سیستم‌های چندتولیدی: طراحی، فرآیندها و فناوری‌ها

The support for polygeneration lies in the possibility of integrating different technologies into a single energy system, to maximize the utilization of both fossil and renewable fuels. A system that delivers multiple forms of energy to users, maximizing the overall efficiency makes polygeneration an emerging and viable option for energy consuming industries. __Polygeneration Systems: Design, Processes and Technologies__ provides simple and advanced calculation techniques to evaluate energy, environmental and economic performance of polygeneration systems under analysis. With specific design guidelines for each type of polygeneration system and experimental performance data, referred both to single components and overall systems, this title covers all aspects of polygeneration from design to operation, optimization and practical implementation. Giving different aspects of both fossil and non-fossil fuel based polygeneration and the wider area of polygeneration processes, this book helps readers learn general principles to specific system design and development through analysis of case studies, examples, simulation characteristics and thermodynamic and economic data. Cover Title Copyright Contents List of contributors 1 Polygeneration 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Polygeneration: layout 1.3 Polygeneration: fuels 1.3.1 Fossil fuels 1.3.2 Renewable energies 1.3.3 Hybrid energy inputs 1.4 By-products of polygeneration systems 1.5 Distributed generation 1.6 Pro and cons References 2 Components and processes of polygeneration systems 2.1 Main components included in polygeneration systems 2.1.1 Internal combustion engines 2.1.2 Steam turbine cycles 2.1.3 Organic Rankine cycles 2.1.4 Gas turbine cycles 2.1.5 Combined cycles 2.1.6 Fuel cells 2.1.7 Electric-driven and heat-driven chillers and heat pumps 2.1.8 Wind systems 2.1.9 Geothermal systems 2.1.10 Biomass systems 2.1.11 Solar collectors, photovoltaic panels, and concentrated solar power 2.1.11.1 Solar stationary collectors 2.1.11.2 Solar tracking concentrating collectors 2.1.11.3 Photovoltaic panels 2.1.12 Hydrosystems 2.2 Storage systems 2.2.1 Electric energy vehicles 2.3 Main processes included in polygeneration systems References 3 Methodologies for the evaluation of polygeneration systems 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Basic indicators of energo-environmental performance for polygeneration plants 3.3 Fundamentals of eligibility criteria for high-efficiency combined heat and power assessment 3.4 Economics of polygeneration systems under market conditions 3.5 Evaluation methods for the optimal plant design and operation strategies 3.6 Thermoeconomic analysis of polygeneration systems 3.7 Conclusions References Further reading 4 Natural gas-based polygeneration systems 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Natural gas use 4.3 Natural gas-driven combined cooling, heat, and power systems 4.4 Natural gas-driven polygeneration systems 4.1 Natural gas polygeneration systems with desalination processes 4.2 Natural gas polygeneration systems based on reforming processes 4.3 Natural gas polygeneration systems based on chemical looping 4.4 Natural gas and coal or petcoke polygeneration systems 4.5 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 5 Biomass-based systems 5.1 Introduction to biomass-based polygeneration plants 5.2 Biomass feedstocks for polygeneration plants 5.2.1 Dedicated energy crops and algae 5.2.2 Agricultural and forestry residues 5.2.3 Municipal, agroindustrial, and animal industry residues 5.3 Biomass polygeneration plant pretreatments 5.3.1 Biological pretreatments 5.3.2 Nonbiological: physical pretreatments 5.3.3 Nonbiological: chemical pretreatments 5.3.4 Nonbiological: physical–chemical pretreatments 5.4 Thermochemical processes in polygeneration from biomass 5.4.1 Pyrolysis for polygeneration 5.4.2 Combustion for polygeneration 5.4.3 Gasification for polygeneration 5.4.4 Purification and conditioning of syngas obtained from biomass 5.5 Biochemical processes in polygeneration from biomass 5.5.1 Hydrolysate fermentation 5.5.1.1 Bioethanol 5.5.1.2 Biodiesel 5.5.1.3 Hydrogen 5.5.2 Syngas fermentation 5.6 Outputs of biomass-based polygeneration systems 5.6.1 Biomass-based polygeneration systems for energy production 5.6.2 Biomass-based polygeneration systems for energy and biofuels production 5.6.3 Other outputs of biomass-based polygeneration systems References 6 Solar-based systems 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Solar technologies 6.2.1 Photovoltaics 6.2.2 Concentrating solar power 6.2.2.1 Parabolic trough collector 6.2.2.2 Linear fresnel reflectors 6.2.2.3 Solar power tower 6.2.2.4 Solar dish 6.2.3 Solar thermal heating and cooling 6.2.3.1 Flat-plate collectors 6.2.3.2 Evacuated tube collectors 6.2.3.3 Compound parabolic collectors 6.3 Solar polygeneration systems 6.4 Hybridized solar polygeneration systems 6.5 Example of a solar-based polygeneration system 6.5.1 System layout and operation strategy 6.5.2 Methodology 6.5.2.1 Energy savings and economic model 6.5.2.2 Case study 6.5.3 Presentation of the results 6.5.3.1 Weekly analysis 6.5.3.2 Yearly results 6.5.3.3 Sensitivity analysis Nomenclature References 7 Hybrid fossil fuel/renewable systems for polygeneration 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Natural gas and solar energy systems 7.2.1 Natural gas and solar thermal systems 7.2.2 Natural gas and photovoltaic panels 7.2.3 Natural gas and solar energy for cogeneration 7.2.4 Natural gas and fuel cell systems 7.3 Natural gas, biomass, and geothermal systems 7.4 Diesel and solar energy systems 7.5 Generation of alternative fuels in fossil/RES hybrid/polygeneration plants 7.5.1 Alternative fuels for internal use in a system 7.5.2 Alternative fuels as products of a system 7.6 Conclusions Nomenclature References 8 Combined cooling, heat, and power systems 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Absorption-based trigeneration systems 8.2.1 Introductory notes on absorption chillers 8.2.2 Literature overview 8.3 Adsorption-based trigeneration systems 8.3.1 Introductory notes on adsorption chillers 8.3.2 Literature overview 8.4 Desiccant cooling-based trigeneration systems 8.4.1 Introductory notes on desiccant cooling systems 8.4.2 Literature overview 8.5 Other trigeneration systems 8.5.1 Combined cooling, heating, and power systems based on ejector refrigeration cycles [37] 8.5.2 Ammonia-water cycle configurations 8.6 Conclusions References 9 Fourth generation district heating and cooling 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Smart energy system 9.3 Fourth generation district heating and cooling integrated into smart energy system 9.3.1 Polygeneration and energy sources for fourth GDHC 9.3.2 Control strategy 9.3.3 Storage 9.3.4 Main indices to evaluate the energetic, environmental, and economic characteristics of fourth GDHC 9.4 Outlook of the fourth generation district heating and cooling network 9.5 Example of fourth generation district heating 9.5.1 System layout and operation strategy 9.5.2 Model 9.5.2.1 Building 9.5.2.2 Reversible heat pump 9.5.2.3 Pipe 9.5.3 Presentation of the results 9.6 Conclusion Nomenclature References 10 Polygeneration systems in buildings 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Energy in buildings 10.2.1 Demand types and intensities 10.2.2 Space heating and cooling 10.2.3 Serving demand through polygeneration 10.2.4 Storage and demand response 10.2.5 Zero and Positive Energy Buildings 10.2.6 Energy vectors 10.3 Fuel-based polygeneration approaches 10.3.1 Fuel combustion and heat engines 10.3.2 Fuel cells 10.4 Solar-based polygeneration approaches 10.4.1 Solar energy resources 10.4.2 Solar thermal systems 10.4.3 Photovoltaics 10.4.4 Photovoltaic–thermal systems 10.4.5 Solar CHP building integration with hydronic systems 10.4.6 Solar CHP building integration with ventilation systems 10.4.7 Solar-based CCHP systems 10.4.8 Solar polygeneration building envelopes with daylighting functions 10.4.9 Multifunction solar polygeneration building envelopes References Supplementary references for Figure 10.3 11 Polygeneration systems in industry 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Evolution of the concept of polygeneration 11.3 Industrial polygeneration 11.3.1 Coal-based industrial polygeneration 11.3.2 Polygeneration in existing industrial units 11.3.2.1 Scope of polygeneration in iron and steel industries 11.3.2.2 Scope of polygeneration in cement plant 11.3.2.3 Scope of polygeneration in an aluminum production unit 11.3.2.4 Scope of polygeneration in oil refineries 11.3.2.5 Scope of polygeneration in the sugarcane industry 11.3.2.6 Scope of polygeneration in a glass manufacturing unit 11.3.2.7 Scope of polygeneration in marine ship 11.3.2.8 Polygeneration integrated into the pulp and paper mill 11.3.2.9 Scope of polygeneration in the high water cut stage of an oilfield 11.3.3 Scope of using low-grade industrial waste heat in polygeneration 11.4 Conclusions References Index Backcover The support for polygeneration lies in the possibility of integrating different technologies into a single energy system, to maximize the utilization of both fossil and renewable fuels. A system that delivers multiple forms of energy to users, maximizing the overall efficiency makes polygeneration an emerging and viable option for energy consuming industries. Polygeneration Systems: Design, Processes and Technologies provides simple and advanced calculation techniques to evaluate energy, environmental and economic performance of polygeneration systems under analysis. With specific design guidelines for each type of polygeneration system and experimental performance data, referred both to single components and overall systems, this title covers all aspects of polygeneration from design to operation, optimization and practical implementation. Giving different aspects of both fossil and non-fossil fuel based polygeneration and the wider area of polygeneration processes, this book helps readers learn general principles to specific system design and development through analysis of case studies, examples, simulation characteristics and thermodynamic and economic data. Detailed economic data for technology to assist developing feasibility studies regarding the possible application of polygeneration technologies Offers a comprehensive list of all current numerical and experimental results of polygeneration available Includes simulation models, cost figures, demonstration projects and test standards for designers and researchers to validate their own models and/or to test the reliability of their results