Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits and Systems 2nd

Cover Half-title Title page Copyright information Dedication Contents Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition Glossary Chapter 1 RF Components 1.1 Electric Fields and Capacitance 1.2 Magnetic Fields and Inductance 1.3 Time-Varying Fields and Maxwell Equations 1.4 Circuit Representation of Capacitors and Inductors 1.5 Distributed and Lumped Circuits 1.6 Energy and Power 1.7 LC and RLC Circuits 1.7.1 Lossless LC Resonator 1.7.2 Practical LC Resonator 1.7.3 Resonator Analysis Based on Energy Conservation 1.8 The Uniform Plane Wave 1.8.1 Wave Propagation in Free Space 1.8.2 Wave Propagation in a Good Conductor: Skin Effect 1.8.3 Power Considerations 1.9 Antennas 1.9.1 Antenna Basic Principles 1.9.2 Antenna Characteristics 1.10 Integrated Capacitors 1.11 Integrated Inductors 1.11.1 Spiral Inductors 1.11.2 Second-Order Effects 1.11.3 Differential Inductors 1.11.4 Transformers 1.11.5 Inductor Lumped Circuit Model 1.11.6 Fundamental versus Inductor Q Definitions 1.11.7 Transformer Modeling 1.12 Summary 1.13 Problems 1.14 References Chapter 2 RF Signals and Systems 2.1 Fourier Transform and Fourier Series 2.2 Impulses 2.3 Fourier Transform of Periodic Signals 2.4 Impulse Response 2.5 Network Functions 2.6 Hilbert Transform and Quadrature Signals 2.7 Stochastic Processes 2.7.1 Stationary Processes and Ergodicity 2.7.2 Gaussian Processes 2.7.3 Systems with Stochastic Inputs 2.7.4 Power Spectral Density 2.7.5 Filtered Random Processes 2.7.6 Cyclostationary Processes 2.8 Analog Linear Modulation 2.9 Analog Nonlinear Modulation 2.10 Modern Radio Modulation Scheme 2.11 Single-Sideband Receivers 2.12 Summary 2.13 Problems 2.14 References Chapter 3 RF Networks 3.1 Introduction to Two-Ports 3.1.1 Two-Port Definition 3.1.2 Reciprocal Two-Ports 3.1.2.1 Reciprocity in Nonlinear and Time-Variant Networks 3.2 Available Power 3.2.1 Basic Concept 3.2.2 Unilateral Two-Ports 3.2.3 General Two-Port Available Power Gain 3.2.4 Reciprocal Networks 3.2.4.1 Available Power Gain of Reciprocal Networks 3.2.4.2 Lossless Reciprocal Networks 3.2.5 Stability of Two-Port Amplifiers 3.2.6 Maximum Power Gain 3.2.6.1 Reciprocal and Unilateral Two-Ports 3.3 Impedance Transformation 3.3.1 Lossless Matching Network Basic Properties 3.3.2 Wideband Transformers 3.3.3 Parallel–Series Circuits 3.3.4 Narrowband Transformers 3.4 Lossless Transmission Lines 3.4.1 Terminated Transmission Lines 3.4.2 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 3.4.3 Transmission Line Input Impedance 3.4.4 Transmission Lines Transient Response 3.5 Low-Loss Transmission Lines 3.5.1 Reasons for Adopting 50Ω 3.6 Receive–Transmit Antennas as Two-Port Circuits 3.6.1 Antenna Effective Area 3.6.2 Friis Transmission Formula 3.7 Smith Chart 3.8 Scattering Parameters 3.8.1 Basic Properties of Scattering Parameters 3.8.2 Two-Port Stability Using S Parameters 3.9 Differential Two-Ports 3.10 Summary 3.11 Problems 3.12 References Chapter 4 RF and IF Filters 4.1 Ideal Filters 4.2 Doubly Terminated LC Filters 4.2.1 Transducer Parameters 4.2.2 Relation between Transducer and Immittance Parameters 4.2.3 Transducer Parameters Properties 4.2.3.1 Positive Real Property 4.2.3.2 Realizability Conditions for Transducer Parameters 4.2.3.3 Physical Interpretation of the Poles and Zeros of Transducer Function 4.2.4 Specifying the Filter 4.2.4.1 Maximally Flat Approximation 4.2.4.2 Equal Ripple Approximation 4.2.4.3 General Stopband Filters 4.2.5 LC Filter Design 4.2.6 Scaling Filters 4.2.7 Bandpass LC Filters 4.3 Active Filters 4.3.1 Active Filters Ladder Design 4.3.2 Active Filters Cascaded Design 4.3.3 Nonideal Effects in Active Filters 4.4 Surface and Bulk Acoustic Wave Filters 4.4.1 Filter Structure 4.4.2 Resonator Physical Implementation 4.4.3 Comparison between FBAR and SAW Filters 4.5 Duplexers 4.6 N-Path Filters 4.7 Quadrature Filters 4.7.1 Passive Polyphase Filters 4.7.2 Active Polyphase Filters 4.7.3 Quadrature Generation 4.7.4 Polyphase Filters Application in Single-Sideband Receivers 4.8 Summary 4.9 Problems 4.10 References Chapter 5 Noise 5.1 Types of Noise 5.1.1 Thermal Noise 5.1.2 White Noise and Noise Bandwidth 5.1.3 Inductors and Capacitors Noise 5.1.4 Passive Lossy Network Noise 5.1.5 MOSFET Thermal Noise 5.1.6 Flicker Noise 5.1.7 Cyclostationary Noise 5.2 Two-Port Equivalent Noise 5.3 Noise Figure 5.4 Minimum NF 5.5 Impact of Feedback on Noise Figure 5.5.1 Ideal Feedback 5.5.2 Passive Lossless Feedback 5.6 Noise Figure of Cascade of Stages 5.7 Phase Noise 5.8 Sensitivity 5.9 Noise Figure Measurements 5.10 Summary 5.11 Problems 5.12 References Chapter 6 Distortion 6.1 Blockers in Wireless Systems 6.2 Full-Duplex Systems and Coexistence 6.3 Small Signal Nonlinearity 6.3.1 Input Intercept Point 6.3.2 IIP3 of Cascade of Stages 6.3.3 Second-Order Distortion 6.3.4 Fifth-Order Intercept Point 6.3.5 Cross-Modulation 6.3.6 Impact of Feedback on Linearity 6.3.7 Dynamic Range 6.4 Large Signal Nonlinearity 6.5 Reciprocal Mixing 6.6 Harmonic Mixing 6.7 Transmitter Nonlinearity Concerns 6.7.1 Output Power 6.7.2 Transmitter Mask 6.7.3 Transmitter Signal Quality 6.7.4 Switching Spectrum and Time-Domain Mask 6.7.5 AM–AM and AM–PM in Transmitters 6.7.6 Pulling in Transmitters 6.8 Summary 6.9 Problems 6.10 References Chapter 7 Low-Noise Amplifiers 7.1 Matching Requirements 7.2 RF Tuned Amplifiers 7.3 Common-Source and Common-Gate LNAs 7.4 Shunt Feedback LNAs 7.4.1 Resistive Feedback with Large Loop Gain 7.4.2 CS Cascode LNA 7.5 Series Feedback LNAs 7.6 Feedforward LNAs 7.7 LNA Practical Concerns 7.7.1 Gate Resistance 7.7.2 Cascode Noise Degradation and Gain Loss 7.7.3 Substrate Impact 7.7.4 LNA Biasing 7.7.5 Linearity 7.7.6 Magnetic Coupling between the Inductors 7.7.7 Gain Control 7.8 LNA Power–Noise Optimization 7.9 Signal and Power Integrity 7.9.1 Power Lines 7.9.2 Coupling and Shielding 7.9.2.1 Capacitive Coupling 7.9.2.2 Magnetic Coupling 7.9.3 Inductor Shield Case Study 7.10 LNA Design Case Study 7.11 Summary 7.12 Problems 7.13 References Chapter 8 Mixers 8.1 Mixers Fundamentals 8.1.1 Mixer Operation from System Point of View 8.1.2 Mixer Basic Circuit Operation 8.2 Evolution of Mixers 8.3 Active Mixers 8.3.1 Active Mixers Linearity 8.3.2 Active Mixers 1/f Noise Analysis 8.3.3 Active Mixers White Noise Analysis 8.3.4 Active Mixers 2nd-Order Distortion 8.4 Passive Current-Mode Mixers 8.4.1 LO Duty Cycle Concerns 8.4.2 M-Phase Mixers 8.4.3 Passive Mixer Exact Operation 8.4.4 Passive Mixer Noise 8.4.5 Passive Mixer Linearity 8.4.6 Passive Mixer 2nd-Order Distortion 8.4.7 TIA and gm Cell Design 8.5 Passive Voltage-Mode Mixers 8.6 Transmitter Mixers 8.6.1 Active Upconversion Mixers 8.6.2 Passive Upconversion Mixers 8.7 Harmonic Folding in Transmitter Mixers 8.8 LNA/Mixer Case Study 8.8.1 Circuit Analysis 8.8.2 Design Methodology 8.9 Summary 8.10 Problems 8.11 References Chapter 9 Oscillators 9.1 The Linear LC Oscillator 9.1.1 The Feedback Model 9.1.2 Phase Noise in the Linear Oscillator 9.1.3 Efficiency 9.1.4 Oscillator Figure of Merit 9.2 The Nonlinear LC Oscillator 9.2.1 Intuitive Understanding 9.2.2 Power Conservation Requirements 9.2.3 Oscillation Amplitude 9.3 Phase Noise Analysis of the Nonlinear LC Oscillator 9.3.1 Defining Phase, Frequency, and Amplitude Noise 9.3.2 Similarity of FM and PM Noise 9.3.3 Recognizing AM and PM Sidebands 9.3.4 Decomposing an SSB into AM and PM Sidebands 9.3.5 Cyclostationary Noise 9.3.6 Noise Passing through a Nonlinearity 9.3.7 Reaction of Noiseless Oscillator to an External Noise 9.3.8 Bank's General Result 9.3.9 Two-Port Oscillators 9.4 LC Oscillator Topologies 9.4.1 The Standard NMOS Topology 9.4.2 The Standard CMOS Topology 9.4.3 The Colpitts Topology 9.4.4 Oscillator Design Methodology 9.4.5 Optimum Tank Q 9.5 Q-Degradation 9.6 Frequency Modulation Effects 9.6.1 Nonlinear Capacitance 9.6.2 Effective Nonlinear Capacitance 9.6.2.1 Graphical Interpretation 9.6.2.2 Mathematical Expression 9.6.3 Groszkowski Effect 9.6.4 Supply Pushing 9.7 More LC Oscillator Topologies 9.7.1 The Standard Topology with Noise Filter 9.7.2 The Class C Topology 9.8 Ring Oscillators 9.8.1 Basic Operation 9.8.2 Estimating Phase Noise in Hard-Switching Circuits 9.8.3 Simple Ring Oscillator Noise Model 9.8.4 Phase Noise of a Single Inverter 9.8.5 Ring Oscillator and LC Oscillator Comparison 9.9 Quadrature Oscillators 9.9.1 Modes of Oscillation 9.9.2 Quadrature Accuracy Due to Mismatches 9.9.3 Phase Noise Analysis 9.10 Crystal and FBAR Oscillators 9.10.1 Crystal Model 9.10.2 Practical Crystal Oscillators 9.10.3 Tuning Requirements 9.10.4 FBAR Oscillators 9.11 Summary 9.12 Problems 9.13 References Chapter 10 PLLs and Synthesizers 10.1 Phase-Locked Loops Basics 10.1.1 Phase Detectors 10.2 Type I PLLs 10.2.1 PLL Qualitative Analysis 10.2.2 PLL Linear Model 10.3 Type II PLLs 10.3.1 Phase-Frequency Detection 10.3.2 Charge Pump 10.3.2.1 Charge Pump Circuit Implementation 10.3.2.2 Charge Pump Modeling 10.3.3 Type II PLL Analysis and Nonideal Effects 10.4 Integer-N Frequency Synthesizers 10.4.1 Signal Transfer Functions 10.4.2 Noise Sources in Synthesizer 10.5 Fractional-N Frequency Synthesizers 10.5.1 Noise Shaping 10.5.2 Higher Order Δ–Σ Modulators 10.5.3 Δ–Σ Modulator Nonideal Effects 10.5.3.1 Low-Frequency Tones and Dithering 10.5.3.2 Charge Pump Nonlinearity 10.5.3.3 Out-of-Band Noise 10.6 Frequency Dividers 10.6.1 Latches and D Flip-Flops 10.6.2 Dual-Modulus Dividers 10.6.3 Multi-Modulus Dividers 10.7 Introduction to Digital PLLs 10.7.1 Time-to-Digital Converters 10.7.1.1 TDC Circuit Realization 10.7.2 Digital Loop Filters 10.7.3 Digitally Controlled Oscillators 10.7.4 DPLL Linear Analysis 10.8 Summary 10.9 Problems 10.10 References Chapter 11 Power Amplifiers 11.1 General Considerations 11.2 Class A PAs 11.3 Class B PAs 11.4 Class C PAs 11.5 Class D PAs 11.6 Class D Digital PAs 11.6.1 Practical Limitations of DPA 11.7 Class E PAs 11.8 Class F PAs 11.9 PA Linearization Techniques 11.9.1 Predistortion 11.9.2 Envelope Elimination and Restoration 11.9.3 Envelope Tracking 11.9.4 Dynamic Biasing 11.9.5 Doherty Power Amplifier 11.10 Summary 11.11 Problems 11.12 References Chapter 12 Transceiver Architectures 12.1 General Considerations 12.2 Receiver Architectures 12.2.1 Super-Heterodyne Receiver 12.2.2 Zero-IF Receivers 12.2.3 Low-IF Receivers 12.2.4 Weaver Receiver 12.2.5 Dual-Conversion Receivers 12.3 Blocker-Tolerant Receivers 12.3.1 Current-Mode Receivers 12.3.2 Mixer-First Receivers 12.3.3 Noise-Canceling Receivers 12.4 Receiver Filtering and ADC Design 12.5 Receiver Gain Control 12.6 Transmitter Architectures 12.6.1 Direct-Conversion Transmitters 12.6.2 Dual-Conversion Transmitters 12.6.3 Direct-Modulation Transmitters 12.6.4 Polar Transmitters 12.6.5 Outphasing Transmitters 12.7 Transceiver Practical Design Concerns 12.7.1 Receiver Case Study 12.7.2 Transmitter Case Study 12.7.3 SoC Concerns 12.7.4 Packaging Concerns 12.7.5 Variations 12.7.6 Product Qualification 12.7.7 Production Issues 12.8 Summary 12.9 Problems 12.10 References Index "This updated and expanded new edition equips students with a thorough understanding of the state-of-the-art in RF design and the practical knowledge and skills needed in industry. Introductory and advanced topics are covered in-depth, with clear step-by-step explanations, including core topics such as RF components, signals and systems, two-ports, noise, distortion, low-noise amplifiers, power amplifiers, and transceiver architectures. New material has been added on wave propagation, skin effect, antennas, mixers and oscillators, and digital PAs and transmitters. Two new chapters detail the analysis and design of RF and IF filters (including SAW and FBAR duplexers and N-path filters), phase-locked loops, frequency synthesizers, digital PLLs, and frequency dividers. Theory is linked to practice through real-world applications, practical design examples, and exploration of the pros and cons of various topologies. Over 250 homework problems are included, with solutions and lecture slides for instructors available online. With its uniquely practical and intuitive approach, this is an essential text for graduate courses on RFICs and a useful reference for practicing engineers"-- Provided by publisher This updated and expanded new edition equips students with a thorough understanding of the state-of-the-art in radio frequency (RF) design and the practical knowledge and skills needed in industry. Introductory and advanced topics are covered in-depth, with clear step-by-step explanations, including core topics such as RF components, signals and systems, two-ports, noise, distortion, low-noise amplifiers, power amplifiers, and transceiver architectures. New material has been added on wave propagation, skin effect, antennas, mixers and oscillators, and digital PAs and transmitters. Two new chapters detail the analysis and design of RF and IF filters (including SAW and FBAR duplexers and N-path filters), phase-locked loops, frequency synthesizers, digital PLLs, and frequency dividers. Theory is linked to practice through real-world applications, practical design examples, and exploration of the pros and cons of various topologies. Over 250 homework problems are included, with solutions and lecture slides for instructors available online. With its uniquely practical and intuitive approach, this is an essential text for graduate courses on RFICs and a useful reference for practicing en