysis Advantages of Pyrolysis Fuel adulteration Emissions from Agriculture, Waste Treatment and Biomass Burning Stubble Burning Effects of Stubble Burning [UPSC 2015] Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are the three mega cities of the country, but air pollution is a much more severe problem in Delhi compared to the other two. Why is this so? (200 words) Geography and Climate Polluting Industries in close vicinity Vehicular Emissions Farm Straw Burning Winters are more polluted than summers in Delhi. Why? Household Air Pollution (Indoor Air Pollution) Volcanism – Acid Rain, Ozone Destruction [UPSC 2021-22] Consider the following: Which of the above is/are the emission/emissions from coal combustion at thermal power plants? Explanation Answer: d) 1, 2 and 3 Noise Pollution Permissible noise level in India Laws to control Noise Pollution Classification of Air Pollutants 12.2. Air Pollutants Particulate Pollutants Particulate Matter Less than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5) 5th World Air Quality Report Fly ash Composition [UPSC 2020] Consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: d) all Uses Policy measures of MoEF [UPSC 2015] Regarding ‘fly ash’ produced by power plants using coal as fuel, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below Explanation Answer: a) 1 and 2 Nanoparticles (NPs) Effects of Nanoparticles on the environment Dust cloud formation NPs and hydroxy radical (OH) NPs and ozone depletion Effect of NPs on stratospheric temperature [UPSC 2014] There is some concern regarding the nanoparticles of some chemical elements that are used by the industry in the manufacture of various products. Why? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Answer: d) all Black Carbon (Soot) and Himalayan Glaciers Brown Carbon Carbon Monoxide (CO) Health Effects Environmental Effects Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Effects on Health Effects on the Environment Ozone (O3) Tropospheric ozone formation reactions Harmful Effects of Ozone Stratospheric Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) HCFCs and HBFCs Halons [UPSC 2011-12] Consider the following statements: Chlorofluorocarbons, known as ozone-depleting substance 1. Environment, Habitat and Ecosystem 1.1. Basics Environment Habitat Habitat vs Environment Ecosystem Classification of Ecosystems Ecosystem vs Environment vs Ecology 1.2. Components of an Ecosystem Abiotic Components [UPSC 2015] Which one of the following is the best description of the term “ecosystem”? Explanation Answer: c) A community of organisms together with the environment in which they live. [UPSC 2012] If a tropical rainforest is removed, it does not regenerate quickly as compared to a tropical deciduous forest. This is because Explanation Answer: a) the soil of rain forest is deficient in nutrients Major Abiotic Limiting Factors Effect of Abiotic Components on Terrestrial Autotrophs Light Frost Snow Temperature Nitrogen Dieback Biotic Components Primary Producers / Autotrophs Consumers / Heterotrophs Macro Consumers Micro Consumers 2. Ecology – Principles and Organizations 2.1. Levels of Organizations in Ecology Individual and Species Population Identifying Populations using Pugmarks Community Stable Community Ecosystem Ecological Niche Difference Between Niche and Habitat [UPSC 2013] Which one of the following terms describes not only the physical space occupied by an organism but also its functional role in the community of organisms? Explanation Answer: b) Niche Biome Ecotone Characteristics of An Ecotone Ecocline Edge Effect and Edge Species Biosphere 2.2. Principles of Ecology Adaptation Examples of Adaptation Morphological Archaebacteria (Archaea) and Eubacteria [UPSC 2023] Consider the following statements: How many of the above statements are correct? Explanation Statement 1 is correct Statement 2 is correct Statement 3 is correct Physiological Behavioural Halophytes Variation Adaptive radiation Speciation Allopatric Speciation Parapatric Speciation Sympatric Speciation Hybridization Mutation Natural Selection Evolution Extinction Q. Which of the following are true? Codes: Explanation Answer: b) 2, 3 only Q. Choose the incorrect pairs Codes: Explanation Answer: c) 1, 2, 3 only (incorrect pairs) [UPSC 2018] The term “sixth mass extinction/sixth extinction” is often mentioned in the news in the context of the discussion of (2018) Extinction Events Answer: d) 3. Functions of an Ecosystem – Succession and Homeostasis 3.1. Ecological Succession Stages in Ecological Succession Primary Succession [UPSC 2014] Lichens, which are capable of initiating ecological succession even on a bare rock, are actually a symbiotic association of Explanation Answer: b) Algae and Fungai [UPSC 2021] In nature, which of the following is/are likely to be found surviving on a surface without soil? Select the correct answer using the code given below Explanation Answer: c) 2 and 3 Autotrophic and Heterotrophic succession Secondary Succession Explanation Difference Between Primary and Secondary Succession Autogenic and Allogenic Succession [UPSC 2013] In the grasslands, trees do not replace the grasses as a part of an ecological succession because of Explanation Answer: c) Succession in Plants Succession in Water 3.2. Homeostasis in Ecosystem Homeostasis Regulate Conform Conformers have not evolved to become regulators Migrate Suspend 4. Functions of an Ecosystem – Trophic Levels 4.1. Food Chain Grazing food chain Detritus food chain [UPSC 2013] With reference to the food chains in ecosystems, which of the following kinds of organism(s) is/are known as decomposer organism(s)? Select the correct answer using the codes given below. Explanation Humus Answer: b) 2 and 3 only [UPSC 2021] Which of the following are detritivores? Explanation Answer: c) 1, 3 and 5 only 4.2. Food Web Types of Biotic Interactions in a Food Web Interactions Species Effect Comments 1 2 Negative Interactions Positive Interactions Neutral Interactions [UPSC 2014] Which one of the following is the correct sequence of a food chain? Explanation Answer: (a) Diatoms-Crustaceans-Herrings (NCERT) [2021] Consider the following kinds of organisms: Which of the above are primary producers in the food chains of oceans? Explanation Answer: b) 2 and 3 only [UPSC 2013] With reference to food chains in ecosystems, consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: a) 1 only [2021] Which of the following have species that can establish symbiotic relationship with other organisms? Explanation Answer: d) 1, 2 and 3 4.3. Ecological Pyramids Pyramid of Numbers Pyramid of Numbers – Upright Pyramid of Numbers – Inverted Pyramid of Biomass Pyramid of Biomass – Upright Pyramid of Biomass – Inverted Pyramid of Energy Ecological Efficiency Explanation Limitations of Ecological Pyramids Biomagnification – Pollutants and Trophic Level Bioaccumulation Biomagnification 5. Functions of an Ecosystem – Biogeo Chemical Cycling Elements in the Human Body 5.1. Types of Nutrient Cycles 5.2. Carbon Cycle (Gaseous Cycle) Steps in the Carbon Cycle [UPSC 2011] Consider the following: Which of the above adds carbon dioxide to the carbon cycle on Earth? Explanation Answer: c) 2, 3 and 4 only [UPSC 2014] Which one of the following is the process involved in photosynthesis? Explanation Answer: b) 5.3. Nitrogen Cycle (Gaseous Cycle) Nitrogen Fixing – N2 to Ammonia (NH3) N2-Fixers Nitrification – Ammonia to Nitrites and Nitrates Importance of Nitrification Ammonification – Urea, Uric Acid to NH3 to Nitrite Denitrification – Nitrate to Nitrogen Nitrogen Cycle Summary [UPSC 2013] Which of the following adds/add nitrogen to the soil? Select the correct answer using the codes given below. Explanation Excretion of urea and Dead Biomass Burning of coal Answer: c) 1 and 3 only (debatable between (c) and (d)) [UPSC 2015] What can be the impact of excessive use of nitrogenous fertilisers in agriculture? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation Excessive Fertilization Suppresses N2 Fixers Excessive Fertilization and Nitrogen Leaching Excessive Fertilization Contributes to Acid Rain Answer: c) 2 and 3 only 5.4. Methane Cycle (Gaseous Cycle) Natural Sources of Methane Emissions Wetlands Termites Oceans Methane Hydrates Permian–Triassic Extinction (Third Mass Extinction) Human Sources of Methane Emissions Landfills Wastewater Treatment Fossil Fuels Livestock Rice Cultivation Biomass Burning Methane Sink Reaction with the hydroxyl radical Methane Hydrates 5.5. Phosphorus Cycle (Sedimentary cycle) 5.6. Sulphur Cycle (Mostly Sedimentary Cycle) Steps in Sulphur Cycle [UPSC 2022] Among the following crops, which one is the most important anthropogenic source of both methane and nitrous oxide? Explanation Answer: b) Rice (excessive irrigation and overuse of fertilisers) [UPSC 2019] Which of the following statements are correct about the deposits of methane hydrate? Select the correct answer using the code given below: Answer: d) all [UPSC 2018] With reference to agricultural soils, consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: b) 3 only [UPSC 2021] In case of which one of the following biogeochemical cycles, the weathering of rocks is the main source of release of nutrient to enter the cycle? 6. Wetland Ecosystem 6.1. Differences Between Wetlands and Lakes 6.2. Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Differences between Lagoon and Estuary Importance of Estuaries Ecological Importance Economic Importance Estuarine Vegetation Indian Estuarine Ecosystem Threats Faced by the Estuarine Ecosystem 6.3. Mangroves Adaptive Mechanism of Mangroves Mangroves in India Mangroves of Sundarbans Bengal tigers may not survive climate change Other major Mangrove Forests on the East Coast Mangrove Forests on the West Coast [UPSC 2016] What is/are unique about ‘Kharai camel’, a breed found in India? (2016) Select the correct answer using the code given below. Kharai Camel – India’s swimming camels Answer: a) 1 and 2 only Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats and Tangible Incomes (MISHTI) Programme Global Status of Mangrove Cover Why are mangroves not found beyond subtropics? Importance of mangroves [UPSC 2013] Which one of the following is the correct sequence of ecosystems in the order of decreasing productivity? Explanation Answer: c) Mangroves, grasslands, lakes, oceans Threats to Mangroves [UPSC 2019] Discuss the causes of the depletion of mangroves and explain their importance in maintaining coastal ecology. Aquaculture, Agriculture and Salt Ponds Consequences Coastal Development and Lumbering Consequence: Habitat loss and climate vulnerability The Curious Case of Mumbai’s Coastal Road Project Ecological and Economic Damage Climate Change Replantation Does not Produce Optimum Results 6.4. Importance of Wetlands [UPSC 2022] “If rainforests and tropical’ forests are the lungs of the Earth, then surely, ‘wetlands function as its kidneys.” Which one of the following functions of wetlands best reflects the above statement? Explanation 6.5. Reasons for the Depletion of Wetlands Mitigation of Wetland Destruction 6.6. Measures to Protect Wetlands of India National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Eco-systems (NPCA) Wetlands (Conservation-Management) Rules 2010 Wetlands (Conservation-Management) Rules 2017 State Wetland Authority What CAN NOT be notified as wetlands under the Rules? Prohibited activities (very much similar to the 2011 rules) Concerns 6.7. Measures to Protect Global Wetlands Ramsar Convention on Wetlands Criteria for Identification of Wetlands Contracting Parties (COP) to Ramsar Convention The Responsibilities of the Contracting Parties [UPSC 2019] Consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: c) 3 only International Organisation Partners Other Partners Wetlands International [UPSC 2014] With reference to a conservation organisation called ‘Wetlands International’, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Answer: Wetlands International is an NGO. b) 2 only Ramsar Site Deletion from the List Transboundary Ramsar Sites The Montreux Record [UPSC 2014] If a wetland of international importance is brought under the ‘Montreux Record’, what does it imply? Answer: a) 7. Natural Ecosystems 7.1. Terrestrial Ecosystems or Biomes Major Biomes Tundra Forest Grassland Desert Tundra Biome Taiga or Boreal Biome Podzols Temperate Deciduous Biome (North-Western Europe – British Type Climate) Temperate Rainforest Biome Sub-Tropical Deciduous Biome in Eastern China, South-eastern USA Steppe or Temperate Grassland Biome Temperate Deciduous Biome (Mediterranean) Tropical Deciduous Biome (Monsoon Climate) Savanna or Tropical Wet and Dry Biome Managed Fires Rejuvenates Savannas Tropical Rainforest Biome Importance of Rainforests Climate Importance of the Amazon Rainforest Threats: Frequent Fires in the Amazon Rainforest Prolonged droughts due to climate change Slash and burn agricultural practice Political Discourse and Land grabbers How do the fires in the Amazon affect the world? Carbon sink to carbon source and global warming Forest fires intensify droughts Pollution and Global Warming Forest Fires and Droughts Make Way for Grasslands (Decrease in Productivity) Forefires are essential for other Ecosystems Fires give new life Catastrophic Forest Fires Threats: Plantation Boom, Resource Extraction Effects of Destroying Rainforests Soil Degradation Droughts and famine Commercial plantation crops would fail in the long run Extinction of indigenous communities [UPSC 2013] Which of the following is/are unique characteristic/characteristics of equatorial forests? Select the correct answer using the code given below: Answer: every single statement is correct Desert Biome 7.2. Aquatic Ecosystems Aquatic Organisms Factors Limiting the Productivity Sunlight Photic zone Aphotic zone Winterkill Impact of Global Warming on Dissolved Oxygen Temperature 7.3. Natural Ecosystem Services and Goods Quantifying the Economic Value of Natural Ecosystems (Ecosystem valuation) The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) [UPSC 2016] With reference to an initiative called ‘The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016) Select the correct answer using the code given below. Answer: Statement 1) is false; d) 2 and 3 only Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) Ecological services offered by the Himalayan States Global scenario Amazon Fund Gross Environment Product (GEP) and Green GDP Ecosystem Services by Seagrass Importance of Seagrass [UPSC 2015] With reference to ‘dugong’, a mammal found in India, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 Answer: c) 1 and 3 Threats faced by seagrass Eutrophication Ecosystem Services by Seaweed Commercial Significance Ecological Importance of Seaweed Cultivation Treating coastal pollution Oxygen and Nutrient Supply Ocean Macroalgal Afforestation (OMA) Other Utilities Seaweed Cultivation: Potential in India Challenges to seaweed harvesting in India 8. Biodiversity and Loss of Biodiversity 8.1. Terms Related to Biodiversity Biodiversity Species Richness Species Evenness Alpha, Beta and Gamma Diversity Genetic Diversity Species Diversity Ecological Diversity Endemism Species Types Keystone species Bioprospecting Biopiracy 8.2. Biodiversity of India Realms Biomes, Biogeographic Zones and Provinces 8.3. Biodiversity Hot Spots Hope Spots Biodiversity Hotspots in India [UPSC 2010] Consider the following statements: Explanation Answer: d) neither 8.4. Loss of Biodiversity The Extent of Biodiversity Loss as per IPBES Report Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) Key Points From Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 2019 Living Planet Report 2022 The State of the World’s Birds Prelims Practice: Consider the following statements regarding ‘The State of the World’s Birds’. Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: b) 2 only 8.5. Causes Behind Biodiversity Loss Habitat Loss and Fragmentation Consequence: Barrier Effect and Associated Damage Explanation Fragmentation of India’s Tiger Habitats Due to Highways Alien Species Invasions Consequence: Destruction of Sholas by Invasive Species Even the grasslands are in danger How are invasive species introduced into an ecosystem? Threats to native wildlife from invasive species Over-Exploitation Species Extinction Co-extinctions Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO/Transgenic Organisms) The Curious Case of Genetically Modified Mosquitoes Trade in Wildlife Pollution and Climate Change 8.6. Consequences of Loss of Biodiversity Affects Livelihood Food and Nutritional Security Crisis Human-animal Conflict Causes Impacts Preventive and Mitigation strategies Culling – Conservation or Biodiversity loss? Natural culling Culling by humans – controlled culling Why did controlled culling become necessary? The practice of Culling worldwide Animal Welfare Activists vs Pro Culling Lobby Increased Zoonoses Due to Habitat Loss How does the change in ecosystems and biodiversity loss help Zoonoses thrive? Adverse Changes to Biotic Interactions 9. Biodiversity Conservation 9.1. In situ conservation Reserved and Protected Forests Wildlife Sanctuaries or Wildlife Refuges Tiger Reserves [UPSC 2023] Identify and discuss the factors responsible for diversity of natural vegetation in India. As-sess the significance of wildlife sanctuaries in rain forest regions of India. (Answer in 250 words) National Park Biosphere Reserve UNESCO’s Criteria for designation Seville Strategy Core Buffer Strategy Core area Buffer zone Transition area [UPSC 2014] The most important strategy for the conservation of biodiversity together with traditional human life is the establishment of Explanation Answer: a) Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs) Legal Status Activities Prohibited/Restricted/Allowed in ESZs [UPSC 2014] With reference to ‘Eco-Sensitive Zones’, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation Answer: d) Neither Conservation Reserves Community Reserves [UPSC 2023] Consider the following statements: Once the Central Government notifies an area as a ‘Community Reserve’ How many of the above statements are correct? Explanation Statement 1 is incorrect, and Statements 2, 3 and 4 are correct Answer: c) Only three Sacred Groves 9.2. Ex Situ Conservation [UPSC 2011-12] Which one of the following is not a site for in-situ method of conservation of flora? Explanation Answer: b) Botanical Garden 9.3. National Initiatives Wildlife Mitigation Measures – Eco-Bridges Quarantine Centres to Check Invasive Species Issues with the functioning of the quarantine centres Preservation of the Western and Eastern Ghats Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Madhav Gadgil Committee Recommendations of Gadgil Committee (WGEEP) Report Kasturirangan Committee Recommendations of the Kasturirangan Committee October 2018 notification Historic Citizen Movements Chipko Movement Role of Sunderlal Bhaguna Role of Women in the Movement Appiko Movement Anti-Tehri Dam Protest 9.4. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA) [UPSC 2016] Consider the following pairs: Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? Explanation Answer: c) 3 only [UPSC 2014] Consider the following international agreements: Which of the above has/have a bearing on the biodiversity? Answer: d) all Aichi Biodiversity Targets Sharm El Sheikh Declaration – New Deal for Nature COP-15 of the UN CBD India’s Demands at COP 15 Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework 4 Global Goals by 2050 23 Global Targets By 2030 1) Reducing threats to biodiversity (by 2030) – 8 Targets 2) Meeting people’s needs through sustainable use and benefit-sharing (by 2030) – 5 Targets 3) Tools and solutions for implementation and mainstreaming (by 2030) – 10 Targets 9.5. Other International Efforts Global Partnership on Forest and Landscape Restoration (GPFLR) Bonn Challenge [UPSC 2021] With reference to the ‘New York Declaration on Forests,’ which of the following statements are correct? Explanation Answer: a) 1, 2 and 4 only Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) Mains Practice: What do you understand by Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR)? While identifying the principles of FLR enumerate the initiatives taken by the Government to restore India’s Forest and Tree Cover.. World Forestry Congress and Seoul Declaration Prelims Practice: “Seoul Declaration”, which was in the news recently, is related to? Explanation Prelims Practice: Recently AFFIRM and SAFE initiatives were in news. They are related to? Explanation Initiatives By The UN United Nations Strategic Plan for Forests 2017–2030 Decade on Ecosystem Restoration Biodiversity Finance Initiative (BIOFIN) UNESCO World Heritage Sites 10. Wildlife Conservation Part I 10.1. Regulating Trade in Wildlife Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Parties to CITES [UPSC 2015] With reference to the IUCN and the CITES, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct using the code given below. Explanation Answer: b) 2 and 3 only Conference of Parties to CITES (CoP) Functioning of CITES The protection offered to species by CITES The 18th Conference of the Parties to CITES (CoP18) 19th Conference of the Parties to CITES (CoP19) India’s Proposals Jeypore Ground (Indian) Gecko (EN) North Indian Rosewood/Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) Other Proposals Thelenota (Sea Cucumbers) Ivory Trade CITES Tiger Enforcement Task Force Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE) The Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network (TRAFFIC) [UPSC 2017] Consider the following statements in respect of TRAFFIC: Which of the above statements is/are correct? Answer: b) Coalition Against Wildlife Trafficking (CAWT) 10.2. Policies/Laws Concerning CITES in India Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 WPA 2022 Policies Regulating Foreign Trade Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act 1992 Foreign Trade Policy (2009-2014) EXIM Policy Enforcement: Wildlife Crime Control Bureau WCCB’s Operation ‘Clean Art ‘Not all animals migrate by choice’ campaign 10.3. Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) The 13th Conference of the Parties to CMS (CoP13) Central Asian Mammals Initiative Major Animals Included in Central Mammals Initiative 10.4. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) IUCN Red List or Red Data List or Red Book Critically endangered (CR) [UPSC 2011-12] The ‘Red Data Books’ published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) contain lists of Which of the statement given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: b) 2 only Explanation BirdLife International (BI) [UPSC 2015] With reference to ‘Birdlife International’ which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation Answer: c) 1 and 3 only Challenges to Tiger Conservation Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) Prevention is better than cure Measures Taken by GOI Legal Administrative Financial 3-pronged strategy to manage negative interactions International Cooperation Global Tiger Forum (GTF) Tiger Task Force National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) NTCA members Functions of NTCA Mandates to the states Challenges Tiger Corridors List of macro-landscape level tiger corridors Core and Buffer Zones in Tiger Reserves Core area Buffer areas Tiger Census Estimation of Tiger Populations 2018 Census Methodology MSTrIPES – Technology in Wildlife Conservation Advantage of MSTrIPES 2018 Tiger Census Report (All-India Tiger Estimate) Shivalik Gangetic Plain Central Indian Landscape and Eastern Ghats Western Ghats The Northeast Important Observations from 2018 tiger census Other Important observations Tiger Census 2022 Highlights of the Tiger Census 2022 The International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) Measures that led to the increase in tiger population 10.6. International Efforts Towards Tiger and Snow Leopard Conservation The Global Tiger Initiative Global Snow Leopard and Ecosystem Program (GSLESP) Snow Leopard Population Assessment in India St. Petersburg Declaration International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime TX2 and Tiger Conservation Excellence Award Conservation Assured | Tiger Standards (CA|TS or CATS) TX2 Award Tiger Conservation Excellence Award Project Snow Leopard Why to conserve the high-altitude ecosystem? 10.7. Reintroduction of Cheetahs in India Cheetah vs Leopard vs Jaguar Why Kuno NP? Concerns 10.8. Conservation of Lions Asiatic Lion Project Lion Mains Prectise: Explain the importance of India's Cheetah Reintroduction Project. Should a similar project be taken up for Gir Lions? Analyse. (200 words) Mains Prectise: Compare and contrast (differentiate) the challenges in conserving Bengal Tiger and Asiatic Lion. (200 words) 11. Wildlife Conservation Part II 11.1. Conservation of Elephants [UPSC 2020] With reference to Indian elephants, consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/ are correct? Explanation Answer: a) 1 and 2 only Asian Elephant vs African Elephant and African Forest Elephant vs African Savanna (Bush) Elephant Ecological Importance of Elephants Elephant Corridor Threats to Elephant Corridors Mitigation Project Elephant Other Intitiatives Haathi Mere Saathi Project RE-HAB Asian Elephant Alliance IUCN Asian Elephant Specialist Group (AsESG) 11.2. Conservation of Great One-Horned Rhino Rhino Species Across the World India’s Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros [UPSC 2019] Consider the following statements: Which one of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: a) 1 only Conservation Measures India Rhino Vision (IRV) 2020 Evaluation of IRV 2020 Way forward 11.3. Conservation of the Indian Dolphins Indian Dolphin Species South Asian River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica) Ganges River Dolphin – Susu (P. g. gangetica) Indus River Dolphin (P. g. minor) [UPSC 2015] Which one of the following is the national aquatic animal of India? [UPSC 2014] Other than poaching, what are the possible reasons for the decline in the population of Ganges River Dolphins? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation Answer: c) 1, 3 and 4 only [UPSC 2017] If you want to see gharials in their natural habitat, which is the best place to visit? Irrawady Dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) Ganges River Dolphin Conservation Measures 11.4. Conservation of Indian Crocodile Species Crocodile vs Alligator vs Gharial Indian Crocodile Species Gharial (CR) Mugger/Indian Crocodile (VU) Saltwater Crocodile (LC) Indian Crocodile Conservation Project Madras Crocodile Bank Trust 11.5. Conservation of Turtles Batagur Turtles Species Northern River Terrapin (CR) Three-Striped Roofed Turtle (CR) Red-Crowned (Bengal) Roofed Turtle (CR) Nissilonia Turtle Species Leith's Softshell Turtle (CR) Black Softshell Turtle (CR) Indian (Ganges) Softshell Turtle (EN) Indian Peacock Softshell Turtle (EN) Indian Narrow (Small) Headed Softshell Turtle (EN) Sea Turtle Species Hawksbill Sea Turtle (CR) Kemp's (Atlantic) Ridley Sea Turtle (CR) Green Sea Turtle (EN) Leatherback Sea Turtle (VU) Olive Ridley Sea Turtle (VU) [UPSC 2013] Consider the following fauna of India: Which of the above is/are endangered? Explanation Answer: d) none Sea Turtle Conservation Project 11.6. Conservation of Indian Vultures Diclofenac and Indian Vulture Crisis Consequences of Depopulation of Vultures India Vultures Species White-Rumped Vulture (CR) Red-Headed Vulture (CR) Indian (Long-Billed) Vulture (CR) Slender-Billed Vulture (CR) Egyptian Vulture (EN) Himalayan (Griffon) Vulture (NT) Bearded Vulture (NT) Cinereous Vulture (NT) (Eurasian) Griffon Vulture (LC) Major Non-Indian Vulture Species White-Backed Vulture (CR) Ruppell’s (Griffon) Vulture (CR) Steps Taken by The Government Diclofenac Alternative Vulture Safety Zones (VSZ) Action Plan for Vulture Conservation in India 2020-25 Vulture Safe Zones Other Steps Taken for Vulture Conservation 11.7. Other National Efforts Project Hangul (Kashmiri Stag) Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats Components of the Scheme 22 Indian Critically Endangered (Locally) Species Under Species Recovery Programme Mammals Marine Mammals Birds Reptiles Animal Welfare Board of India [UPSC 2014] Consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/ are correct? Explanation Answer: b) 2 and 3 only National Wildlife Action Plan (NWAP) 2017-2031 Components of 3rd NWAP (2017 – 2031) Landscape Approach to Conservation National Action Plan for Conservation of Migratory Birds (2018-2023) Central Asian Flyway (CAF) Green Good Deeds Initiative Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) 11.8. International Efforts World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF) Initiatives by WWF Earth Hour Debt-for-Nature Swap [UPSC 2014] With reference to Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? [UPSC 2014] Consider the following statements regarding ‘Earth Hour’ Which of the statements given above is / are correct? Answer: c) Similar Topic: Earth Day Network (EDN) & Earth Day International Whaling Commission (IWC) 12. Air Pollution – Causes and Air Pollutants Environmental Issues and Environmental Degradation 12.1. Pollution Air Pollution Major Causes of Air Pollution Vehicular and Industrial Emissions Improper Use of Pyrolysis Applications of Pyrolysis Advantages of Pyrolysis Fuel adulteration Emissions from Agriculture, Waste Treatment and Biomass Burning Stubble Burning Effects of Stubble Burning [UPSC 2015] Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are the three mega cities of the country, but air pollution is a much more severe problem in Delhi compared to the other two. Why is this so? (200 words) Geography and Climate Polluting Industries in close vicinity Vehicular Emissions Farm Straw Burning Winters are more polluted than summers in Delhi. Why? Household Air Pollution (Indoor Air Pollution) Volcanism – Acid Rain, Ozone Destruction [UPSC 2021-22] Consider the following: Which of the above is/are the emission/emissions from coal combustion at thermal power plants? Explanation Answer: d) 1, 2 and 3 Noise Pollution Permissible noise level in India Laws to control Noise Pollution Classification of Air Pollutants 12.2. Air Pollutants Particulate Pollutants Particulate Matter Less than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5) 5th World Air Quality Report Fly ash Composition [UPSC 2020] Consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: d) all Uses Policy measures of MoEF [UPSC 2015] Regarding ‘fly ash’ produced by power plants using coal as fuel, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below Explanation Answer: a) 1 and 2 Nanoparticles (NPs) Effects of Nanoparticles on the environment Dust cloud formation NPs and hydroxy radical (OH) NPs and ozone depletion Effect of NPs on stratospheric temperature [UPSC 2014] There is some concern regarding the nanoparticles of some chemical elements that are used by the industry in the manufacture of various products. Why? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Answer: d) all Black Carbon (Soot) and Himalayan Glaciers Brown Carbon Carbon Monoxide (CO) Health Effects Environmental Effects Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Effects on Health Effects on the Environment Ozone (O3) Tropospheric ozone formation reactions Harmful Effects of Ozone Stratospheric Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) HCFCs and HBFCs Halons [UPSC 2011-12] Consider the following statements: Chlorofluorocarbons, known as ozone-depleting substance