This book gives an introduction to the possibilities of radar technology based on active array antennas, giving examples of modern practical systems, many of which were developed in Europe. In addition to coverage of antennas, array signal processing, adaptive digital beamforming, adaptive monopulse, superresolution, and sequential detection, several modern systems are described including space-time adaptive processing (STAP), moving target detection using synthetic aperture radar (SAR), and several other experimental phased array radar systems. There are many valuable lessons presented for designers of future high standard multifunction radar systems for military and civil applications. The book will appeal to graduate level engineers, researchers, and managers in the field of radar, aviation and space technology. Also available: Low-angle Radar Land Clutter - ISBN 9780852962305 Advanced Radar Techniques and Systems - ISBN 9780863411724 The Institution of Engineering and Technology is one of the world's leading professional societies for the engineering and technology community. The IET publishes more than 100 new titles every year; a rich mix of books, journals and magazines with a back catalogue of more than 350 books in 18 different subject areas including: -Power & Energy -Renewable Energy -Radar, Sonar & Navigation -Electromagnetics -Electrical Measurement -History of Technology -Technology Management Front Matter......Page 1 Preface......Page 4 Table of Contents......Page 0 Table of Contents......Page 7 1. Introduction......Page 19 2.1 Vectors, Matrices......Page 22 2.2.1 Addition and Subtraction......Page 23 2.2.2 Multiplication......Page 24 2.2.3 Identity Matrix......Page 25 2.2.5 Eigenvalue Decomposition......Page 26 2.3 Fourier Transform......Page 27 2.4 Filter in the Frequency and Time Domain......Page 29 2.5 Correlation......Page 32 2.6 Wiener Khintchine Theorem......Page 33 2.7 References......Page 34 3.1 The General Tasks of Signal Processing......Page 35 3.2 Introduction to Basics of Statistics......Page 36 3.2.1 Probabilities for Discrete Random Variables......Page 37 3.2.2 Continuous Random Variables......Page 39 3.2.3 Functions of Random Variables......Page 42 3.2.4 Statistical Averages......Page 46 3.2.6 Gaussian Density Function......Page 48 3.2.7 Correlated Gaussian Variables......Page 49 3.2.8 Complex Gaussian Variables......Page 50 3.3 Likelihood-ratio Test......Page 51 3.4 Parameter Estimation......Page 56 3.4.1 Variance of the Estimate and Cramer-Rao Limit......Page 57 3.5.1 Maximum-likelihood Estimation......Page 61 3.5.2 Signal Estimation with Least-mean-square Error......Page 62 3.5.3 Interference Suppression by the Inverse Covariance......Page 63 3.6 Summary......Page 65 3.7 References......Page 66 4. Array Antennas......Page 67 4.1 Array Factor......Page 68 4.2 Array Parameters......Page 73 4.2.2 Bandwidth Limitation with Phase Steering......Page 74 4.2.3 Antenna Element Spacing Without Grating Lobes......Page 76 4.2.5 Reduction of Sidelobes by Tapering......Page 77 4.3 Circular Array......Page 80 4.4 Phase and Amplitude Errors......Page 81 4.5 Architectures of Passive and Active Array Antennas......Page 87 4.5.2 Radar Equation for Active Arrays......Page 91 4.6 Concepts for an Extended Field of View......Page 92 4.6.1 Volume Array for Complete Azimuth Coverage......Page 93 4.7 Monitoring of Phased-array Antennas......Page 95 4.7.1 Antenna Measurement......Page 96 4.7.2 Transmit/Receive Module (TRM) Monitoring......Page 97 4.8 Appendix: Taylor and Bayliss Weighting......Page 99 4.9 References......Page 101 5. Beamforming......Page 103 5.1.2 Subarrays and Partial Digital Beamforming......Page 105 5.1.3 Dynamic Range Requirements......Page 107 5.1.4 Subarray Configuration for Digital Sum and Difference Beamforming......Page 108 5.1.5 Correction of Antenna Failures......Page 112 5.2 Broadband Beamforming......Page 113 5.3 Multiple Beams......Page 117 5.3.1 RF Multiple Beamforming......Page 118 5.3.2 RF Multiple Beamforming Using Subarrays......Page 119 5.3.6 Digital Multiple Beamforming Using Subarrays......Page 120 5.3.7 Multiple Beam Cluster for Target Search......Page 122 5.4 Deterministic Spatial Filtering......Page 123 5.5 References......Page 125 6.1 Analytical Signal......Page 127 6.2 Sampling and Interpolation......Page 130 6.3 Extraction of the Components I and Q in Digital Format......Page 132 6.4 Third-order Intercept Point (TOI) and Dynamic Range......Page 137 6.5 References......Page 139 7.1 Introduction......Page 140 7.2 Requirements and Basic Structure for Pulse Compression......Page 141 7.3 Binary Phase Codes......Page 142 7.4 Polyphase Code as an Approximation of Linear Frequency Modulation......Page 143 7.5.1 Application of a Weighting Function......Page 148 7.5.2 Application of a Mismatched LS Filter......Page 150 7.6 Reduction of Sidelobes by a Phase Code from Nonlinear Frequency Modulation......Page 153 7.7 Complementary Codes......Page 158 7.8 Polyphase Code with Periodic Repetition......Page 159 7.9 Pulse Eclipsing......Page 160 7.10 High Range Resolution by Oversampling and LS Pulse Compression......Page 161 7.10.2 Subpulse Filter......Page 163 7.10.4 Pulse Compression of Simulated Signals......Page 164 7.10.5 Compression of Measured Echo Signals......Page 166 7.11 Conclusions......Page 168 7.12 References......Page 169 8. Detection of Targets by a Pulse Series......Page 170 8.1 Filter against Fixed Clutter......Page 172 8.2 Doppler Filter Processor......Page 175 8.3 Adaptive Suppression of Weather Clutter......Page 178 8.3.1 Computation of the Gain......Page 180 8.3.2 Evaluation of Experimental Signals......Page 182 8.4 Suppression of Sea Clutter......Page 184 8.5 Estimation of Doppler Frequency......Page 188 8.5.1 Accuracy of Doppler Estimation by Cramer-Rao Bound......Page 191 8.5.2 Simplified Doppler Estimator......Page 192 8.6.1 Variable Doppler Frequency of the Target Signal......Page 193 8.6.2 Coherent Test Function for Long Echo Series......Page 195 8.6.3 Comparison of Detection Performance of the Filter Bank and ACE Test for LFM Doppler Signals......Page 197 8.7 Conclusions......Page 199 8.8 References......Page 200 9. Sequential Detection......Page 201 9.1 Incoherent Detection......Page 203 9.2.1 Independent Test of All Range Elements......Page 204 9.2.3 Combined Test with Range-dependent Design Signal......Page 205 9.2.4 Comparison of the Test for Multiple Range Cells with the Fixed Sample Size Test......Page 207 9.2.5 Sequential Detection with a Filter for the Rejection of Stationary Clutter......Page 208 9.3 Coherent Test Function......Page 209 9.3.2 Sequential Test Function with Autocorrelation Estimates......Page 210 9.3.3 Simulation Studies for a Comparison of Incoherent and Coherent Sequential Tests......Page 215 9.3.4 Gain Comparison of the Coherent Sequential and Fixed Sample Size Test......Page 218 9.3.5 Extension for Multiple Range Elements......Page 219 9.4 Comparison of Detection Procedures......Page 222 9.5 Adaptation to the Noise Level and Energy Management......Page 223 9.6 Sequential Test for Long Signal Series......Page 224 9.6.1 Sequential Test with Coherent Sections......Page 225 9.6.2 Simulation Studies......Page 226 9.7 Experimental System......Page 229 9.8 Conclusions......Page 232 9.9 References......Page 233 10. Adaptive Beamforming for Jammer Suppression......Page 235 10.1 Deterministic Generation of Pattern Notches......Page 237 10.1.1 LMS Weighting......Page 238 10.1.2 Multiple Beam Approach......Page 240 10.1.3 Limit for Number of Notches......Page 241 10.2 Adaptive Jammer Suppression......Page 242 10.2.1 Optimal Processing......Page 243 10.2.2 Illustration with a Model......Page 244 10.2.3 Orthogonalisation and Eigenmatrix Projection......Page 245 10.3.1 Adaptation Before Beamforming......Page 248 10.3.2 Adaptive Beamforming with Subarrays......Page 249 10.4.1 Sample Matrix Estimation......Page 250 10.4.2 Projection Methods......Page 251 10.4.3 Channel Errors......Page 253 10.4.4 Weighted Projection: Lean Matrix Inversion Method......Page 256 10.5 Realisation Aspects......Page 258 10.6 Experiments with the ELRA System......Page 259 10.7 Conclusions......Page 264 10.8 References......Page 265 11.1 Likelihood Direction Estimation......Page 267 11.2 Experimental Monopulse Correction for Failing Elements......Page 272 11.3 Variance of Monopulse Estimate......Page 274 11.4 Monopulse Correction against Jamming......Page 280 11.4.1 Correction with Likelihood Estimation......Page 281 11.4.2 Correction in Expectation......Page 284 11.4.3 Statistical Performance Analysis of Estimation......Page 289 11.6 Indication of Multiple Targets......Page 293 11.7 Conclusions......Page 294 11.8 References......Page 295 12.1 Introduction......Page 297 12.2 Parametric Estimation......Page 298 12.2.1 Resolution Limit from Cramer-Rao Inequality......Page 306 12.3 Experimental Verification of Superresolution......Page 309 12.4 Resolution by Angular Spectral Estimation Algorithms......Page 312 12.4.1 Resolution and the Dimension of the Signal Subspace......Page 314 12.4.2 Estimation of the Signal Subspace Dimension......Page 316 12.6 References......Page 319 13.2 Doppler-shifted Clutter Spectrum......Page 322 13.3 Space-time Processing......Page 325 13.4 Necessary Degrees of Freedom......Page 328 13.5 Suboptimal Concept with FIR Filter: Reduction of Time Dimension......Page 330 13.6 Suboptimal Concept with Subarrays: Reduction of Spatial Dimension......Page 332 13.7 Adaptive Processing......Page 336 13.8 Sideways-looking Radar......Page 338 13.10 References......Page 339 14.1 Basic Principle of SAR......Page 341 14.2 Problems of Moving-target Detection and Location......Page 347 14.3 Clutter Suppression with Multichannel Array Radar......Page 348 14.5 SAR/MTI Processing......Page 355 14.6 Jammer Suppression......Page 357 14.7 Object Height by Interferometry......Page 359 14.8 Experimental System AER and Results......Page 362 14.9 Summary and Motivation for SAR with Active Phased-array Antennas......Page 364 14.10 References......Page 367 15.1 Introduction: Basic Principles......Page 369 15.2 Synthetic Aperture and Beamforming by Target Motion......Page 371 15.3 Target Cross-range Image......Page 372 15.4.1 Range Focusing and Range Walk......Page 374 15.4.2 Focusing with Straight-line Assumption......Page 376 15.4.3 Focusing for Arbitrary Flight Paths......Page 377 15.5 High Range Resolution......Page 384 15.6 Alternative Image Planes......Page 388 15.8 References......Page 389 16.1 Fluctuation Effects......Page 391 16.2 Doppler Spectrum Evaluation......Page 394 16.3 References......Page 401 17. Experimental Phased-array System ELRA......Page 402 17.1 System Overview......Page 403 17.2 Antenna Parameter Selection......Page 405 17.3 Antenna Elements and Modules......Page 407 17.4 Antenna Control and Monitoring......Page 410 17.5 Radar Functions and Waveforms of the ELRA System......Page 415 17.5.1 Available Codes and Transmit Pulses......Page 417 17.5.2 Time Budget for a Parameter Example......Page 418 17.6 Digital Signal Processing......Page 420 17.8 Control System, Operation and Display of Functions and Results......Page 423 17.10 Conclusions......Page 428 17.11 References......Page 429 18.1 Introduction......Page 430 18.2 The Proposed Concept......Page 431 18.4 The Receiving System......Page 432 18.5 Resolution Cell......Page 435 18.6 The Phase Code......Page 436 18.7 Signal Processing......Page 437 18.8 Range Performance......Page 439 18.9 Coherent and Sequential Test Function with ACE......Page 440 18.10 OLPI and Multifunction Radar......Page 441 18.11 Experimental Results......Page 442 18.12 Detection and Classification of Hovering Helicopters......Page 443 18.12.1 Classification by Flash Period......Page 447 18.12.2 ISAR Image and Spectrum of Rotor Blades......Page 448 18.13 Spatial Coding......Page 450 18.14 Summary and Conclusions......Page 456 18.15 References......Page 457 19.1 Parameter Selection for Search and Tracking......Page 459 19.1.1 Search Period......Page 460 19.1.2 False-alarm Probability......Page 464 19.1.4 Range Resolution......Page 465 19.1.5 Tracking Parameters......Page 466 19.2 Search Procedure......Page 468 19.3 References......Page 469 Glossary......Page 471 A......Page 475 C......Page 476 D......Page 477 E......Page 478 F......Page 480 I......Page 481 J......Page 482 M......Page 483 O......Page 484 P......Page 485 R......Page 486 S......Page 487 T......Page 490 Z......Page 491
This book presents a unique and comprehensive introduction to modern radar techniques using array antennas. The author focuses upon the principles, system concepts and techniques using electronic steerable and active array antennas for future high standard multifunction radar systems in both military and civil applications. Signal processing and array antennas are discussed from an engineering perspective, as a basis for system design. The key areas covered include array signal processing, adaptive digital beamforming, adaptive monopulse, superresolution, sequential detection, SAR with an active array for moving target detection, target imaging, adaptive clutter suppression, pulse compression with low range sidelobes and high range resolution, target detection with long pulse series, energy management and system parameter relations. Several new and effective radar techniques using array antennas are also discussed based on the pioneering work conducted by the authors team at FGAN, complete with experimental simulation results. The book will prove useful for engineers and scientists who work on research, development and systems design in the radar field as well as those who are responsible for radar decision making and planning within the government or industry.
wirth (senior Consultant, Research Establishment For Applied Science, Germany) Introduces The Techniques, Procedures, And Concepts Related To Modern Radar Using Active Array Antennas. Chapters Cover Signal Representation And Mathematical Tools, Statistical Signal Theory, Array Antennas, Beamforming, Sampling And Digitization Of Signals, Pulse Compression With Polyphase Codes, Detection Of Targets By A Pulse Series, Sequential Detection, Adaptive Beamforming For Jammer Suppression, Monopulse Direction Estimation, Superresolution In Angle, Space-time Adaptive Processing, Synthetic Aperture Radar With Active Phased Arrays, Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar, Experimental Phased Array Systems, The Floodlight Radar Concept, And System And Parameter Considerations. Annotation C. Book News, Inc., Portland, Or
Annotation This book gives an introduction to the possibilities of radar technology based on active array antennas, giving examples of modern practical systems, many of which were developed in Europe. In addition to coverage of antennas, beam forming, sampling and detection of signals, and array signal processing, several modern systems are described, including space-time adaptive processing (STAP), moving target detection using synthetic aperture radar (SAR), and several other experimental phased array radar systems. There are many valuable lessons presented for designers of future high standard multifunction radar systems for military and civil applications. The book will appeal to graduate level engineers, researchers, and managers in the field of radar, aviation and space technology Within the wide and fascinating field of radar techniques and systems, this book describes in detail a number of areas of research related to system architecture and design, phenomenology, array antennas and signal processing. The topics covered The book is primarily aimed at radar engineers and researchers, as well as at students of advanced radar.
