Security Issues for Wireless Sensor Networks; 1

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have attracted high interest over the last few decades in the wireless and mobile computing research community. Applications of WSNs are numerous and growing, including indoor deployment scenarios in the home and office to outdoor deployment in an adversary’s territory in a tactical background. However, due to their distributed nature and deployment in remote areas, these networks are vulnerable to numerous security threats that can adversely affect their performance. This problem is more critical if the network is deployed for some mission-critical applications, such as in a tactical battlefield. Random failure of nodes is also very likely in real-life deployment scenarios. Due to resource constraints in the sensor nodes, a traditional security mechanism with high overhead of computation and communication is not feasible in WSNs. Design and implementation of secure WSNs is, therefore, a particularly challenging task. This book covers a comprehensive discussion on state-of-the-art security technologies for WSNs. It identifies various possible attacks at different layers of the communication protocol stack in a typical WSN and presents their possible countermeasures. A brief discussion on the future direction of research in WSN security is also included. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Contents 1. Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks Introduction Issues and Challenges Architecture for WSNs Types of Sensors Components of WSNs Types of Wireless Sensor Networks Applications of WSNs Protocols in WSNs SPINS: Security Protocols for Sensor Networks LEAP: Localized Encryption and Authentication Protocol Gradient-Based Routing (GBR) Active Query Forwarding in Sensor Network (ACQUIRE) Probabilistic Key Distribution Schemes Deterministic Key Distribution Schemes References 2. Security in Wireless Sensor Networks - Background Introduction Constraints in Sensor Networks Unreliable Communication Node Constraints Battery Power/Energy Recharge Ability Sleep Patterns Transmission Range Memory Limitations Unattended Operations Network Constraints Ad Hoc Networking Limited Preconfiguration Data Rate/Packet Size Channel Error Rate Intermittent Connectivity Unreliable Communications Higher Latency in Communication Frequent Routing Changes Unknown Recipients Physical Limitation Characteristics of Sensor Networks Power Efficiency Scalability Responsiveness Reliability Mobility Compact Size Physical Security Memory Space Bandwidth Security Goals for Sensor Networks Confidentiality Integrity Authentication Data Freshness Availability Self-Organization Secure Localization Time Synchronization Security Classes Attacks on Sensor Networks Passive Information Gathering Attacks Against Privacy Monitor and Eavesdropping Traffic Analysis Camouflage Adversaries Active Attacks Routing Attacks Spoofed, Altered and Replayed Routing Information Selective Forwarding Sinkhole Attack Sybil Attacks Wormhole Attacks HELLO Flood Attacks Denial of Service Node Subversion Node Malfunction Node Outage Physical Attacks False Node Node Replication Attacks Layering-Based Security Approach Physical Layer Data Link Layer Network Layer Transport Layer Application Layer Conclusion References 3. QoS as a Means of Providing WSN Security Introduction Quality of Services in Wireless Sensor Networks QoS Concept and Security Effect QoS Challenges in Sensor Networks QoS Metrics in WSN Layers Application-Specific QoS Parameters Network-Specific QoS Parameters Related Studies Reliability, Availability and Serviceability (RAS) Calculating Probability of Node Availability in a WSN Experiments and Evaluations Conclusion References 4. The Security Framework for Wireless Sensor Networks Introduction Security Requirements in WSNs Wireless Sensor Networks' Security Framework The Secure Triple-Key Management Scheme Base Station to Node Key Calculation Nodes to Cluster Leader Key Calculation Cluster Leader to Next Hop Cluster Leader Key Calculation Cluster Leader to Base Station Key Calculation Analysis of Secure Triple-Key Management Scheme Secure Routing Node Algorithm Secure Localization Determining the Node Location Securing the Node Location: An Analysis Malicious Node Detection Mechanism Threat Model Trust Model Trust Evaluation Model Trust Evaluation of the Sensor Node Data Trust of the Sensor Node Direct Data Trust Regional Relative Trust Data Trust of the Sensor Node Historical Data Trust Behavior Trust of the Sensor Node Direct Behavior Trust Behavior Trust of the Sensor Node Historical Behavior Trust Comprehensive Trust of the Sensor Node Historical Trust of the Sensor Node Trust Evaluation of the Relay Node Data Trust Trust List Conclusion References 5. Secure Key Management Scheme (SKMS) Introduction Key Management in a Wireless Sensor Network Key Management Schemes Pre-Distribution Key Management Schemes Key Pool-Based Pre-Distribution Key Management Schemes Pair-Wise Key-Based Pre-Distribution Key Management Schemes Key Space-Based Pre-Distribution Key Management Schemes Group-Based Probabilistic Pre-Distribution Key Management Schemes Grid-Based Pre-Distribution Key Management Schemes Deployment Knowledge-Based Pre-Distribution Key Management Schemes Polynomial-Based Probabilistic Pre-Distribution Key Management Schemes Matrix-Based Pre-Distribution Key Management Schemes Tree-Based Pre-Distribution Key Management Schemes Combinatorial Design-Based Pre-Distribution Key Management Schemes Hypercube-Based Pre-Distribution Key Management Schemes ID-Based Pre-Distribution Key Management Schemes Energy-Aware Pre-Distribution Key Management Schemes Location-Based Pre-Distribution Key Management Schemes Cluster-Based Pre-Distribution Key Management Schemes Other Pre-Distribution Key Management Schemes In Situ Key Management Schemes Challenges Faced by Key Management in a WSN Evaluation Metrics for KMS in a WSN Security Metrics Efficiency Metric Flexibility Metric Proposed Advanced EG Scheme for WSN Security Key Pre-Distribution Phase Shared Key Discovery Phase Path Key Establishment Phase Analysis and Simulation Result Connectivity Safety Analysis: Resilience against Attack Capture Nodes Conclusion References 6. Secure Routing Algorithms (SRAs) in Sensor Networks Introduction Challenges of Design Tasks of Routing Protocol for a WSN Classification of Routing Protocols in a WSN Attribute-Based or Data-Centric Routing Protocols Flooding and Gossiping SPIN Directed Diffusion Rumor Routing Gradient-Based Routing Hierarchical-Based Routing (Clustering) or Node-Centric Routing Protocol LEACH PEGASIS and Hierarchical-PEGASIS TEEN and APTEEN Energy-Aware Cluster-Based Routing Algorithm Location-Based Routing (Geographic Protocol) MECN and SMECN GEAR (Geographic and EnergyAware Routing) GAF and HGAF Fermat Point-Based Energy-Efficient Geocast Routing Protocol Multi-Path Routing Protocol N-to-1 Multi-Path Routing Protocol Multi-Path Multi-Speed Protocol (MMSPEED) Braided Multi-Path Routing Protocol Energy-Aware Routing Comparison of Routing Protocols Routing Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks Sybil Attack Black Hole Attack Denial of Service Attack Wormhole Attack Hello Flood Attack Grey Hole Attack Conclusion References 7. Secure Localization Technique (SLT) Introduction Operational Challenges in WSNs Secure Localization Process Classification of Localization Techniques Direct Approaches Indirect Approaches Range-Based Localization Range-Free Localization Attack Model Elementary Attacks Range Change Attack False Beacon Location Attack Combinational Attacks Impersonation Sybil Attack Replay Attack Wormhole Attack Location-Reference Attack Existing Solutions of Secure Localization Systems Node-Centric Secure Localization The Prevention Method The Detection Method The Filtering Method Infrastructure-Centric Secure Localization Existing Secure Localization Systems SeRLoc Beacon Suite Attack-Resistant Location Estimation Robust Statistical Methods SPINE ROPE Transmission Range Variation DRBTS HiRLoc Proposed Secure Localization Technique (SLT) Network Model and Assumptions Results and Discussion Summary References 8. Malicious Node Detection Mechanisms Introduction Security Threats Against Wireless Sensor Networks Abnormality Detection Misuse Detection Specification-Based Detection Literature on Malicious Node Detection Suspicious Node Detection by Signal Strength The Model Suspicious Message Detection by Signal Strength (SMDSS) Suspicious Node Information Dissemination Protocol (SNIDP) Proposed Malicious Node Detection Mechanism Feature Extraction Link Stability Features (LSFs) Probabilistic Features Randomness Features Credit Features Classification Result and Discussion Notes References 9. The Distributed Signature Scheme (DSS) Based on RSA Introduction Related Work Threshold Signatures Distributed Signatures Mesh Signatures Attribute-Based Signatures RSA-Based Secure Schemes RSA-Based DSS Distributed Signature Features RSA-Based Secret Key Distributions Main Approaches Our Approach on Scheme Establishment Scheme Initialization Generation of Distributive Signature Key Projection Distribution to New User Summary References Index Wireless sensor networks have attracted high interest over last few decades in the wireless and mobile computing research community. Applications of wireless sensor networks are numerous and growing, including indoor deployment scenarios in the home and office to outdoor deployment in adversary0́9s territory in a tactical background. However, due to distributed nature and their deployment in remote areas, these networks are vulnerable to numerous security threats that can adversely affect their performance. This problem is more critical if the network is deployed for some mission-critical applications such as in a tactical battlefield. Random failure of nodes is also very likely in real-life deployment scenarios. Due to resource constraints in the sensor nodes, traditional security mechanism with Lange overhead of computation and communication is infusible in wireless sensor network. Design and implementation of secure wireless sensor networks is, therefore a particular challenging task. This book covers a comprehensive discussion on the state of the art in security technologies for wireless sensor networks. It identifies various possible attacks at different layers of the communication protocol stack in a typical wireless sensor network and presents their possible countermeasures. A brief discussion on the future direction of research in wireless sensor network security is also included