Reliability, Maintainability, and Supportability: Best Practices for Systems Engineers (Wiley Series in Systems Engineering and Management)

Focuses on the core systems engineering tasks of writing, managing, and tracking requirements for reliability, maintainability, and supportability that are most likely to satisfy customers and lead to success for suppliersThis book helps systems engineers lead the development of systems and services whose reliability, maintainability, and supportability meet and exceed the expectations of their customers and promote success and profit for their suppliers. This book is organized into three major parts: reliability, maintainability, and supportability engineering. Within each part, there is material on requirements development, quantitative modelling, statistical analysis, and best practices in each of these areas. Heavy emphasis is placed on correct use of language. The author discusses the use of various sustainability engineering methods and techniques in crafting requirements that are focused on the customers’ needs, unambiguous, easily understood by the requirements’ stakeholders, and verifiable. Part of each major division of the book is devoted to statistical analyses needed to determine when requirements are being met by systems operating in customer environments. To further support systems engineers in writing, analyzing, and interpreting sustainability requirements, this book also * Contains “Language Tips” to help systems engineers learn the different languages spoken by specialists and non-specialists in the sustainability disciplines* Provides exercises in each chapter, allowing the reader to try out some of the ideas and procedures presented in the chapter* Delivers end-of-chapter summaries of the current reliability, maintainability, and supportability engineering best practices for systems engineers Reliability, Maintainability, and Supportability is a reference for systems engineers and graduate students hoping to learn how to effectively determine and develop appropriate requirements so that designers may fulfil the intent of the customer.From the Back CoverFOCUSES ON THE CORE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING TASKS OF DEVELOPING, MANAGING, AND TRACKING REQUIREMENTS FOR RELIABILITY, MAINTAINABILITY, AND SUPPORTABILITY THAT ARE MOST LIKELY TO SATISFY CUSTOMERS AND LEAD TO SUCCESS FOR SUPPLIERSThis book helps systems engineers lead the development of systems and services whose reliability, maintainability, and supportability meet and exceed the expectations of their customers and promote success and profit for their providers. Each of its three major divisions, one each for reliability, maintainability, and supportability, tells how to create good requirements in the area and how to fulfill the requirements by using proactive design techniques. Each section also contains material on modeling and optimization, and statistical techniques needed to validate the achievement of requirements through collection and analysis of data from operating systems and services. Emphasis is placed on correct use of language as an enabler of clear communication across the entire stakeholder community. In short, the book takes the mystery out of designing systems and services to reliability, maintainability, and supportability standards.To support the creation of requirements that are focused on customer needs, unambiguous, easily understood by all stakeholders, and verifiable, the book contains: * "Requirements Tips" that harmonize the structure and content of requirements in cases of possible confusion* "Modeling Tips" that suggest fruitful approaches to understanding sustainability in quantitative terms, and * "Language Tips" that help clarify potentially confusing or ambiguous terminology used by various stakeholders in the systems engineering, design, management, and executive worlds Reliability, Maintainability, and Supportability is a reference for graduate students and working systems engineers who hope to learn how to be effective sustainability advocates for customers while supporting key design activities and promoting sensible economic outcomes. Title Page......Page 5 Copyright Page......Page 6 Contents......Page 9 Foreword......Page 20 Acknowledgments......Page 24 Part I Reliability Engineering......Page 27 1.1.1 Systems Engineers Create and Monitor Requirements......Page 29 1.1.2 Good Requirements are a Key to Success......Page 30 1.1.3 Sustainability Requirements are Important Too......Page 32 1.1.4 Focused Action is Needed to Achieve the Goals Expressed by€the Requirements......Page 33 1.2 Goals......Page 34 1.3.1 Reliability Engineering......Page 36 1.3.2 Maintainability Engineering......Page 37 1.4.1 Who Should Read This Book?......Page 38 1.4.3 Postrequisites......Page 39 1.5 Getting Started......Page 40 1.6.1 Customer–Supplier Relationships......Page 41 1.6.2 Language and Clarity of Communication......Page 42 1.7 Organizing a Course Using this Book......Page 43 1.7.3 References......Page 44 References......Page 45 2.1 What to Expect from this Chapter......Page 46 2.2.3 Foundational Concepts......Page 47 2.2.4 Reliability Concepts for Systems Engineers......Page 51 2.2.5 Definition of Reliability......Page 54 2.2.6 Failure Modes, Failure Mechanisms, and Failure Causes......Page 58 2.2.7 The Stress–Strength Model......Page 60 2.2.8 The Competing Risk Model......Page 61 2.3.1 Introduction......Page 62 2.3.2 Mutual Reinforcement......Page 66 2.4.1 Reliability Effectiveness Criteria......Page 67 2.4.2 Reliability Figures of Merit......Page 69 2.4.3 Quantitative Reliability Requirements Frameworks......Page 70 2.5.1 Reliability Requirements for a Product......Page 72 2.5.2 Reliability Requirements for a Flow Network......Page 74 2.5.3 Reliability Requirements for a Standing Service......Page 76 2.5.4 Reliability Requirements for an On-Demand Service......Page 77 2.6.1 Introduction......Page 79 2.6.2 Stakeholders......Page 80 2.6.3 Interpretation of Requirements Based on Effectiveness Criteria......Page 81 2.6.4 Interpretation of Requirements Based on Figures of Merit......Page 84 2.6.5 Models and Predictions......Page 88 2.6.6 What Happens When a Requirement is Not Met?......Page 89 2.7.2 Measures of Central Tendency......Page 91 2.7.3 Measures of Dispersion......Page 95 2.7.4 Percentiles......Page 96 2.7.5 The Central Limit Theorem and Confidence Intervals......Page 97 2.8 Current Best Practices in Developing Reliability€Requirements......Page 99 2.8.2 Determination of Customer Needs and Desires for Reliability and Economic Balance with Reliability Requirements......Page 100 2.8.4 Allocation of System Reliability Requirements to System Components......Page 102 2.9 Chapter Summary......Page 105 2.10 Exercises......Page 107 References......Page 108 3.1 What to Expect from this Chapter......Page 110 3.2 Introduction......Page 111 3.3.1 Introduction......Page 113 3.3.2 The Life Distribution and the Survivor Function......Page 116 3.3.3 Other Quantities Related to the Life Distribution and Survivor Function......Page 121 3.3.4 Some Commonly Used Life Distributions......Page 128 3.3.5 Quantitative Incorporation of Environmental Stresses......Page 137 3.3.6 Quantitative Incorporation of Manufacturing Process Quality......Page 142 3.3.7 Operational Time and Calendar Time......Page 144 3.4.1 System Functional Decomposition......Page 146 3.4.2 Some Examples of System and Service Functional Decompositions......Page 147 3.4.3 Reliability Block Diagram......Page 150 3.4.4 Ensembles of Single-Point-of-Failure Units: Series Systems......Page 151 3.4.5 Ensembles Containing Redundant Elements: Parallel Systems......Page 157 3.4.6 Structure Functions......Page 164 3.4.7 Path Set and Cut Set Methods......Page 165 3.4.8 Reliability Importance......Page 170 3.4.9 Non-Service-Affecting Parts......Page 171 3.7 Exercises......Page 172 References......Page 175 4.1 What to Expect from this Chapter......Page 179 4.3.1 Introduction......Page 180 4.3.2 System Reliability Process......Page 181 4.3.3 Reliability Effectiveness Criteria and Figures of Merit Connected with the System Reliability Process......Page 182 4.3.4 When is a Maintainable System Not a Maintained System?......Page 187 4.4.1 Types of Repair and Service Restoration Models......Page 188 4.4.2 Systems with Renewal Repair......Page 189 4.4.3 Systems with Revival Repair......Page 192 4.4.4 More-General Repair Models......Page 197 4.4.5 The Separate Maintenance Model......Page 198 4.4.6 Superpositions of Point Processes and Systems with Many Single Points of Failure......Page 203 4.4.7 State Diagram Reliability Models......Page 205 4.5 Stability of Reliability Models......Page 207 4.7 Reliability Modeling Best Practices for€Systems€Engineers......Page 208 4.7.2 Develop the Reliability–Profitability Curve......Page 209 4.7.3 Budget for Reliability......Page 210 4.8 Chapter Summary......Page 212 4.9 Exercises......Page 213 References......Page 214 5.2 Introduction......Page 216 5.3.1 Review......Page 217 5.3.2 Example......Page 218 5.3.3 Reliability Predictions......Page 219 5.4.1 Quality of Knowledge......Page 220 5.4.2 Three Comparisons......Page 221 5.4.4 Environmental Conditions......Page 224 5.5.1 Duration Requirements......Page 225 5.5.2 Count Requirements......Page 234 5.6 Failure Reporting and Corrective Action System......Page 238 5.7.1 Component Life Testing......Page 240 5.7.2 Reliability Growth Testing......Page 241 5.9 Chapter Summary......Page 242 5.10 Exercises......Page 243 References......Page 244 6.1 What to Expect from this Chapter......Page 245 6.2 Introduction......Page 246 6.3.1 Quantitative Reliability Modeling......Page 247 6.3.2 Reliability Testing......Page 249 6.4 The Design for Reliability Process......Page 250 6.4.1 Information Sources......Page 252 6.5.1 Printed Wiring Boards......Page 254 6.5.2 Design for Reliability in Complex Systems......Page 261 6.6.1 Fault Tree Analysis......Page 262 6.6.2 Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis......Page 269 6.7 Design for Reliability for Software Products......Page 277 6.8 Robust Design......Page 278 6.9.1 Reliability Requirements......Page 283 6.10 Software Resources......Page 284 6.12 Exercises......Page 285 References......Page 286 7.2.1 What is a High-Consequence System?......Page 288 7.2.2 Examples of High-Consequence Systems......Page 289 7.3 Reliability Requirements for High-Consequence Systems......Page 291 7.4.1 Redundancy......Page 293 7.4.2 Network Resiliency......Page 295 7.4.3 Component Qualification and Certification......Page 296 7.4.4 Failure Isolation......Page 303 7.5 Current Best Practices in Reliability Engineering for High-Consequence Systems......Page 304 7.6 Chapter Summary......Page 305 References......Page 306 8.2 Introduction......Page 308 8.2.1 On-Demand Services......Page 309 8.2.2 Always-On Services......Page 310 8.3 Service Functional Decomposition......Page 311 8.4.1 Introduction......Page 312 8.4.2 Service Failure Modes......Page 314 8.4.3 Service Failure Mechanisms......Page 316 8.5.1 Examples of Service Reliability Requirements......Page 320 8.5.2 Interpretation of Service Reliability Requirements......Page 321 8.6 Service-Level Agreements......Page 322 8.7 SDI Reliability Requirements......Page 323 8.8 Design for Reliability Techniques for Services......Page 324 8.9.1 Set Reliability Requirements for the Service......Page 325 8.10 Chapter Summary......Page 326 8.11 Exercises......Page 327 References......Page 328 9.1 What to Expect from this Chapter......Page 329 9.2 Introduction......Page 330 9.3.1 Allocation of System Reliability Requirements to the Software Component......Page 331 9.3.2 Reliability Requirements for Security and Other Novel Areas......Page 334 9.3.3 Operational Time and Calendar Time......Page 335 9.4.1 Reliability Growth Modeling for the Sequence of Failure Times......Page 336 9.5.1 Software Failure Modes......Page 338 9.5.2 Software Failure Mechanisms......Page 339 9.6 Design for Reliability in Software......Page 341 9.6.1 Software Fault Tree Analysis......Page 342 9.6.3 Some Software Failure Prevention Strategies......Page 343 9.7.2 Conduct Design Reviews Focused on Reliability......Page 344 9.8 Chapter Summary......Page 345 References......Page 346 Part II Maintainability Engineering......Page 349 10.1 What to Expect from this Chapter......Page 351 10.2.1 Definitions......Page 352 10.2.2 System Maintenance Concept......Page 353 10.2.3 Use of Maintainability Effectiveness Criteria and Requirements......Page 355 10.2.5 Levels of Maintenance......Page 357 10.2.6 Organizational Responsibilities......Page 358 10.2.8 Maintenance Environment......Page 359 10.2.10 Preventive Maintenance and Corrective Maintenance......Page 360 10.2.11 Maintainability for Services......Page 361 10.3.1 Products and Systems......Page 363 10.4 Examples of Maintainability Requirements......Page 366 10.5.1 Duration and Labor-Hour Effectiveness Criteria and Figures of Merit......Page 368 10.6.1 Duration Effectiveness Criteria and Figures of Merit......Page 370 10.6.2 Count Effectiveness Criteria and Figures of Merit......Page 372 10.6.4 Three Availability Figures of Merit......Page 374 10.7 Maintainability Engineering for High-Consequence Systems......Page 375 10.8.2 Balance Maintenance with Economics......Page 377 10.8.4 Manage Maintainability by Fact......Page 378 10.9 Chapter Summary......Page 379 10.10 Exercises......Page 380 References......Page 381 11.2 System or Service Maintenance Concept......Page 382 11.3.1 Maintenance Functional Decomposition and Maintainability Block Diagram......Page 384 11.3.2 Quantitative Maintainability Modeling......Page 386 11.4.1 System Maintenance Concept......Page 388 11.4.2 Level of Repair Analysis......Page 389 11.4.4 Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM)......Page 395 11.5.2 Determine Which Design for Maintainability Techniques to Use......Page 398 11.5.4 Organizational Factors......Page 399 References......Page 400 Part III Supportability Engineering......Page 403 12.1 What to Expect from this Chapter......Page 405 12.2.1 Supportability as a System Property......Page 406 12.2.3 Activities Included in Supportability Engineering......Page 408 12.3 System or Service Support Concept......Page 409 12.4 Support Effectiveness Criteria and Figures of Merit......Page 410 12.5.1 Support Elapsed Time (Duration) Requirements......Page 413 12.5.2 Support Count Requirements......Page 414 12.6 Interpreting and Verifying Support Requirements......Page 415 12.8 Current Best Practices in Support Requirements€Development......Page 417 12.8.1 Identify Support Needs......Page 418 12.8.3 Use Quantitative Modeling to Promote Rationally Based Support Requirements......Page 419 12.9 Chapter Summary......Page 420 References......Page 421 13.1 What to Expect from this Chapter......Page 422 13.2.1 Quantitative Supportability Assessment......Page 423 13.2.2 Qualitative Supportability Assessment......Page 426 13.3.1 Diagnostics and Fault Location......Page 427 13.3.3 Documentation and Workflow Management......Page 428 13.3.5 Layout of Repair Facility and Workstation Design......Page 429 13.3.7 Spare Parts, Repair Parts, and Consumables Inventory......Page 430 13.4.1 Performance Analysis of a Maintenance Facility......Page 432 13.4.2 Staff Sizing: The Machine Servicing Model......Page 438 13.5.1 Customer Needs and Supportability Requirements......Page 440 13.5.4 Continual Improvement......Page 441 13.7 Exercises......Page 442 References......Page 443 Index......Page 445 Wiley Series in Systems Engineering and Management......Page 452 EULA......Page 456 Focuses on the core systems engineering tasks of writing, managing, and tracking requirements for reliability, maintainability, and supportability that are most likely to satisfy customers and lead to success for suppliers. This book helps systems engineers lead the development of systems and services whose reliability, maintainability, and supportability meet and exceed the expectations of their customers and promote success and profit for their suppliers. This book is organized into three major parts: reliability, maintainability, and supportability engineering. Within each part, there is material on requirements development, quantitative modelling, statistical analysis, and best practices in each of these areas. Heavy emphasisis placed on correct use of language. The author discusses the use of various sustainability engineering methods and techniques in crafting requirements that are focused on the customers' needs, unambiguous, easily understood by the requirements' stakeholders, and verifiable. Part of each major division of the book is devoted to statistical analyses needed to determine when requirements are being met by systems operating in customer environments. To further support systems engineers in writing, analyzing, and interpreting sustainability requirements, this book also contains "Language Tips" to help systems engineers learn the different languages spoken by specialists and non-specialists in the sustainability disciplines. It provides exercises in each chapter, allowing the reader to try out some of the ideas and procedures presented in the chapter; delivers end-of-chapter summaries of the current reliability, maintainability, and supportability engineering best practices for systems engineers. Reliability, Maintainability, and Supportability is a reference for systems engineers and graduate students hoping to learn how to effectively determine and develop appropriate requirements so that designers may fulfil the intent of the customer. Focuses on the core systems engineering tasks of writing, managing, and tracking requirements for reliability, maintainability, and supportability that are most likely to satisfy customers and lead to success for suppliers This book helps systems engineers lead the development of systems and services whose reliability, maintainability, and supportability meet and exceed the expectations of their customers and promote success and profit for their suppliers. This book is organized into three major parts: reliability, maintainability, and supportability engineering. Within each part, there is material on requirements development, quantitative modelling, statistical analysis, and best practices in each of these areas. Heavy emphasis is placed on correct use of language. The author discusses the use of various sustainability engineering methods and techniques in crafting requirements that are focused on the customers'needs, unambiguous, easily understood by the requirements'stakeholders, and verifiable. Part of each major division of the book is devoted to statistical analyses needed to determine when requirements are being met by systems operating in customer environments. To further support systems engineers in writing, analyzing, and interpreting sustainability requirements, this book also Contains “Language Tips” to help systems engineers learn the different languages spoken by specialists and non-specialists in the sustainability disciplines Provides exercises in each chapter, allowing the reader to try out some of the ideas and procedures presented in the chapter Delivers end-of-chapter summaries of the current reliability, maintainability, and supportability engineering best practices for systems engineers Reliability, Maintainability, and Supportability is a reference for systems engineers and graduate students hoping to learn how to effectively determine and develop appropriate requirements so that designers may fulfil the intent of the customer. Focuses on the core systems engineering tasks of writing, managing, and tracking requirements for reliability, maintainability, and supportability that are most likely to satisfy customers and lead to success for suppliers This book helps systems engineers lead the development of systems and services whose reliability, maintainability, and supportability meet and exceed the expectations of their customers and promote success and profit for their suppliers. This book is organized into three major parts: reliability, maintainability, and supportability engineering. Within each part, there is material on requirements development, quantitative modelling, statistical analysis, and best practices in each of these areas. Heavy emphasis is placed on correct use of language. The author discusses the use of various sustainability engineering methods and techniques in crafting requirements that are focused on the customers needs, unambiguous, easily understood by the requirements stakeholders, and verifiable. Part of each major division of the book is devoted to statistical analyses needed to determine when requirements are being met by systems operating in customer environments. To further support systems engineers in writing, analyzing, and interpreting sustainability requirements, this book also Reliability, Maintainability, and Supportability is a reference for systems engineers and graduate students hoping to learn how to effectively determine and develop appropriate requirements so that designers may fulfil the intent of the customer. Helps systems engineers to lead the development of systems and services whose reliability, maintainability, and supportability meet and exceed the expectations of their customers and promote success and profit for their suppliers. This book is organized into three major parts: reliability, maintainability, and supportability engineering.