Retinal Pharmacotherapy

Retinal Pharmacotherapy is the first comprehensive book devoted to pharmacologic agents and their rationale and mechanisms of action in selected retinal and uveitic diseases. Drs. Quan Dong Nguyen, Eduardo Buchele Rodrigues, Michel Eid Farah, and William F. Mieler lead an international team of expert contributors to present up-to-date knowledge of new drugs on the market, the science behind the drugs, evidence of how the drugs work, and the reasons why they are effective or not. This user-friendly, all-in-one reference provides you with easy access to practical information on the effective and appropriate use of pharmacologic agents in the management of retinal diseases. Covers all new and existing retinal drugs to keep you current in this expanding area of the treatment of retinal diseases. Discusses the background behind retinal drugs and the various pathways of how they work so you can make thoroughly informed clinical decisions. Presents 400 color photographs and line drawings that illustrate disease appearance before and after treatment and clarify difficult key concepts. Features contributors from Europe, North America, South America, the Middle East, Asia, and Australia for an international approach. Identifies and emphasizes key points clearly in each chapter to improve comprehension and make finding information easier. Cover......Page 1 Front Page......Page 2 ISBN 9781437706031......Page 3 Copyright page......Page 4 Foreword......Page 10 List of contributors......Page 12 Preface......Page 18 Dedication and Acknowledgments......Page 20 OTHER MEDICAL TREATMENTS......Page 21 Systemic administration......Page 22 Encapsulated cell technology (ECT)......Page 23 REFERENCES......Page 24 RETINAL PATHOLOGY......Page 25 Dystrophies......Page 26 Degenerations......Page 28 Toxicities......Page 29 Retinal detachment......Page 30 Trauma......Page 31 Involvement of systemic diseases......Page 32 REFERENCES......Page 33 BLOOD–RETINAL BARRIER......Page 35 BLOOD–RETINA BARRIER DISRUPTION......Page 36 Optical filter......Page 37 Re-entry into the outer segment......Page 38 Lipofuscin and RPE atrophy......Page 39 MATRIX DYSREGULATION......Page 40 REFERENCES......Page 41 VEGF in physiologic and pathologic angiogenesis......Page 43 Anecortave acetate......Page 44 FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2 (FGF2)......Page 45 EPHS AND EPHRINS......Page 46 Angiopoietin 2......Page 49 MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES......Page 50 COMPLEMENTARY REGULATORY PROTEIN C59......Page 51 SUMMARY......Page 52 REFERENCES......Page 53 ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY......Page 57 AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION......Page 60 SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS......Page 61 REFERENCES......Page 62 PATHOGENESIS MECHANISMS AND METABOLISM......Page 64 REFERENCES......Page 66 HISTORY OF RETINAL GENE DISCOVERY......Page 68 RP: A “COMPLEX” MONOGENIC DISEASE......Page 69 SHEDDING LIGHT ON AMD......Page 71 GENE THERAPY DIRECTLY TARGETING THE PRIMARY GENETIC LESION......Page 72 GENOTYPE AS PREDICTOR OF RESPONSE TO TREATMENT......Page 73 REFERENCES......Page 74 KEY CONCEPTS AND PHARMACOLOGY OF CURRENT DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS......Page 76 FUTURE DIRECTIONS: AREDS2......Page 77 REFERENCES......Page 78 OCULAR PHARMACOKINETICS......Page 80 CONVENTIONAL FORMULATIONS......Page 81 NONBIODEGRADABLE IMPLANTS......Page 82 INTRAOCULAR BIODEGRADABLE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS......Page 83 REFERENCES......Page 85 PROPHYLAXIS OF ENDOPHTHALMITIS: LOCAL DISINFECTION AND TOPICAL ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY......Page 87 THE PROCEDURE AND RECOMMENDED TECHNIQUE......Page 88 OCULAR COMPLICATIONS......Page 89 PHARMACOKINETICS AND CLEARANCE OF INTRAVITREAL DRUGS......Page 90 Gas tamponade......Page 91 REFERENCES......Page 92 ANIMAL MODELS......Page 94 TRANSSCLERAL DRUG DELIVERY......Page 95 SUPRACHOROIDAL DRUG DELIVERY......Page 96 INTRAVITREAL GAS-PHASE NANOPARTICLE DRUG DELIVERY......Page 97 REFERENCES......Page 99 EXISTING SUSTAINED-RELEASE DRUG DEVICES......Page 101 BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER IMPLANTS......Page 102 CELLULAR ENCAPSULATION......Page 103 SUMMARY......Page 104 REFERENCES......Page 105 PERMEATION BARRIERS AND ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 106 CYCLODEXTRINS......Page 108 ANIMAL TESTING OF ROUTES OF DRUG DELIVERY......Page 109 REFERENCES......Page 110 DELIVERY CHARACTERISTICS......Page 111 POTENTIAL DELIVERY SITE......Page 113 REFERENCES......Page 114 ANIMAL TESTING FOR DRUG DELIVERY SAFETY......Page 116 CORTICOSTEROIDS......Page 117 ANTIBIOTICS......Page 119 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AND FRAGMENTS......Page 120 MISCELLANEOUS ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIANGIOGENIC AGENTS......Page 121 REFERENCES......Page 122 Thioridazine......Page 124 Chlorpromazine......Page 125 Hydroxychloroquine......Page 127 Quinine sulfate......Page 128 Deferoxamine......Page 129 Cisplatin and BCNU (carmustine)......Page 130 Oral contraceptives......Page 131 Aminoglycoside antibiotics......Page 132 Miscellaneous agents......Page 133 TAMOXIFEN......Page 134 CANTHAXANTHINE......Page 136 CIDOFOVIR......Page 137 REFERENCES......Page 138 RISK FACTORS......Page 142 DIAGNOSIS AND ANCILLARY TESTING/DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 143 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS......Page 144 MINERALS......Page 145 SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS......Page 146 REFERENCES......Page 147 NATURAL HISTORY......Page 148 PDT WITH VERTEPORFIN......Page 149 RANIBIZUMAB......Page 150 TREATMENTS UNDER INVESTIGATION......Page 151 REFERENCES......Page 152 ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS......Page 153 TREATMENT OPTIONS......Page 154 REFERENCES......Page 155 CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION......Page 157 OCULAR AND SYSTEMIC SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS......Page 158 CORTICOSTEROIDS......Page 159 Laser treatment......Page 160 SURGICAL TREATMENT OF BRVO......Page 163 SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS......Page 164 REFERENCES......Page 165 RISK FACTORS FOR PROLIFERATIVE VITREORETINOPATHY......Page 167 SIGNS, SYMPTOMS, AND DIAGNOSIS......Page 168 TREATMENT OPTIONS......Page 169 ADJUNCTIVE THERAPIES......Page 170 REFERENCES......Page 171 SPECIFIC DISEASES: DIAGNOSIS AND PHARMACOTHERAPY......Page 172 Treatment modalities......Page 173 MULTIFOCAL CHOROIDITIS AND PANUVEITIS (MCP)......Page 177 Diagnostic features......Page 178 REFERENCES......Page 180 ANGIOID STREAKS......Page 182 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 183 ANGIOID STREAKS......Page 184 TREATMENT......Page 185 PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY......Page 186 SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS......Page 187 REFERENCES......Page 188 ETIOLOGY/PATHOGENESIS......Page 190 OCULAR......Page 192 TREATMENT OPTIONS......Page 193 REFERENCES......Page 194 ROLE OF GROWTH FACTORS IN ROP......Page 196 Rationale for Treatment......Page 197 SUMMARY......Page 198 REFERENCES......Page 200 TYPE 2 IDIOPATHIC MACULAR TELANGIECTASIA......Page 201 NONPROLIFERATIVE STAGE......Page 202 SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS......Page 203 REFERENCES......Page 204 ETIOLOGY/PATHOGENESIS......Page 205 DIABETIC NEOVASCULAR GLAUCOMA......Page 206 CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION......Page 207 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS......Page 208 Corticosteroid therapy......Page 209 REFERENCES......Page 210 Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor and retinitis pigmentosa......Page 212 Dietary restriction......Page 213 RPE65 gene therapy......Page 214 REFERENCES......Page 215 NEVANAC......Page 216 BROMFENAC......Page 217 BROMFENAC......Page 218 REFERENCES......Page 220 STRUCTURE......Page 221 DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA......Page 222 EXUDATIVE AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION (AMD)......Page 223 Infectious, sterile, and pseudoendophthalmitis associated with triamcinolone acetonide......Page 224 NEW-GENERATION FLUOCINOLONE DEVICE......Page 225 REFERENCES......Page 226 PHARMACOLOGY......Page 228 DRUG MECHANISM......Page 230 Exudative AMD......Page 231 Other diseases......Page 232 EFFICACY AND COMPARISON WITH OTHER AGENTS......Page 233 OCULAR COMPLICATIONS AND TOXICITY......Page 234 SYSTEMIC COMPLICATIONS AND TOXICITY......Page 235 SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS......Page 236 REFERENCES......Page 237 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY......Page 239 AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION......Page 240 RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION (RVO)......Page 241 RETINAL TELANGIECTASIAS......Page 242 OCULAR COMPLICATIONS AND TOXICITY......Page 243 REFERENCES......Page 244 PHARMACODYNAMICS......Page 246 EFFICACY IN AMD......Page 247 SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS......Page 248 REFERENCES......Page 249 VEGF RECEPTORS......Page 250 INTRAVITREAL ANTI-VEGF THERAPY FOR NEOVASCULAR AMD: PEGAPTANIB, RANIBIZUMAB AND BEVACIZUMAB......Page 251 SUMMARY AND KEYPOINTS......Page 252 REFERENCES......Page 253 Ophthalmic indications for infliximab......Page 256 Pharmacology and mechanism......Page 259 Ophthalmic indications......Page 260 Systemic indication......Page 261 Ophthalmic indications......Page 262 Ocular toxicity......Page 263 SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS......Page 264 REFERENCES......Page 265 Key features, introduction, and history......Page 268 Drug mechanism......Page 271 Summary and key points......Page 272 Drug use in retinal diseases......Page 275 REFERENCES......Page 278 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY......Page 279 DRUG MECHANISM......Page 280 NEOVASCULAR AMD PHASE I......Page 281 NEOVASCULAR AMD PHASE III PROGRAM......Page 282 SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS......Page 283 REFERENCES......Page 284 PHARMACOKINETICS......Page 285 NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION......Page 286 DIABETIC RETINOPATHY......Page 287 RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION......Page 288 CONTRAINDICATIONS......Page 289 SYSTEMIC COMPLICATIONS AND TOXICITY......Page 290 REFERENCES......Page 291 PHARMACOLOGY OF RUBOXISTAURIN......Page 293 EFFICACY OF RUBOXISTAURIN IN THE TREATMENT OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY......Page 294 SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS......Page 295 REFERENCES......Page 296 PHARMACOLOGY, DRUG MECHANISM, AND DRUG EFFECTS IN NONOCULAR DISEASES......Page 298 BEVASIRANIB FOR NEOVASCULAR MACULAR DEGENERATION: PHASE II STUDY METHODS......Page 299 BEVASIRANIB FOR NEOVASCULAR MACULAR DEGENERATION: RESULTS......Page 300 BEVASIRANIB FOR THE TREATMENT OF DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA (DME)......Page 301 REDD14 NP......Page 302 REFERENCES......Page 303 CURRENT VIRAL VECTORS......Page 305 STRATEGIES FOR RECESSIVE VERSUS DOMINANT DISEASE......Page 307 STRATEGIES FOR PROLIFERATIVE AND NEOPLASTIC OCULAR DISEASE......Page 308 GENE THERAPY FOR LEBER’S CONGENITAL AMAUROSIS TRIAL......Page 309 REFERENCES......Page 310 ANTIOXIDATIVE THERAPY......Page 312 ANTIAPOPTOPIC THERAPY......Page 313 REFERENCES......Page 315 DRUG MECHANISM......Page 317 PDT IN ONCOLOGICAL DISORDERS......Page 318 AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION......Page 319 PATHOLOGIC MYOPIA......Page 320 POLYPOIDAL CHOROIDAL VASCULOPATHY......Page 321 CHOROIDAL OSTEOMA......Page 322 OCULAR COMPLICATIONS AND TOXICITY......Page 323 SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS......Page 324 REFERENCES......Page 325 AGENTS......Page 326 SIDE-EFFECTS......Page 327 CHOROIDAL INVASION......Page 328 METASTATIC UVEAL MELANOMA......Page 329 TREATMENT......Page 330 REFERENCES......Page 331 THE ENDOPHTHALMITIS VITRECTOMY STUDY......Page 333 TOPICAL FLUOROQUINOLONES......Page 334 ORAL AND INTRAVENOUS ANTIBIOTICS......Page 335 NASALLY APPLIED ANTIBIOTICS......Page 336 ORAL, TOPICAL, AND INTRAVITREAL ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS......Page 337 REFERENCES......Page 339 Multicenter investigation of rheopheresis for AMD (MIRA-1)......Page 341 DIABETIC MACULOPATHY......Page 342 UVEAL EFFUSION SYNDROME......Page 343 Complications......Page 344 REFERENCES......Page 345 PHARMACOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY......Page 347 NONSURGICAL INDICATIONS......Page 348 SUMMARY......Page 349 REFERENCES......Page 350 PHARMACOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY......Page 351 INFRACYANINE GREEN......Page 352 BRILLIANT BLUE......Page 353 DYE INJECTION......Page 354 REFERENCES......Page 355 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS......Page 356 OTHER OCULAR TUMORS......Page 357 PLAQUE PLACEMENT TECHNIQUE......Page 358 BRACHYTHERAPY FOR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION......Page 359 OPTIC NEUROPATHY......Page 361 REFERENCES......Page 362 BRUCH’S MEMBRANE AS A SUBSTRATE FOR TRANSPLANTED RPE......Page 364 RPE-BM Choroid Sheet......Page 365 PROSTHESIS OR TISSUE ENGINEERING OF BRUCH’S MEMBRANE......Page 366 Embryonic stem cells......Page 369 REFERENCES......Page 370 THE CONCEPT OF “OFF-LABEL”......Page 372 MEDICAL PAYMENT/COVERAGE......Page 373 REFERENCES......Page 374 COST MINIMIZATION ANALYSIS......Page 376 Utility gain......Page 377 Cost-effectiveness standards......Page 378 COST PERSPECTIVE......Page 379 REFERENCES......Page 380 TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS......Page 382 NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS......Page 383 COMPLEMENT INHIBITORS......Page 384 ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 385 REFERENCES......Page 386 Index......Page 387