Software-Defined Radio for Engineers

Based on the popular Artech House classic, Digital Communication Systems Engineering with Software-Defined Radio, this book provides a practical approach to quickly learning the software-defined radio (SDR) concepts needed for work in the field. This up-to-date volume guides readers on how to quickly prototype wireless designs using SDR for real-world testing and experimentation. This book explores advanced wireless communication techniques such as OFDM, LTE, WLA, and hardware targeting. Readers will gain an understanding of the core concepts behind wireless hardware, such as the radio frequency front-end, analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters, as well as various processing technologies. Moreover, this volume includes chapters on timing estimation, matched filtering, frame synchronization message decoding, and source coding. The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is explained and details about HDL code generation and deployment are provided. The book concludes with coverage of the WLAN toolbox with OFDM beacon reception and the LTE toolbox with downlink reception. Multiple case studies are provided throughout the book. Both MATLAB and Simulink source code are included to assist readers with their projects in the field. Artech House Mobile Communications Library Software-Defined Radio for Engineers 2 Contents 8 Preface 14 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Software-Defined Radio 18 1.1 Brief History 18 1.2 What is a Software-Defined Radio? 18 1.3 Networking and SDR 24 1.4 RF architectures for SDR 27 1.5 Processing architectures for SDR 30 1.6 Software Environments for SDR 32 1.7 Additional readings 34 References 35 Chapter 2 Signals and Systems 36 2.1 Time and Frequency Domains 36 2.1.1 Fourier Transform 37 2.1.2 Periodic Nature of the DFT 38 2.1.3 Fast Fourier Transform 39 2.2 Sampling Theory 40 2.2.1 Uniform Sampling 40 2.2.2 Frequency Domain Representation of Uniform Sampling 42 2.2.3 Nyquist Sampling Theorem 43 2.2.4 Nyquist Zones 46 2.2.5 Sample Rate Conversion 46 2.3 Signal Representation 54 2.3.1 Frequency Conversion 55 2.3.2 Imaginary Signals 57 2.4 Signal Metrics and Visualization 58 2.4.1 SINAD, ENOB, SNR, THD, THD + N, and SFDR 59 2.4.2 Eye Diagram 61 2.5 Receive Techniques for SDR 62 2.5.1 Nyquist Zones 64 2.5.2 Fixed Point Quantization 66 2.5.3 Design Trade-offs for Number of Bits, Cost, Power, and So Forth 72 2.5.4 Sigma-Delta Analog-Digital Converters 75 2.6 Digital Signal Processing Techniques for SDR 78 2.6.1 Discrete Convolution 78 2.6.2 Correlation 82 2.6.3 Z-Transform 83 2.6.4 Digital Filtering 86 2.7 Transmit Techniques for SDR 90 2.7.1 Analog Reconstruction Filters 92 2.7.2 DACs 93 2.7.3 Digital Pulse-Shaping Filters 95 2.7.4 Nyquist Pulse-Shaping Theory 96 2.7.5 Two Nyquist Pulses 98 2.8 Chapter Summary 102 References 102 CHAPTER 3 Probability in Communications 104 3.1 Modeling Discrete Random Events in Communication Systems 104 3.1.1 Expectation 106 3.2 Binary Communication Channels and Conditional Probability 109 3.3 Modeling Continuous Random Events in Communication Systems 112 3.3.1 Cumulative Distribution Functions 116 3.4 Time-Varying Randomness in Communication Systems 118 3.4.1 Stationarity 121 3.5 Gaussian Noise Channels 123 3.5.1 Gaussian Processes 125 3.6 Power Spectral Densities and LTI Systems 126 3.7 Narrowband Noise 127 3.8 Application of Random Variables: Indoor Channel Model 130 3.9 Chapter Summary 131 3.10 Additional Readings 131 References 132 CHAPTER 4 Digital Communications Fundamentals 134 4.1 What Is Digital Transmission? 134 4.1.1 Source Encoding 137 4.1.2 Channel Encoding 139 4.2 Digital Modulation 144 4.2.1 Power Efficiency 145 4.2.2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation 146 4.2.3 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 148 4.2.4 Phase Shift Keying 150 4.2.5 Power Efficiency Summary 156 4.3 Probability of Bit Error 158 4.3.1 Error Bounding 162 4.4 Signal Space Concept 165 4.5 Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization 167 4.6 Optimal Detection 171 4.6.1 Signal Vector Framework 172 4.6.2 Decision Rules 175 4.6.3 Maximum Likelihood Detection in an AWGN Channel 176 4.7 Basic Receiver Realizations 177 4.7.1 Matched Filter Realization 178 4.7.2 Correlator Realization 181 4.8 Chapter Summary 183 4.9 Additional Readings 185 References 186 CHAPTER 5 Understanding SDR Hardware 188 5.1 Components of a Communication System 188 5.1.1 Components of an SDR 189 5.1.2 AD9363 Details 190 5.1.3 Zynq Details 193 5.1.4 Linux Industrial Input/Output Details 194 5.1.5 MATLAB as an IIO client 195 5.1.6 Not Just for Learning 197 5.2 Strategies For Development in MATLAB 198 5.2.1 Radio I/O Basics 198 5.2.2 Continuous Transmit 200 5.2.3 Latency and Data Delays 201 5.2.4 Receive Spectrum 202 5.2.5 Automatic Gain Control 203 5.2.6 Common Issues 204 5.3 Example: Loopback with Real Data 204 5.4 Noise Figure 206 References 207 CHAPTER 6 Timing Synchronization 208 6.1 Matched Filtering 208 6.2 Timing Error 212 6.3 Symbol Timing Compensation 215 6.3.1 Phase-Locked Loops 217 6.3.2 Feedback Timing Correction 218 6.4 Alternative Error Detectors and System Requirements 225 6.4.1 Gardner 225 6.5 Putting the Pieces Together 226 6.6 Chapter Summary 229 References 229 CHAPTER 7 Carrier Synchronization 230 7.1 Carrier Offsets 230 7.2 Frequency Offset Compensation 233 7.2.1 Coarse Frequency Correction 234 7.2.2 Fine Frequency Correction 236 7.2.3 Performance Analysis 241 7.2.4 Error Vector Magnitude Measurements 243 7.3 Phase Ambiguity 245 7.3.1 Code Words 245 7.3.2 Differential Encoding 246 7.3.3 Equalizers 246 7.4 Chapter Summary 246 References 247 CHAPTER 8 Frame Synchronization and Channel Coding 248 8.1 O Frame, Where Art Thou? 248 8.2 Frame Synchronization 249 8.2.1 Signal Detection 252 8.2.2 Alternative Sequences 256 8.3 Putting the Pieces Together 258 8.3.1 Full Recovery with Pluto SDR 259 8.4 Channel Coding 261 8.4.1 Repetition Coding 261 8.4.2 Interleaving 262 8.4.3 Encoding 263 8.4.4 BER Calculator 268 8.5 Chapter Summary 268 References 268 CHAPTER 9 Channel Estimation and Equalization 270 9.1 You Shall Not Multipath! 270 9.2 Channel Estimation 271 9.3 Equalizers 275 9.3.1 Nonlinear Equalizers 278 9.4 Receiver Realization 280 9.5 Chapter Summary 282 References 283 CHAPTER 10 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 284 10.1 Rationale for MCM: Dispersive Channel Environments 284 10.2 General OFDM Model 286 10.2.1 Cyclic Extensions 286 10.3 Common OFDM Waveform Structure 288 10.4 Packet Detection 290 10.5 CFO Estimation 292 10.6 Symbol Timing Estimation 296 10.7 Equalization 297 10.8 Bit and Power Allocation 301 10.9 Putting It All Together 302 10.10 Chapter Summary 303 References 303 CHAPTER 11 Applications for Software-Defined Radio 306 11.1 Cognitive Radio 306 11.1.1 Bumblebee Behavioral Model 309 11.1.2 Reinforcement Learning 311 11.2 Vehicular Networking 312 11.3 Chapter Summary 316 References 316 APPENDIX A: A Longer History of Communications 320 A.1 History Overview 320 A.2 1750–1850: Industrial Revolution 321 A.3 1850–1945: Technological Revolution 322 A.4 1946–1960: Jet Age and Space Age 326 A.5 1970–1979: Information Age 329 A.6 1980–1989: Digital Revolution 330 A.7 1990–1999: Age of the Public Internet (Web 1.0) 333 A.8 Post-2000: Everything comes together 336 References 336 APPENDIX B: Getting Started with MATLAB and Simulink 344 B.1 MATLAB Introduction 344 B.2 Useful MATLAB Tools 344 B.2.1 Code Analysis and M-Lint Messages 345 B.2.2 Debugger 346 B.2.3 Profiler 346 B.3 System Objects 347 References 349 APPENDIX C: Equalizer Derivations 350 C.1 Linear Equalizers 350 C.2 Zero-Forcing Equalizers 352 C.3 Decision Feedback Equalizers 353 APPENDIX D: Trigonometric Identities 354 About the Authors 356 Index 358 Software-defined,radio;,Mobile,communications;,Artech,House;,978-1-63081-457-1 Software-defined radio,Mobile communications,Artech House,978-1-63081-457-1 Content: What is SDR Signal & System Overview Probability Review Digital Communications Review Coarse and Fine Frequency Correction Timing Estimation and Matched Filtering Frame Synchronization Message Decoding, and Source Coding Equalization Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing HDL Code Generation and Deployment WLAN Toolbox: OFDM Beacon Reception LTE Toolbox: Downlink Reception Appendix SDR, FFT, SNR, and Signal Manipulation. This book provides a practical approach to quickly learning the software-defined radio (SDR) concepts needed, and explains how to create wireless design prototypes using SDR for real-world testing and experimentation. It also discusses advanced wireless communication techniques such as OFDM, LTE, WLA, and hardware targeting.