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Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Volume 138, the latest release in the Current Topics in Developmental Biology series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters. Each chapter is written by an international board of authors. Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors Presents the latest release in the Current Topics in Developmental Biology series Includes the latest information on stem cell proliferation and differentiation Copyright Contributors Preface Chromatin regulation and dynamics Long noncoding RNAs and RNA-binding proteins Distinct modes of pluripotency Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells Metabolic control of cell state Conclusions and perspectives Chromatin regulation and dynamics in stem cells Chromatin compaction, structure, and function Nucleosomes are formed from DNA interacting with an octamer of four histone proteins Chromatin structure balances DNA compaction and accessibility Chromatin dynamics regulate gene expression ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling complexes establish and maintain chromatin state SWI/SNF family nucleosome remodeling factors INO80 family nucleosome remodeling factors ISWI family nucleosome remodeling factors CHD family nucleosome remodeling factors Summary Histone modifications provide an additional layer of gene regulation Histone acetylation and deacetylation Histone methylation and demethylation Polycomb group proteins mediate H3K27me3 and silencing of developmental genes Histone chaperones and histone variants regulate chromatin structure Histone H2A variants H2A.Z is a histone variant associated with active transcription H2A.X is a marker of DNA double-strand breaks macroH2A is associated with repression and heterochromatin Histone H3 variants H3.3 marks regulatory, repetitive, and actively transcribed regions CENP-A is a centromere-specific variant of histone H3 Histone chaperones FACT facilitates H2A/H2B dimer exchange to promote nucleosome-templated activities CAF1 and ASF1 promote incorporation of H3 and H4 onto newly synthesized DNA HIRA deposits H3.3 at actively transcribed and regulatory regions of chromatin ATRX/DAXX deposit H3.3 at telomeres and pericentric heterochromatin The NAP1 family import newly translated histones from the cytoplasm to the nucleus INO80 family members possess both nucleosome remodeling and histone chaperone activities Chromatin structure is dynamic and highly regulated Stem cell chromatin is dynamic and tuned to regulate cell fate ES cells carefully regulate their chromatin via specialized transcription factors Master regulators of pluripotency Pioneer transcription factors Embryonic stem cell chromatin is poised for action Histone modifications are specifically regulated in stem cells to maintain pluripotency and facilitate differentiation H3K56ac regulates pluripotency factors and developmental regulators Bivalent promoters mark lowly expressed but poised genes in ES cells Chromatin state is precisely regulated by nucleosome remodeling factors in ES cells esBAF maintains stem cell pluripotency by preserving chromatin state CHD proteins are regulators of ES cell pluripotency MBD3/NuRD generally represses expression of differentiation genes The ISWI remodeler ATPase SNF2H is essential during development INO80 remodelers repress transcription of differentiation-associated genes Polycomb group proteins silence developmental genes in ES cells Variants of H2A and H3 have specialized roles in pluripotent cells Long-range chromatin interactions are critical for regulation of pluripotency ES cells regulate chromatin by common processes to preserve pluripotency Acknowledgments References Role of lncRNAs in stem cell maintenance and differentiation Introduction Origin of noncoding RNAs Core regulatory circuit in ESCs LncRNAs: New determinants of ES cell fate Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and their biological function Discovery of lncRNAs: From sequences to function Long noncoding RNAs and epigenetic regulation Dissecting functional lncRNAs from transcriptional noise LncRNAs in ESC pluripotency and somatic cell reprogramming LncRNAs play a role in the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells LncRNAs regulating the epigenome The role of lncRNAs in dosage composition LncRNAs implicated in imprinting developmentally associated genes LncRNAs regulating signaling pathways in ESCs LncRNAs regulating organ development LncRNAs affecting neural development LncRNAs regulating organogenesis Cellular localization and maturation of lncRNAs LncRNAs regulating the stability and functions of other RNAs LncRNAs functioning in protein modification pathways Mechanisms of lncRNA:DNA/RNA interaction Allosteric regulation of proteins by lncRNAs Single cell analysis of lncRNA functions LncRNAs in disease progression LncRNA knockouts often show lack of phenotype: The importance of context and redundancy Conclusions References Further reading Regulation of pluripotency and reprogramming by RNA binding proteins Pluripotency and reprogramming RNA binding proteins Epigenetic regulation RNA modification Alternative splicing Alternative polyadenylation Nuclear retention and export of RNAs Translation mRNA stability and degradation RNA helicases and DEAD-box helicase family DDX3 DDX5/DDX17 DDX6 DDX18 DDX21 DDX47 and DDX52 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Generating primed pluripotent epiblast stem cells: A methodology chapter Introduction Materials Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) MEF isolation Cryopreserving non-irradiated MEFs Irradiating of MEFs Cryopreserving irradiated MEFs Thawing and culturing irradiated MEFs Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) Derivation of mESCs E3.5 blastocysts isolation Culturing ESCs Cryopreserving ESCs Thawing of ESCs Characterization of ESCs Mouse epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) Derivation of EpiSCs from preimplantation embryos Epiblast isolation and plating EpiSC culture Cryopreserving EpiSCs Thawing of EpiSCs EpiSC characterization Epiblast like stem cells (EpiLCs) Culturing ESCs Differentiating ESCs into EpiLCs Characterization of EpiLCs Cryopreservation of EpiLCs Equipment Methods Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) MEF isolation Cryopreserving MEFs Irradiating and cryopreserving MEFs Preparation of MEF feeder tissue culture dishes Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) Derivation of ESCs Preparation of MEF feeder plates Collecting mouse embryonic (E)3.5 mouse embryos Plating and early culture Disaggregation of blastocysts outgrowth Passaging ESCs Culturing ESCs Cryopreserving ESCs Thawing of ESCs Characterization of ESCs Morphological and molecular characterization of ESCs IF-based detection of marker proteins in individual ESCs Mouse epiblast stem cells (mEpiSCs) Derivation of EpiSCs from E3.5 preimplantation embryos Preparation of MEF feeder plates Collecting E3.5 blastocysts Plating and early culture Disaggregation of blastocysts outgrowth Culturing EpiSCs Cryopreservation of EpiSCs Thawing of EpiSCs Characterization of EpiSCs Morphological and molecular characterization of EpiSCs IF-based detection of marker proteins in individual EpiSCs EpiLCs Generating EpiLCs from ESC Preparation of gelatin-coated tissue culture dishes Preparation of fibronectin-coated tissue culture dishes Differentiating ESCs into EpiLCs Cryopreserving EpiLCs Thawing cells for EpiLC generation Characterization of EpiLCs Morphological and molecular characterization of EpiLCs IF-based detection of marker proteins in individual EpiLCs Discussion Recipes Notes Acknowledgments References Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells toward pharyngeal endoderm derivatives: Current status and ... Introduction Overview of the pharyngeal apparatus formation within the gut tube Pharyngeal endoderm development and lineage specification within the pharyngeal pouches Pharynx derivative pluripotent stem cell differentiation protocols: Current status Parathyroid Thyroid Thymus Applications of hPSCs for studying pharyngeal endoderm development and disease Future directions for hPSC differentiation approaches toward pharyngeal derivatives Reprogramming hPSCs toward pharyngeal derivatives Single cell-omics for informing and assessing hPSC differentiation Concluding remarks Acknowledgments References Epigenetic metabolites license stem cell states Introduction Stem cell energetics Metabolism of quiescent stem cells Adult stem cells Satellite cell metabolic switch during activation Hematopoietic stem cell metabolism Hair follicle stem cell Pluripotent stem cell quiescence, diapause Metabolism of active stem cells Metabolism after fertilization Metabolism of pre-implantation and post-implantation pluripotent stem cells Metabolism of actively cycling adult stem cells: MSC as case-study HIF, the master regulator of metabolism Epigenetic signatures and epigenetic metabolites Epigenetic signatures of naïve and primed pluripotent stem cells Epigenetic signatures of adult stem cells Epigenetic metabolites Conclusion Acknowledgments References Further reading

Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Volume 138, the latest release in the Current Topics in Developmental Biology series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters. Each chapter is written by an international board of authors.

• Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors
• Presents the latest release in the Current Topics in Developmental Biology series
• Includes the latest information on stem cell proliferation and differentiation

"Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Volume 138, the latest release in the Current Topics in Developmental Biology series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters. Each chapter is written by an international board of authors."--Publisher's web page (viewed March 25, 2020)