Process Management

Before we start to consider the above mentioned different external changes and try to adapt MSLA for them we should spend some time for decomposition of technological processes and to give some necessary previews and introductions for new ideas. First of all we are going to introduce and discuss a new concept named "The Technological Coalition" as a special part of technological process and corresponding part of algorithms for its control. We use decomposition of technological process not as it is used in most cases, not only as a tool for decreasing the complexity of technology description. We use it as tool for finding and delimiting areas of instability, changeability in the technological process. What does it mean? It means that any new change (factor) which will appear will be localized in Technological Coalition (TC). The second assumption is that all TCs behave in the same way. The same behavior means that the same operations can be determined. TC= A set of separate devices for different technological needs. Any reservoirs, valves, sand collectors, pumps, separators, drip pockets, desalters (demineralizers), heaters, freezers, fractionators, precipitation tanks, coolers, sewage tanks, components for flare system, boosters and etc. They are collectively known as "equipment" or "devices" or "aggregates". Each type of equipment (aggregate) has its own local control algorithm (included in a special set named LCA see below). R - defines physical links which connect product inputs and outputs of different aggregates. It means for most cases some pipes or other transporters. The flows of different substances pass through them and various parameters of these substances change in the process. A and R together build a TN an oriented graph of Technological Net. The concept of a TN is too well known to require any examples. LCA set of local control algorithms for each type from A. We prefer to use Moore-Automat Model for each element of LCA, but it isn't necessary. M, M, MS are tables with a special purpose they collect changes and give possibility to consider and process them. LC Life Cycle of TC (see below) described as an oriented graph having six special states. The traditional division into the controlled object (technological process) and the control system (algorithms, MSLA) is changed here. Please note that A, R, LCA represent the flow technology, LC is a part of control system. The TC consolidates parts of both sides. And the TC isn't the result of decomposition of our flow technology only. The TC as an abstract idea doesn't have exactly one, precise and absolutely clear interpretation for operating staff and for software developers. We realize it. In most cases we can associate the TC with an idea of "route" (as sequence of technological devices), but not always. Note that a list of TC's appears on the phase of pre-design of control system, but implementation is often not clear on this phase. Moreover, it will be better when technological specialists and control specialists develop the list of TC's together We developed an hydrological model for planning the water supply from different sources and predicting the chloride concentrations in the aquifer water, and implemented it on a unique database constructed for the case study of the hydrological cells of the Emek Heffer and Northern Sharon areas in Israel. We also estimated the costs of various desalination processes under these regional conditions, and calculated the total cost of the water supply for different policy-making scenarios. Several findings arise from calculating the costs involved in improving the salinity threshold for water supply to the city and/or agriculture, or for maintaining a sustainable steady-state aquifer. The main conclusions are that the lowest-cost alternative is brackish water desalination; desalination of national carrier water is feasible under large-scale use conditions; wastewater desalination is important to maintain the agricultural water salinity threshold; and finally, seawater desalination is worthwhile when their contribution is essential for the national water balance. If we wish to maintain a salinity threshold of 250 mg/Cl in the aquifer water, we need to limit the salinity level of the irrigation water in Emek Heffer to approximately 90 mg/Cl. The additional annual expenditure needed to maintain the aquifer salinity level is between 2.5 to 5 million dollars, or between 10.75 to 20 cents per cm. It is important to keep in mind that improving the quality of the water supply and the quality of the groundwater comes at an economic price that has to be taken into consideration in the decision making process. The model we developed and applied is used to examine the planning, hydrological, technological and economic aspects of the supply and desalination of different water sources, and to examine the implications on the economy, on groundwater quality and on the environment. The model's advantages lie in its multidisciplinary nature and in its practical applicability, as well as in its ability to evaluate and direct scenarios of supply and treatment of different water sources. At this stage, the model includes only the salinity level component of water quality, but the model can be expanded to examine the treatment of other components, such as nitrogen concentrations, and can be developed as a computerized model that will improve the policy-makers ability to make informed decisions In this chapter it has been established that Mexico figures among the nations facing severe scarcity. Scarcity was defined as a situation where population has less than 1000 cubic meter per capita per year to satisfy their basic needs. In order to face problems like scarcity, the Mexican government has employed three different approaches. The supply oriented approach was just conceived to solve particular problems and specific or sectoral water demands, eg. To enable and improve irrigation, to supply domestic and irrigation needs, to control flooding, to mitigate drought and to building power stations. It also involved the operation and maintenance of build facilities, like dams, but without taking heed of neither multiple water users nor carrying out any sort of management. This supply approach best moment occurred with the creation of institutions called "commissions" oriented to river basin development. The development of this model in Mexico occurred during the period of Preface&Contents_Process_Management......Page 1 01_Phusavat......Page 15 02_Tupa......Page 31 03_Sun......Page 45 04_Soltanmohammad......Page 57 05_Ambartsumyan......Page 81 06_Kazansky......Page 119 07_Beneventi......Page 135 08_Mariano......Page 161 09_Pomffyova......Page 173 10_Gonzalez_Trujillo......Page 193 11_Ma......Page 211 12_Yilmaz......Page 237 13_Ruelas_Monjardin......Page 259 14_Haruvy......Page 271 15_Furst......Page 283 16_Couto......Page 299 17_Yenice......Page 323 18_Cheng......Page 341