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Content......Page 4 General......Page 5 Power Load at No Load, I2 =0......Page 7 Power Line at Load......Page 8 Voltage Drop and Losses in Power Systems......Page 9 Voltage, Reactive and Active Power known at the Recieving End......Page 10 Voltage, Reactive and Active Power known at the Sending End......Page 11 Representation of Long Power Lines......Page 12 One Generator Feeding A Strong Network......Page 14 Equal Area Criteria for Stability......Page 15 Actions to Improve the Stability......Page 18 Shunt Reactors......Page 19 Reactors for Extinction of Secondary Arc at Auto-Reclosing......Page 20 Introduction......Page 23 Factors affecting the Fault Calculation......Page 24 Time Aspect......Page 25 Type of Fault......Page 26 Balanced Fault Calculation......Page 27 Step by Step Instructions - Short Circuit Calculations......Page 28 Short Circuit calculations with short circuit Power......Page 32 Symmetrical Components......Page 36 What is System Earthing......Page 51 Fix the Network to Earth Potential......Page 52 Reduce the Fault Current at Earth Fault......Page 53 Reduce Overvoltages......Page 54 Simplify Location Earth Faults......Page 56 Avoid Ferro-Resonance......Page 57 Direct Earthing......Page 58 Low Resisitance Earthing......Page 59 High Resistive Earthing......Page 61 Resonance Earthing......Page 62 Z/0 - Connected Earthing Transformer......Page 64 Current Distribution at an Earth Fault with a Z/O Earth Transformer......Page 66 Current Distribution at an Earth Fault in a Transmission Network......Page 67 Individual Earthing in Every Neutral Point of the Power Sources......Page 69 Common Earthing Through a Neutral Busbar......Page 70 Common Earthing Through a Earthing Transformer on the Busbar......Page 71 Voltages Between 25 and 100 KV......Page 73 Voltages Between 1 and 25 KV for Distribution......Page 74 Voltages Under 1 KV......Page 75 Comparison of Different Earthing Principles......Page 77 Parallel Resistors for the Resonance......Page 80 Increased Current Through the Resistor at high resistance earthing......Page 81 The Task of the Protection System......Page 83 Operating Conditions of Power System......Page 84 Requirement on Protection System......Page 87 Choice of Protection Equipment......Page 89 Disturbance Registration and Fault Signalling......Page 96 Introduction......Page 97 Fault Types......Page 98 Special Fault Types......Page 99 Requirements on Line Protection......Page 100 Overcurrent Relays......Page 103 Pilot Wire,Optical Line Differential and Phase Comparison Relays......Page 104 Distance and Directional Impedance Protection......Page 111 Application Problems......Page 130 The Principle of an Auto Reclosing Device......Page 132 General Conditions for Auto Reclosing......Page 133 Blocking......Page 136 Auto Reclose for One-and a half Breaker or Ring Bubar Schemes......Page 137 An Auto Reclosing Scheme......Page 143 Auto Reclosing Sequences......Page 145 Synchro Check Device......Page 147 Delayed Auto Reclosing with Synchro Check......Page 149 High-Speed Auto Reclosing with Synchronism Check......Page 151 Arrangement of Synchro-Check Units for Auto Reclosing......Page 153 Synchro-Check Relay/Function......Page 154 Example of Synchro Check Function Settings......Page 155 General Design......Page 156 Conditions Leading To Faults......Page 163 Relay Protection......Page 164 Differential Protection of Low Impedance Type......Page 165 Differential Protection for Auto-Transformers......Page 169 Back-up Protection Relays......Page 170 Protection Block Diagram......Page 172 Need for Shunt Reactors......Page 175 Connections in the Substation......Page 176 Synchronous Switching of Shunt Reactor Circuit -Breakers......Page 177 Thyristor(Phase-Angle) Controlled Reactors(TCR)......Page 178 Relay Protection for Direct Earthed SR:S......Page 180 Relay Setting......Page 181 Current Transformer Design......Page 183 Primary Sensitivity......Page 184 General About Capacitor Banks......Page 185 Capacitor Bank Overload Relay......Page 186 Short-Circuit Protection......Page 188 Types of Busbar Protection......Page 189 Principles of Differential Busbar Configurations......Page 190 Switching in Current Circuits......Page 194 Protection of MV Busbars in Distribution Networks......Page 195 Application of Busbar Protection......Page 196 Breaker Failure Relays......Page 198 Pole Discordance Relays......Page 200 Fault Resistance and Fault Current Levels......Page 203 Neutral Point Voltages......Page 205 Restricted Earth Fault Protection......Page 206 Logarithmic inverse relay......Page 209 Directional Comparison Schemes......Page 211 Inrush Current Stabilization......Page 214 Z-0 Earthing Transformer......Page 215 Fault Resistance and Fault Current Levels......Page 216 Restricted Earth Fault Protection......Page 217 Earth Fault Protection......Page 219 Fault Resistance and Fault Current Levels......Page 220 Neutral Point Voltages......Page 221 Directional Earth Fault Protection......Page 222 Resonance Earthed Systems......Page 223 Directional Earth Fault Protection......Page 226 Transient Measuring Relays......Page 228 Measuring Earth Fault Current......Page 229 Calculation of Efficiency Factor......Page 232 Current Transformers......Page 235 Current Transformer Output......Page 239 Selection of CT Cores......Page 246 Voltage Transformers......Page 249 Measuring Error......Page 251 Voltage Transformers with several secondary windings......Page 254 Fusing of Secondary Circuits......Page 259 Voltage Transformer Output......Page 257 CT Requirements......Page 263 Overcurrent Protection Relays......Page 264 Impedance and Distance Protection Relays......Page 266 Differential Protection Relays......Page 267 Fault Locators......Page 271 Breaker Failure Relay Type Raica......Page 273 Control System Structure......Page 275 Instrument Transformers......Page 277 Protection and Control Equipment......Page 288 Signalling......Page 293 Interlocking......Page 295 Terminal Numbering System......Page 297 Setting of Protection......Page 301 Protection Relays Setting......Page 304 Relative Selective Protection Relays......Page 315 Selectivity Plan......Page 327 Sub-Divided Protection Systems......Page 341 Arrangement of Trip Circuits......Page 347 Cabling......Page 349 Alarming and Testing......Page 350