Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences (Inside Technology)

What do a seventeenth-century mortality table (whose causes of death include "fainted in a bath," "frighted," and "itch"); the identification of South Africans during apartheid as European, Asian, colored, or black; and the separation of machine- from hand-washables have in common? All are examples of classification -- the scaffolding of information infrastructures.In Sorting Things Out, Geoffrey C. Bowker and Susan Leigh Star explore the role of categories and standards in shaping the modern world. In a clear and lively style, they investigate a variety of classification systems, including the International Classification of Diseases, the Nursing Interventions Classification, race classification under apartheid in South Africa, and the classification of viruses and of tuberculosis.The authors emphasize the role of invisibility in the process by which classification orders human interaction. They examine how categories are made and kept invisible, and how people can change this invisibility when necessary. They also explore systems of classification as part of the built information environment. Much as an urban historian would review highway permits and zoning decisions to tell a city's story, the authors review archives of classification design to understand how decisions have been made. Sorting Things Out has a moral agenda, for each standard and category valorizes some point of view and silences another. Standards and classifications produce advantage or suffering. Jobs are made and lost; some regions benefit at the expense of others. How these choices are made and how we think about that process are at the moral and political core of this work. The book is an important empirical source for understanding the building of information infrastructures. In Sorting Things Out, Geoffrey C. Bowker And Susan Leigh Star Explore The Role Of Categories And Standards In Shaping The Modern World. They Investigate A Variety Of Classification Systems, Including The International Classification Of Diseases, The Nursing Interventions Classification, Race Classification Under Apartheid In South Africa, And The Classification Of Viruses And Of Tuberculosis. The Authors Emphasize The Role Of Invisibility In The Process By Which Classification Orders Human Interaction. They Examine How Categories Are Made And Kept Invisible, And How People Can Change This Invisibility When Necessary. They Also Explore Systems Of Classification As Part Of The Built Information Environment. Sorting Things Out Has A Moral Agenda, For Each Standard And Category Valorizes Some Point Of View And Silences Another. Standards And Classifications Produce Advantage Or Suffering. Jobs Are Made And Lost; Some Regions Benefit At The Expense Of Others. How These Choices Are Made And How We Think About That Process Are At The Moral And Political Core Of This Work.--jacket. I. Some Tricks Of The Trade In Analyzing Classificatin. 1. Classification And Large-scale Infrastructures. 2. Kindness Of Strangers : Kinds And Politics In Classification Systems. 3. Icd As Information Infrastructure. 4. Classification, Coding, And Coordination -- Ii. Classification And Biography, Or System And Suffering. 5. Of Tuberculosis And Trajectories. 6. Case Of Race Classification And Reclassification Under Apartheid -- Iii. 7. What A Difference A Name Makes : The Classification Of Nursing Work. 8. Organizational Forgetting, Nursing Knowledge, And Classification -- Iv. Theory And Practice Of Classifications. 9. Categorical Work And Boundary Infrastructures : Enriching Theories Of Classification. 10. Why Classifications Matter. Geoffrey C. Bowker, Susan Leigh Star. Includes Bibliographical References (pages 335-365) And Indexes. A revealing and surprising look at how classification systems can shape both worldviews and social interactions. What do a seventeenth-century mortality table (whose causes of death include "fainted in a bath," "frighted," and "itch"); the identification of South Africans during apartheid as European, Asian, colored, or black; and the separation of machine- from hand-washables have in common? All are examples of classificationthe scaffolding of information infrastructures. In Sorting Things Out , Geoffrey C. Bowker and Susan Leigh Star explore the role of categories and standards in shaping the modern world. In a clear and lively style, they investigate a variety of classification systems, including the International Classification of Diseases, the Nursing Interventions Classification, race classification under apartheid in South Africa, and the classification of viruses and of tuberculosis. The authors emphasize the role of invisibility in the process by which classification orders human interaction. They examine how categories are made and kept invisible, and how people can change this invisibility when necessary. They also explore systems of classification as part of the built information environment. Much as an urban historian would review highway permits and zoning decisions to tell a city's story, the authors review archives of classification design to understand how decisions have been made. Sorting Things Out has a moral agenda, for each standard and category valorizes some point of view and silences another. Standards and classifications produce advantage or suffering. Jobs are made and lost; some regions benefit at the expense of others. How these choices are made and how we think about that process are at the moral and political core of this work. The book is an important empirical source for understanding the building of information infrastructures. What do a seventeenth-century mortality table (whose causes of death include "fainted in a bath," "frighted," and "itch"); the identification of South Africans during apartheid as European, Asian, colored, or black; and the separation of machine- from hand-washables have in common? All are examples of classification -- the scaffolding of information infrastructures. In Sorting Things Out, Geoffrey C. Bowker and Susan Leigh Star explore the role of categories and standards in shaping the modern world. They investigate a variety of classification systems, including the International Classification of Diseases, the Nursing Interventions Classification, race classification under apartheid in South Africa, and the classification of viruses and of tuberculosis. The authors emphasize the role of invisibility in the process by which classification orders human interaction. They examine how categories are made and kept invisible, and how people can change this invisibility when necessary. They also explore systems of classification as part of the built information environment. Much as an urban historian would review highway permits and zoning decisions to tell a city's story, the authors review archives of classification design to understand how decisions have been made. This book has a moral agenda, for each standard and category valorizes some point of view and silences another. Standards and classifications produce advantage or suffering. Jobs are made and lost; some regions benefit at the expense of others. How these choices are made and how we think about that process are at the moral and political core of this work. What do a seventeenth-century mortality table (whose causes of death include "fainted in a bath," "frighted," and "itch"); the identification of South Africans during apartheid as "European," "Asian," "colored," or "Black"; and the separation of machine- from hand-washables have in common? All are examples of classification - the scaffolding of information infrastructures. In this book, the authors explore the role of categories and standards in shaping the modern world. They investigate a variety of classification systems, including the International Classification of Diseases, the Nursing Interventions Classification, race classification under apartheid in South Africa, and the classification of viruses and of tuberculosis. The authors emphasize the role of invisibility in the process by which classification orders human interaction. They examine how categories are made and kept invisible, and how people can change this invisibility when necessary. They also explore systems of classification as part of the built information environment. Much as an urban historian would review highway permits and zoning decisions to tell a city's story, the authors review archives of classification design to understand how decisions have been made. This book has a moral agenda, for each standard and category valorizes some point of view and silences another. Standards and classifications produce advantage or suffering. Jobs are made and lost; some regions benefit at the expense of others. How these choices are made and how we think about that process are at the moral and political core of this work Acknowledgments ix introduction: To Classify Is Human I 1Some Tricks of the Trade in Analyzing Classification 33 I Classification and Large-Scale Infrastructures 51 2 The Kindness of Strangers: Kinds and Politics in Classification Systems 53 3 The !CD as Information Infrastructure I 07 4 Classification, Coding, and Coordination 13 5 II Classification and Biography, or System and Suffering 163 5 Of Tuberculosis and Trajectories 165 6 The Case of Race Classification and Reclassification under Apartheid 195 III Classification and Work Practice 227 7 What a Difference a Name Makes-the Classification of Nursing Work 229 8 Organizational Forgetting, Nursing Knowledge, and Classification 25 5 IV The Theory and Practice of Classifications 283 9 Categorical Work and Boundary Infrastructures: Enriching Theories of Classification 285 10 Why Classifications Matter 319 Notes 327 References 335 Name Index 367 Subject Index 373 Classification systems and their role in shaping philosophy and social interactions are explored in this unique analysis of human infrastructures.