Radar signals

A text and general reference on the design and analysis of radar signals As radar technology evolves to encompass a growing spectrum of applications in military, aerospace, automotive, and other sectors, innovations in digital signal processing have risen to meet the demand. Presenting a long overdue, up-to-date, dedicated resource on radar signals, the authors fill a critical gap in radar technology literature. Radar Signals features in-depth coverage of the most prevalent classical and modern radar signals used today, as well as new signal concepts developed in recent years. Inclusion of key MATLAB software codes throughout the book demonstrates how they dramatically simplify the process of describing and analyzing complex signals. Topics covered include: * Matched filter and ambiguity function concepts * Basic radar signals, with both analytical and numerical analysis * Frequency modulated and phase-coded pulses * Complete discussion of band-limiting schemes * Coherent LFM pulse trains-the most popular radar signal * Diversity in pulse trains, including stepped frequency pulses * Continuous-wave signals * Multicarrier phase-coded signals Combining lucid explanation, preferred signal tables, MATLAB codes, and problem sets in each chapter, Radar Signals is an essential reference for professionals-and a systematic tutorial for any seeking to broaden their knowledge base in this dynamic field. Team DDU......Page 1 CONTENTS......Page 9 Preface......Page 15 1 Introduction......Page 17 1.1 Basic Relationships: Range–Delay and Velocity–Doppler......Page 18 Box 1A: Doppler Effect......Page 19 1.2 Accuracy, Resolution, and Ambiguity......Page 23 1.3 Environmental Diagram......Page 29 1.4 Other Trade-Offs and Penalties in Waveform Design......Page 31 1.5 Concluding Comments......Page 33 Problems......Page 34 References......Page 35 2.1 Complex Representation of Bandpass Signals......Page 36 Box 2A: I and Q Components of Narrow Bandpass Signal......Page 38 2.2 Matched Filter......Page 40 Box 2B: Filter Matched to a Baseband Rectangular Pulse......Page 43 2.3 Matched Filter for a Narrow Bandpass Signal......Page 45 2.4 Matched-Filter Response to Its Doppler-Shifted Signal......Page 47 Problems......Page 48 References......Page 49 3.1 Main Properties of the Ambiguity Function......Page 50 3.2 Proofs of the AF Properties......Page 52 3.3 Interpretation of Property 4......Page 54 3.4 Cuts Through the Ambiguity Function......Page 56 3.6 Periodic Ambiguity Function......Page 58 Box 3A: Variants of the Periodic Ambiguity Function......Page 60 3.7 Discussion......Page 62 Appendix 3A: MATLAB Code for Plotting Ambiguity Functions......Page 63 Problems......Page 67 References......Page 68 4.1 Constant-Frequency Pulse......Page 69 4.2 Linear Frequency-Modulated Pulse......Page 73 4.2.1 Range Sidelobe Reduction......Page 77 4.2.2 Mismatch Loss......Page 82 4.3 Coherent Train of Identical Unmodulated Pulses......Page 83 Problems......Page 88 References......Page 89 5.1 Costas Frequency Coding......Page 90 5.1.1 Costas Signal Definition and Ambiguity Function......Page 91 5.1.2 On the Number of Costas Arrays and Their Construction......Page 96 5.1.3 Longer Costas Signals......Page 99 5.2 Nonlinear Frequency Modulation......Page 102 Appendix 5A: MATLAB Code for Welch Construction of Costas Arrays......Page 112 Problems......Page 113 References......Page 115 6 Phase-Coded Pulse......Page 116 Box 6A: Aperiodic Correlation Function of a Phase-Coded Pulse......Page 117 Box 6B: Properties of the Cross-Correlation Function of a Phase Code......Page 120 6.1 Barker Codes......Page 121 6.1.1 Minimum Peak Sidelobe Codes......Page 122 6.1.2 Nested Codes......Page 123 6.1.3 Polyphase Barker Codes......Page 125 6.2 Chirplike Phase Codes......Page 129 6.2.1 Frank Code......Page 131 Box 6C: Perfectness of the Frank Code......Page 133 6.2.2 P1, P2, and Px Codes......Page 134 6.2.3 Zadoff–Chu Code......Page 138 Box 6D: Perfectness of the Zadoff–Chu Code......Page 140 Box 6E: Rotational Invariance of the Zadoff–Chu Code Aperiodic ACF Magnitude......Page 141 6.2.4 P3, P4, and Golomb Polyphase Codes......Page 142 6.2.5 Phase Codes Based on a Nonlinear FM Pulse......Page 144 6.3 Asymptotically Perfect Codes......Page 148 6.4 Golomb's Codes with Ideal Periodic Correlation......Page 150 Box 6F: Deriving the Perfect Golomb Biphase Code......Page 151 Box 6G: Deriving the Golomb Two-Valued Code with Ideal Periodic Cross-Correlation......Page 152 6.5 Ipatov Code......Page 153 6.6 Optimal Filters for Sidelobe Suppression......Page 156 6.7 Huffman Code......Page 158 6.8 Bandwidth Considerations in Phase-Coded Signals......Page 161 6.9 Concluding Comments......Page 171 Appendix 6A: Galois Fields......Page 172 Appendix 6B: Quadriphase Barker 13......Page 174 Appendix 6C: Gaussian-Windowed Sinc......Page 175 Problems......Page 176 References......Page 180 7 Coherent Train of LFM Pulses......Page 184 7.1 Coherent Train of Identical LFM Pulses......Page 185 7.2 Filters Matched to Higher Doppler Shifts......Page 189 7.3 Interpulse Weighting......Page 192 7.4 Intra- and Interpulse Weighting......Page 195 7.5 Analytic Expressions of the Delay–Doppler Response of an LFM Pulse Train with Intra- and Interpulse Weighting......Page 196 7.5.1 Ambiguity Function of N LFM Pulses......Page 197 7.5.2 Delay–Doppler Response of a Mismatched Receiver......Page 198 7.5.3 Adding Intrapulse Weighting......Page 199 7.5.4 Examples......Page 201 Problems......Page 205 References......Page 206 8.1 Introduction to MTI Radar......Page 207 8.1.1 Single Canceler......Page 208 8.1.2 Double Canceler......Page 209 8.2.1 Staggered-PRF Concept......Page 211 8.2.2 Actual Frequency Response of Staggered-PRF MTI Radar......Page 215 8.2.3 MTI Radar Performance Analysis......Page 218 Box 8A: Improvement Factor Introduced through the Autocorrelation Function......Page 220 Box 8B: Optimal MTI Weights......Page 222 8.3.1 Single-PRF Pulse Train Blind Zones and Ambiguities......Page 226 8.3.2 Solving Range–Doppler Ambiguities......Page 228 8.3.3 Selection of Medium-PRF Sets......Page 230 Box 8C: Binary Integration......Page 236 Problems......Page 238 References......Page 241 9.1 Diversity for Recurrent Lobes Reduction......Page 242 9.2 Diversity for Bandwidth Increase: Stepped Frequency......Page 244 9.2.1 Ambiguity Function of a Stepped-Frequency Train of LFM Pulses......Page 245 9.2.2 Stepped-Frequency Train of Unmodulated Pulses......Page 247 9.2.3 Stretch-Processing a Stepped-Frequency Train of Unmodulated Pulses......Page 252 9.2.4 Stepped-Frequency Train of LFM Pulses......Page 261 9.3 Train of Complementary Pulses......Page 278 Box 9A: Operations That Yield Equivalent Complementary Sets......Page 281 9.3.1 Generating Complementary Sets Using Recursion......Page 282 9.3.2 Complementary Sets Generated Using the PON Construction......Page 283 9.3.3 Complementary Sets Based on an Orthogonal Matrix......Page 285 9.4 Train of Subcomplementary Pulses......Page 286 9.5 Train of Orthogonal Pulses......Page 289 Box 9B: Autocorrelation Function of Orthogonal-Coded Pulse Trains......Page 290 9.5.1 Orthogonal-Coded LFM Pulse Train......Page 293 9.5.2 Orthogonal-Coded LFM–LFM Pulse Train......Page 295 9.5.3 Orthogonal-Coded LFM–NLFM Pulse Train......Page 297 Appendix 9A: Generating a Numerical Stepped-Frequency Train of LFM Pulses......Page 300 Problems......Page 302 References......Page 307 10 Continuous-Wave Signals......Page 310 10.1 Revisiting the Periodic Ambiguity Function......Page 311 10.2 PAF of Ideal Phase-Coded Signals......Page 313 10.3 Doppler Sidelobe Reduction Using Weight Windows......Page 317 10.4 Creating a Shifted Response in Doppler and Delay......Page 321 10.5 Frequency-Modulated CW Signals......Page 322 10.5.1 Sawtooth Modulation......Page 325 10.5.2 Sinusoidal Modulation......Page 327 10.5.3 Triangular Modulation......Page 331 10.6 Mixer Implementation of an FM CW Radar Receiver......Page 334 Appendix 10A: Test for Ideal PACF......Page 339 Problems......Page 340 References......Page 342 11 Multicarrier Phase-Coded Signals......Page 343 Box 11A: Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing......Page 346 11.1 Multicarrier Phase-Coded Signals with Low PMEPR......Page 348 11.1.1 PMEPR of an IS MCPC Signal......Page 349 Box 11B: Closed-Form Multicarrier Bit Phasing with Low PMEPR......Page 351 11.1.2 PMEPR of an MCPC Signal Based on COCS of a CLS......Page 355 11.2 Single MCPC Pulse......Page 357 11.2.1 Identical Sequence......Page 358 11.2.2 MCPC Pulse Based on COCS of a CLS......Page 361 11.3 CW (Periodic) Multicarrier Signal......Page 366 11.4.1 ICS MCPC Diverse Pulse Train......Page 374 11.4.2 COCS of a CLS MCPC Diverse Pulse Train......Page 376 11.4.3 MOCS MCPC Pulse Train......Page 377 11.4.4 Frequency Spectra of MCPC Diverse Pulse Trains......Page 380 11.5 Summary......Page 381 Problems......Page 383 References......Page 388 A.1 Ambiguity Function Plot with a GUI......Page 389 A.2 Creating Complex Signals for Use with ambfn1.m or ambfn7.m......Page 406 A.3 Cross-Ambiguity Function Plot......Page 410 A.4 Generating a CW Periodic Signal with Weighting on Receive......Page 416 Index......Page 419 "A text and general reference on the design and analysis of radar signals. As radar technology evolves to encompass a growing spectrum of applications in military, aerospace, automotive, and other sectors, innovations in digital signal processing have risen to meet the demand. Presenting a long overdue, up-to-date, dedicated resource on radar signals, the authors fill a critical gap in radar technology literature. Radar Signals features in-depth coverage of the most prevalent classical and modern radar signals used today, as well as new signal concepts developed in recent years. Inclusion of key MATLAB software codes throughout the book demonstrates how they dramatically simplify the process of describing and analyzing complex signals. Topics covered include: *Matched filter and ambiguity function concepts *Basic radar signals, with both analytical and numerical analysis *Frequency modulated and phase-coded pulses *Complete discussion of band-limiting schemes *Coherent LFM pulse trains-the most popular radar signal *Diversity in pulse trains, including stepped frequency pulses *Continuous-wave signals *Multicarrier phase-coded signals. Combining lucid explanation, preferred signal tables, MATLAB codes, and problem sets in each chapter, Radar Signals is an essential reference for professionals-and a systematic tutorial for any seeking to broaden their knowledge base in this dynamic field."--Publisher's description "Radar Signals is an essential reference for professionals - and a systematic tutorial for anyone seeking to broaden their knowledge base in this field."--Jacket