This brief provides an overview of state-of-the-art sensing technologies relevant to the problem of precision irrigation, an emerging field within the domain of precision agriculture. Applications of wireless sensor networks, satellite data and geographic information systems in the domain are covered. This brief presents the basic concepts of the technologies and emphasizes the practical aspects that enable the implementation of intelligent irrigation systems. The authors target a broad audience interested in this theme and organize the content in five chapters, each concerned with a specific technology needed to address the problem of optimal crop irrigation. Professionals and researchers will find the text a thorough survey with practical applications. Preface 5 Acknowledgments 6 Contents 7 1 Wireless Sensor Network Technology for Precision Agriculture 9 Sensor Node Hardware 9 Hardware Architecture 9 Processing Power and Memory 11 Radio Circuitry and Antennas 11 Power Supply Sources 12 Sensors for Precision Agriculture 15 Sensor Node Protocols: Lower Layers 16 IEEE 802.15.4trade Physical Layer 17 IEEE 802.15.4trade Medium Access Control Layer 24 Sensor Node Protocols: Upper Layers 31 ZigBeereg 31 ZigBeereg Network Layer 33 Description 33 Routing Algorithms 34 ZigBeereg Application Layer 38 Description 38 Protocols 39 6LoWPAN 40 6LoWPAN Network Layer 41 Description 41 Routing Protocols 42 6LoWPAN Application Layer 45 Description 45 Protocols 46 Jen-NET extension to 6LoWPAN 49 Data Management and Storage Architectures 49 Programming and Applications Development 52 Application characteristics 52 Development 53 Wireless Sensor Networks Solutions for Smart Irrigation 55 References 58 2 Sources of Remote Sensing Data for Precision Irrigation 61 Satellite Data 61 Operational Readily Available Satellite Missions for Precision Irrigation 61 Satellite Based Products for Irrigation 65 Surface Radiation Budget Parameters 65 Surface Temperature 65 Down-Welling Surface Longwave Flux (DSLF) 66 Down-Welling Surface Shortwave Flux (DSSF) 66 Downward Longwave Irradiance (DLI) 66 Solar Surface Irradiance (SSI) 67 Surface Water Balance Parameters 67 Snow Cover 67 Evapotranspiration 68 Soil Moisture 68 Wind-Related Products 70 High Resolution Visible Winds (HRV) 70 High Resolution Water Vapour Winds 70 Ocean Surface Winds 70 Precipitation Products 71 Atmospheric Weather Parameters 72 Temperature, Humidity and Surface Temperature 72 Surface Pressure 72 Biogeophysical Measurements 72 Fraction of Vegetation Cover (FVC) 73 Leaf Area Index (LAI) 73 Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetic Active Radiation 74 Data Accessibility 75 References 75 3 GIS Applications for Irrigation Management 76 Proprietary GIS Software 78 ESRI ArcGIS 78 Desktop GIS Products 79 Server GIS Products 79 Mobile GIS Products 81 Developer GIS Products 81 Online GIS (ArcGIS Online) 81 Autocad Map 3D 82 Intergraph GEOMEDIA 82 Open Source Software 84 GRASS 84 Quantum GIS 85 uDIG 86 gvSIG 87 GIS Software for Precision Agriculture 88 SSToolBox 89 SSToolKit 89 Farm Works Office Desktop 90 Agvance Mapping 90 Achieving Interoperability in Precision Irrigation Support Systems 91 Standards 91 The OpenGISreg Web Map Service Interface Standard 92 The OpenGISreg Web Feature Service Interface Standard 92 The OpenGISreg Web Coverage Service Interface Standard 93 Internet Services Interoperability 93 The OpenGISreg Web Processing Service Interface Standard 93 The OpenGISreg Sensor Observation Service 94 Observations and Measurements: XML Implementation 94 OpenGISreg Sensor Model Language (SensorML) 94 OpenGISreg Sensor Planning Service Implementation Standard 95 OpenGISreg SWE Service Model Implementation Standard 95 OpenGISreg Web Coverage Processing Service (WCPS) Language Interface Standard 96 Impact of Latest European Directives and Projects 96 INSPIRE 96 Legislation 96 GEOSS 97 GIGAS 98 EuroGEOSS 99 References 99 4 Concluding Remarks 101 Front Matter....Pages i-x Wireless Sensor Network Technology for Precision Agriculture....Pages 1-52 Sources of Remote Sensing Data for Precision Irrigation....Pages 53-67 GIS Applications for Irrigation Management....Pages 69-93 Concluding Remarks....Pages 95-96
