Small Animal Surgery 5th Edition

Front Cover Inside Front Cover Small Animal Surgery Copyright Page Dedication About the Authors Editor-in-Chief Editors Preface Expert Consult Updates and Authors Content General Format Chapter Format Anesthesia Protocols Special Features Art Program Index Summary Acknowledgments Author Acknowledgments Personal Acknowledgments Table Of Contents Video Contents One General Surgical Principles 1 Principles of Surgical Asepsis Abstract Keywords Asepsis Versus Sterility Transmission of Microorganisms Sources of Contamination Animal Sources Inanimate Sources Airborne Sources Principles of Hospital Asepsis Sterile Technique Sterilization and Disinfection Reference 2 Care and Handling of Surgical Equipment and Supplies Abstract Keywords Cleaning Disinfection Sterilization Steam Sterilization Types of Steam Sterilizers Gravity Displacement Sterilization Prevacuum Sterilization Immediate-Use Steam Sterilization Chemical (Gas) Sterilization Ethylene Oxide Plasma Sterilization Peracetic Acid Sterilization Ionizing Radiation Cold Chemical Sterilization Sterilization Indicators Pack Preparation Wrapping Instrument Packs Folding and Wrapping Gowns Folding and Wrapping Drapes Handling and Storage of Sterilized Instruments and Equipment Sterile Shelf Life Handling Sterilized Items Wet Packs Unwrapping and Opening Sterile Items Unwrapping Large Sterile Linen/Paper/Polypropylene Packs That Cannot Be Held During Distribution (Video 2.3) Unwrapping Sterile Linen/Paper Packages That Can Be Held During Distribution Unwrapping Sterile Items in Paper/Plastic or Plastic Peel-Back Pouches (Video 2.4) Opening Sterile Container Systems (Video 2.5) Pouring Solutions Into Basins References 3 Surgical Facilities and Maintenance of the Surgical Environment Abstract Keywords Structure and Design of the Surgical Area Traffic Patterns Description and Function of Rooms in the Surgical Area Dressing Room Anesthesia and Surgical Preparation Areas Anesthesia Supply Room Nurses’ Workstation Sterile Instrument Room Equipment Room Housekeeping Supply Room Scrub Sink Area Gowning and Gloving Area Operating Room Room “Turnover” Postoperative Recovery Area Minor Procedures Surgery Room Personnel Operating Room Supervisor and Surgical Technician Repairs and Renovations Care and Maintenance of the Surgical Environment Daily Cleaning Routines Operating Room Scrub Sinks Anesthesia and Patient Preparation Room Recovery Room Weekly and Monthly Cleaning Routines References 4 Preoperative and Intraoperative Care of the Surgical Patient Abstract Keywords History Taking Physical Examination Laboratory Data Determination of Surgical Risk Client Communication Patient Stabilization Oxygen Therapy Fluid Therapy Crystalloid Solutions Colloid Solutions Blood Products Intraoperative Fluid Therapy Surgical Safety Checklists References 5 Preparation of the Operative Site Abstract Keywords Dietary Restrictions Excretions Treatment of Hair Positioning Sterile Skin Preparation One-Step Alcohol-Based Solutions Draping Other Considerations to Reduce the Incidence of Surgical Site Infection References 6 Preparation of the Surgical Team Abstract Keywords Surgical Attire Scrub Suits, Jackets, and Laboratory Coats Hair Coverings Footwear and Shoe Covers Masks Surgical Gowns Surgical Gloves Surgical Scrub Scrub Technique Scrub Solutions Scrub Duration Gowning (Video 6.2) Gloving Closed Gloving Open Gloving Assisted Gloving Removing Gloves Aseptically Maintaining Sterility During Surgery References 7 Surgical Instrumentation Abstract Keywords Instrument Categories Scalpels Scissors Needle Holders Tissue Forceps Hemostat Forceps Tissue Forceps Retractors Miscellaneous Instruments Instrument Care and Maintenance Cleaning Lubricating and Autoclaving Cold Sterilization Draping and Organizing the Instrument Table Reference 8 Biomaterials, Suturing, and Hemostasis Abstract Keywords Sutures and Suture Selection Suture Characteristics Suture Size Flexibility Surface Characteristics and Coating Capillarity Knot Tensile Strength Relative Knot Security Specific Suturing Materials Absorbable Suture Materials Nonabsorbable Suture Materials Surgical Needles Suture Selection for Different Tissue Types Skin Abdominal Closure Muscle and Tendon Parenchymal Organs Hollow Viscus Organs Infected or Contaminated Wounds Vessels and Vascular Anastomoses Other Biomaterials Tissue Adhesives Ligating Clips Skin Staples Synthetic Surgical Mesh Biologic Tissue Grafts Common Suture Techniques Suture Patterns Subcutaneous and Subcuticular Patterns (Video 8.1) Interrupted Suture Patterns Simple Interrupted Pattern Cruciate Pattern Horizontal Mattress Pattern Vertical Mattress Pattern Halstead Pattern Gambee Pattern Continuous Suture Patterns Simple Continuous Pattern Ford Interlocking Pattern Lembert Pattern Connell and Cushing Patterns Tendon Sutures Three-Loop Pulley Suture Bunnell Suture Far-Near-Near-Far Suture Knot Tying Instrument Ties Hand Ties Burying the Knot (Video 8.2) Suture Removal Hemostatic Techniques and Materials Topical Hemostatic Agents Energy-Based Hemostasis–Electrosurgery Monopolar Electrosurgery Bipolar Electrosurgery Carbon Dioxide Laser Vessel Sealing References 9 Surgical Infections and Antibiotic Selection Abstract Keywords Mechanisms of Antibiotic Action Destruction of Bacterial Cell Walls Inhibition of Protein Synthesis Inhibition of DNA Synthesis Drugs of Last Resort Causes of Antibiotic Failure and Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance Surgical Infections Definitions of Infection Sources of Surgical Site Infections Reported Rates of Small Animal Surgical Site Infections Factors Affecting Surgical Site Infections Classification of Wounds Patient-Related Factors Procedure-Related Factors Prophylactic and Therapeutic Use of Antibiotics Prophylactic Use of Perioperative Antibiotics Indications for Prophylactic Antibiotics Clean Wounds Clean-Contaminated and Contaminated Wounds Dirty Wounds Selection and Timing of Prophylactic Antibiotics Route of Administration Use of Prophylactic Antibiotics Postoperatively Therapeutic Antibiotics for Existing Infections References 10 Nutritional Management of the Surgical Patient Abstract Keywords Diets for Enteral Use Diets for Parenteral Nutrition Enhancing Appetite Methods of Providing Hyperalimentation Parenteral Nutrition Enteral Hyperalimentation Nasoesophageal and Nasogastric Intubation Nasojejunal Tubes Esophagostomy Tubes Gastrostomy Tubes Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Tube Placement Blind Percutaneous Gastrostomy Tube Placement Flank Incision Gastrostomy Tube Placement Gastrostomy Tube Placement by Midline Laparotomy Low-Profile Gastrostomy Tube Devices Enterostomy Tubes Enterostomy Tube Placement by Flexible Endoscopy Surgical Placement of Enterostomy Tube Gastrojejunostomy Tubes Calculation of Rate and Volume of Feeding Parenteral Feeding Complications Enteral Feeding Complications Mechanical Complications Gastrointestinal Complications Metabolic Complications References 11 Fundamentals of Physical Rehabilitation Abstract Keywords Definitions Overview of Rehabilitation Therapy Role of Exercise Physiology in Rehabilitation Rehabilitation Evaluation Developing a Rehabilitation Plan Therapeutic Modalities: General Considerations Cryotherapy Thermal Therapy Therapeutic Ultrasound Laser Therapy Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation and Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Manual Therapies for Pain Relief Massage or Soft Tissue Mobilization Passive Range of Motion and Stretching Special Considerations for Neurologic Patients Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Therapeutic Exercises Equipment Required for Therapeutic Exercise Balance and Proprioceptive Exercises Assisted Standing Exercises Rhythmic Stabilization/Weight Shifting Weight Shifting, Unsteady Surface Balance Boards, Balance Discs, or BOSU Ball Cavaletti Course Weave Cones Figure Eights Planking on Blocks and Balls Ball Work Core Strengthening Crawling Sit Up and Beg Diagonal Leg Lifts Hind Limb Exercises Sit to Stand Backwards Walking Side Stepping Incline Walking Standing With Elevated Front Legs Ladder Walking Front Limb Exercises High-Five Salute Wheelbarrow Stairs Play Bow Digging Neurologic Rehabilitation Exercises Assisted Standing Physio Ball Weight Shifting Treadmill Gait Training Tapping Tensor Bandaging or Medical Shirts Tactile Stimulation Mental Stimulation of Neurologic Patients Aquatic Therapy Aquatic Therapy Equipment Special Considerations for Common Conditions References 12 Principles of Anesthesia and Anesthetics Abstract Keywords General Considerations Anesthetic Agents Antimuscarinics Tranquilizers Phenothiazines Benzodiazepines and Benzodiazepine Antagonists Recommendations for Handling Aggressive or Dangerous Dogs Alpha-2 Agonists and Antagonists Opioids Barbiturates Nonbarbiturate Hypnotics Neuroactive Steroids Dissociatives Inhalants Anesthesia Equipment and Devices Endotracheal Tubes, Endobronchial Blockers, and Supraglottic Devices Anesthesia Machines Monitoring Cardiovascular System Respiratory System Body Temperature Fluid Therapy References 13 Pain Management and Acupuncture Abstract Keywords Definitions Neuroanatomy of Nociception Neurophysiology and Modulation of Nociception Drugs Used for Analgesia Regional Techniques Acupuncture and Electroacupuncture References 14 Principles of Minimally Invasive Surgery and Imaging of the Surgical Patient Abstract keywords Definitions and Terminology Endoscopy: General Principles, Equipment, and Techniques Indications Flexible Endoscopy Rigid Endoscopy Foreign Bodies Equipment Flexible Endoscopes Rigid Endoscopes Equipment Care Antibiotics Procedures Biopsies Cytologic Preparations Washes Foreign Body Removal Postendoscopy Care Specialized Interventional Procedures Arthroscopy: General Principles, Equipment, and Techniques Indications Equipment Equipment Care Antibiotics General Procedures Specific Procedures Postarthroscopy Care Advanced Imaging Physics: Overview Clinical Applications Two Soft Tissue Surgery 15 Surgery of the Integumentary System Abstract Keywords General Principles and Techniques Wound Management Surgical Anatomy Wound Healing Management of Open or Superficial Wounds Antibiotics Topical Wound Medications Wound Cleansing Solutions Other Wound Treatment Methods Assessment of Skin Viability Integumentary Surgery Wound Closure Postoperative Care and Assessment Bandages Wound Bandaging Materials Types of Bandages Bandaging Techniques Principles of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Skin Tension and Elasticity Tension Lines and Tension Relief Suture Patterns Prevention of "Dog Ears" Relaxing Incisions Skin Biopsy Removal of Skin Tumors Closure of Irregular Skin Defects Pedicle Flaps Advancement Flaps Rotational Flaps Transposition Flaps Interpolation Flaps Pouch and Hinge Flaps Tubed Pedicle Flaps Axial Pattern Flaps Composite Flaps Omental Flaps Microvascular Flap Transfer Skin Grafts Surgical Management of Specific Skin Disorders Burns and Other Thermal Injuries Treatment Burn Wound Management Electrical Injuries Treatment Frostbite Treatment Chemical Injuries Treatment Skin Reactions to Radiation Therapy Treatment Animal Bite Wounds and Abcesses Snakebite Treatment Pressure Sores Treatment Elbow Hygroma Treatment Lick Granulomas Treatment Dermoid Sinus (Pilondial Sinus) Treatment Interdigital Pyoderma Treatment Redundant Skin Folds Lip Folds Nasal Folds Vulvar Folds Tail Folds Surgery of the Tail Caudectomy Surgery of the Digits and Footpads Biopsy Onychectomy Deep Digital Flexor Tenectomy Dewclaw Removal Digit Amputation Footpad Injuries References 16 Surgery of the Eye Abstract Keywords Surgery of the Eyelid General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Concerns Preparation of the Surgical Site Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Techniques Healing of the Eyelid Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Specific Diseases Eyelid Laceration Neoplastic Eyelid Mass Entropion and Ectropion Surgery of the Conjunctiva and Third Eyelid General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Concerns Preparation of the Surgical Site Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Techniques Healing of the Conjunctiva, Third Eyelid, and Gland Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Specific Diseases Third Eyelid Gland Prolapse (Cherry Eye) Deep or Infected Corneal Ulcers Surgeries of the Face and Orbit General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Concerns Preparation of the Surgical Site Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Techniques Healing of the Face And Orbit Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Specific Diseases Traumatic Proptosis End-Stage Glaucoma References 17 Surgery of the Ear Abstract Keywords General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Concerns Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Techniques Lateral Ear Canal Resection Vertical Ear Canal Ablation Total Ear Canal Ablation Lateral Bulla Osteotomy Ventral Bulla Osteotomy Healing and the Ear Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Specific Diseases Otitis Externa Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Complications Otitis Media and Interna Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Aural Hematomas Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Physical Examination Findings Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Preoperative Management Anesthesia Surgical Anatomy Positioning Surgical Techniques Aural Hematomas Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Traumatic Lesions of the Pinna and Ear Cartilage Avulsions of the Ear Margin Neoplasia of the Pinna and External Ear Canal General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Inflammatory Polyps Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Surgical Techniques Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References 18 Surgery of the Digestive System Abstract Keywords Surgery of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Concerns Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Techniques Healing of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Specific Diseases Congenital Oronasal Fistula (Cleft Palate) Acquired Oronasal Fistulae Oral Tumors Salivary Mucoceles Oropharyngeal Penetrating Trauma Surgery of the Esophagus General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Concerns Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Techniques Healing of the Esophagus Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Specific Diseases Esophageal Foreign Bodies Esophageal Strictures Esophageal Diverticula Esophageal Neoplasia Hiatal Hernia Gastroesophageal Intussusception Cricopharyngeal Achalasia Vascular Ring Anomalies Surgery of the Stomach General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Concerns Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Techniques Healing of the Stomach Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Prognosis Specific Diseases Gastric Foreign Bodies Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus Benign Gastric Outflow Obstruction Gastric Ulceration and Erosion Gastric Neoplasia and Infiltrative Disease Surgery of the Small Intestine General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Concerns Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Techniques Healing of the Small Intestine Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Specific Diseases Intestinal Foreign Bodies Intestinal Neoplasia Intussusception Pythiosis Intestinal Volvulus and Torsion Surgery of the Large Intestine General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Concerns Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Techniques Healing of the Large Intestine Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Specific Diseases Neoplasia Colitis Megacolon Surgery of the Perineum, Rectum, and Anus General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Concerns Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Techniques Healing of the Rectum Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Specific Diseases Anal Neoplasia Anal Sac Infection and Impaction Perineal Hernia Perianal Fistulae Rectal Prolapse Fecal Incontinence References 19 Surgery of the Abdominal Cavity General Principles and Techniques Defintions Preoperative Concerns Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Techniques Ventral Midline Celiotomy in Cats and Female Dogs Ventral Midline Celiotomy in Male Dogs Paracostal Celiotomy Abdominal Exploration Abdominal Wall Closure Healing of the Abdominal Wall Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Specific Diseases Umbilical and Abdominal Hernias Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Surgical Techniques Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Inguinal, Scrotal, and Femoral Hernias Defintions General Considerations and Clincially Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Peritonitis Definitions General Considerations and Clincially Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Surgical Techniques Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Hemoperitoneum Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Surgical Techniques Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis References 20 Surgery of the Liver Abstract Keywords General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Concerns Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Techniques Percutaneous Liver Biopsy Laparoscopic Liver Biopsy Surgical Liver Biopsy Partial Lobectomy Complete Lobectomy Healing of the Liver Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Specific Diseases Portosystemic Vascular Anomalies Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Surgical Techniques Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Cavitary Hepatic Lesions Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Hepatobiliary Neoplasia Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Interventional Oncologic Treatment Surgical Treatment Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Hepatic Lobe Torsion Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References 21 Surgery of the Extrahepatic Biliary System Abstract keywords General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Concerns Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Diagnostic Imaging Surgical Techniques Choledochal Tube Stenting Cholecystotomy Laparoscopic-Assisted Cholecystostomy Cholecystectomy Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Choledochotomy Bile Flow Diversion Repair of Common Bile Duct Injuries Healing of the Biliary Tract Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Complications Special Age Considerations Specific Diseases Cholelithiasis Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Gallbladder Mucoceles Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Bile Peritonitis Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Cholecystitis Definition General Considerations and Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Surgical Technique Postoperative Care and Assessment References 22 Surgery of the Endocrine System Abstract Keywords Surgery of the Adrenal and Pituitary Glands General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Management Anesthesia Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Technique Healing of the Adrenal and Pituitary Glands Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Specific Diseases Adrenal Neoplasia Pituitary Neoplasia Surgery of the Pancreas General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Management Anesthesia Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Technique Healing of the Pancreas Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Specific Diseases Pancreatic Abscesses and Pseudocysts Insulinomas Gastrinomas Exocrine Pancreatic Neoplasia Surgery of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Management Anesthesia Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Technique Healing of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Specific Diseases Feline Hyperthyroidism Hyperparathyroidism Thyroid Carcinomas in Dogs References 23 Surgery of the Hemolymphatic System Abstract Keywords Surgery of the Lymphatic System General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Management Anesthesia Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Diagnostic Imaging Surgical Technique Healing of the Lymphatic System Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Specific Diseases Lymphedema Surgery of the Spleen General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Management Anesthesia Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Surgical Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Specific Diseases Splenic Torsion Splenic Neoplasia References 24 Surgery of the Kidney and Ureter Abstract Keywords General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Management Anesthetic Considerations Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Technique Renal Biopsy Nephrectomy Partial Nephrectomy Nephrotomy Pyelolithotomy Ureterotomy Ureteral Reimplantation Ureteral Anastomosis Nephrostomy Tube Placement Subcutaneous Ureteral Bypass System Neoureterostomy Ureteroneocystostomy Healing of the Kidney and Ureter Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Specific Diseases Ectopic Ureter Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Prognosis Renal and Ureteral Calculi Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Prognosis Ureteral Stenting Subcutaneous Ureteral Bypass Device Renal and Ureteral Neoplasia Definition General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Prognosis Renal and Perirenal Abscesses Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Prognosis References 25 Surgery of the Bladder and Urethra Abstract Keywords General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Management Anesthesia Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Surgical Technique Cystotomy Urethrotomy Urethrostomy Permanent Urinary Diversion Healing of the Bladder and Urethra Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Specific Diseases Uroabdomen Defintions General Considerations and Clincially Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Bladder and Urethral Calculi Defintions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Surgical Technicque Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Urethral Prolapse Defintions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Bladder and Urethral Neoplasia Defintions General Conditions and Clincially Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Urinary Incontinence Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Surgical Technique Bladder Flap Reconstruction of a Hypoplastic Urethra Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis Feline Idiopathic Cystitis Definitions General Considerations and Clinically Relevant Pathophysiology Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Treatment Surgical Technique Suture Materials and Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Prognosis References 26 Surgery of the Reproductive and Genital Systems Abstract Keywords General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Management History Females Males Anesthesia Antibiotics Surgical Anatomy Female Reproductive Tract Male Reproductive Tract Surgical Technique Ovariohysterectomy/Ovariectomy Laparoscopic-Assisted Ovariohysterectomy or Ovariectomy Orchiectomy Canine Castration Feline Castration Cryptorchid Castration Vasectomy Cesarean Section Mastectomy Episiotomy Episioplasty Testicular Biopsy Prostatic Biopsy Prostatectomy Healing of the Reproductive and Genital Systems Suture Materials/Special Instruments Postoperative Care and Assessment Complications Special Age Considerations Surgery of the Female Reproductive Tract Specific Diseases Mammary Neoplasia Uterine Neoplasia Pyometra Vaginal Prolapse/Hyperplasia/Tumor Uterine Prolapse Surgery of the Male Reproductive Tract Specific Diseases Prostatic Hyperplasia Prostatic Abscesses Prostatic Cysts Prostatic Neoplasia Testicular and Scrotal Neoplasia Hypospadias Phimosis Paraphimosis Penile and Preputial Trauma and Neoplasia References 27 Surgery of the Cardiovascular System Abstract Keywords General Principles and Techniques Definitions Preoperative Management Anesthesia Antibiotics Surgic