Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics

This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any media, website access codes, or print supplements that may come packaged with the bound book. This full-color text offers a clear, complete introduction and detailed reference for creating 3D models and 2D documentation drawings. Building on its reputation as a trusted reference, this edition expands on the role that 3D CAD databases now play in design and documentation. Superbly integrated illustrations, text, step-by-step instructions, and navigation make it easier than ever to master key skills and knowledge. Throughout, the authors demonstrate 3D and 2D drawing skills and CAD usage in real-world work practice in today's leading disciplines. They combine strong technical detail, real-world examples, and current standards, materials, industries, and processes–all in a format that is efficient, colorful, and visual. Features: Splash Spread: Appealing chapter opener provides context and motivation. References and Web Links: Useful weblinks and standards provided upfront in each chapter. Understanding Section: Foundational introductions, tabbed for easy navigation, outline each topic's importance, use, visualization tips, and theory. Detail Section: Detailed, well-tested explanations of drawing techniques, variations, and examples–organized into quick-read sections, numbered for easy reference. CAD at Work Section: Breakout pages offer tips on generating drawings from 2D or 3D models. Portfolio Section: Examples of finished drawings show how techniques are applied in the real world. Key Words: Italicized on first reference, summarized after each chapter. Chapter: Summaries and Review Questions: Efficiently reinforce learning. Exercises: Outstanding problem sets with updated exercises, including parts, assembly drawings from CAD models, sketching problems, and orthographic projections. Cover 1 Title Page 2 Copyright Page 3 PREFACE 10 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 11 Contents 12 CHAPTER ONE: THE WORLDWIDE LANGUAGE FOR GRAPHIC DESIGN 25 UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF TECHNICAL DRAWINGS 27 The Design Process 28 Concurrent Engineering 29 Computer-Aided Design and Product Development 29 Designing Quality into Products 30 The Digital Database 30 1.1 GRAPHICS TOOLS IN ACTION 31 Design Phase: Problem Identification 31 Design Phase: Ideation 32 Design Phase: Decision Process/Design Selection 32 Design Phase: Refinement 33 Design Phase: Analysis 34 Design Phase: Decision Process/Design Selection 35 Design Phase: Implementation 36 Design Phase: Documentation 37 1.2 RAPID PROTOTYPING 38 1.3 DRAFTING STANDARDS 39 1.4 CREATIVITY TECHNIQUES 39 Examine Manufactured Products 39 Study the Natural World 39 Watch the Web 39 Research Patent Drawings 40 Design Groups 40 1.5 PRODUCT DEFINITION 41 1.6 SHOWING THE DESIGN PROCESS IN A PORTFOLIO 41 KEY WORDS 43 CHAPTER SUMMARY 43 REVIEW QUESTIONS 43 CHAPTER EXERCISES 44 REVERSE ENGINEERING PROJECTS 45 Can Opener Project 45 Locking Pliers Project 51 CHAPTER TWO: LAYOUTS AND LETTERING 53 UNDERSTANDING PROJECTIONS 55 Types of Projections 55 Drawing Vocabulary 57 2.1 ALPHABET OF LINES 57 2.2 FREEHAND LINES 59 2.3 MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS 59 U.S. Customary Units 59 The Metric System 59 2.4 DRAWING SCALE 60 2.5 SPECIFYING THE SCALE ON A DRAWING 60 2.6 LETTERING 63 2.7 LETTERING STANDARDS 63 2.8 USING GUIDELINES FOR HAND LETTERING 63 2.9 VERTICAL AND INCLINED LETTERS AND NUMERALS 64 2.10 FRACTIONS 66 2.11 SPACING OF LETTERS AND WORDS 67 2.12 LETTERING FOR TITLES 68 2.13 DRAWING PENCILS 69 2.14 TEMPLATES 70 2.15 CAD TOOLS 70 2.16 SKETCHING AND DRAWING MEDIA 72 2.17 STANDARD SHEETS 72 2.18 STANDARD LAYOUT ELEMENTS 73 Margins and Borders 73 Zones 73 Typical Letter Sizes 73 Title Block 74 2.19 LAYOUTS 75 2.20 PLANNING YOUR DRAWING OR SKETCH 75 Show Details Clearly 75 KEY WORDS 80 CHAPTER SUMMARY 80 REVIEW QUESTIONS 80 CHAPTER EXERCISES 81 Drawing Exercises 81 Lettering Exercises 83 CHAPTER THREE: VISUALIZATION AND SKETCHING 85 UNDERSTANDING SOLID OBJECTS 87 Types of Solids 87 UNDERSTANDING SKETCHING TECHNIQUES 89 Analyzing Complex Objects 89 Viewpoint 91 Shading 91 Edges and Vertices 92 Points and Lines 92 Angles 93 Drawings and Sketches 93 Freehand Sketching 94 3.1 TECHNIQUE OF LINES 95 Lineweights 95 3.2 SKETCHING STRAIGHT LINES 96 Blocking in a Freehand Drawing 96 3.3 SKETCHING CIRCLES, ARCS, AND ELLIPSES 98 Circles 98 Sketching Arcs 100 Sketching Ellipses 100 3.4 MAINTAINING PROPORTIONS 100 3.5 ONE-VIEW DRAWINGS 102 3.6 PICTORIAL SKETCHING 103 3.7 PROJECTION METHODS 105 3.8 AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION 105 Axonometric Projections and 3D Models 106 3.9 ISOMETRIC PROJECTION 107 Isometric Axes 107 Nonisometric Lines 107 Isometric Scales 107 3.10 ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS 108 3.11 MAKING AN ISOMETRIC DRAWING 109 3.12 OFFSET LOCATION MEASUREMENTS 111 Isometric Drawings of Inclined Surfaces 112 3.13 HIDDEN LINES AND CENTERLINES 112 3.14 ANGLES IN ISOMETRIC 113 3.15 IRREGULAR OBJECTS 114 3.16 CURVES IN ISOMETRIC 114 3.17 TRUE ELLIPSES IN ISOMETRIC 115 3.18 ORIENTING ELLIPSES IN ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS 116 3.19 DRAWING ISOMETRIC CYLINDERS 118 3.20 SCREW THREADS IN ISOMETRIC 118 3.21 ARCS IN ISOMETRIC 118 3.22 SPHERES IN ISOMETRIC 119 3.23 OBLIQUE SKETCHES 121 Appearance of Oblique Drawings 121 Choosing the Front Surface 121 Angle of Receding Lines 121 3.24 LENGTH OF RECEDING LINES 122 Cavalier Projection 122 Cabinet Projection 122 3.25 CHOICE OF POSITION IN OBLIQUE DRAWINGS 123 3.26 ELLIPSES FOR OBLIQUE DRAWINGS 123 3.27 ANGLES IN OBLIQUE PROJECTION 124 3.28 SKETCHING ASSEMBLIES 126 3.29 SKETCHING PERSPECTIVES 127 The Three Types of Perspective 128 Bird’s-Eye View Versus Worm’s-Eye View 130 3.30 CURVES AND CIRCLES IN PERSPECTIVE 130 3.31 SHADING 131 3.32 COMPUTER GRAPHICS 131 3.33 DRAWING ON DRAWING 132 KEY WORDS 139 CHAPTER SUMMARY 139 REVIEW QUESTIONS 139 SKETCHING EXERCISES 140 CHAPTER FOUR: GEOMETRY FOR MODELING AND DESIGN 147 COORDINATES FOR 3D CAD MODELING 149 Specifying Location 150 GEOMETRIC ENTITIES 153 Points 153 Lines 153 Planes 154 Circles 155 Arcs 156 4.1 MANUALLY BISECTING A LINE OR CIRCULAR ARC 157 4.2 DRAWING TANGENTS TO TWO CIRCLES 158 4.3 DRAWING AN ARC TANGENT TO A LINE OR ARC AND THROUGH A POINT 158 4.4 BISECTING AN ANGLE 160 4.5 DRAWING A LINE THROUGH A POINT AND PARALLEL TO A LINE 160 4.6 DRAWING A TRIANGLE WITH SIDES GIVEN 161 4.7 DRAWING A RIGHT TRIANGLE WITH HYPOTENUSE AND ONE SIDE GIVEN 161 4.8 LAYING OUT AN ANGLE 161 4.9 DRAWING AN EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE 162 4.10 POLYGONS 162 4.11 DRAWING A REGULAR PENTAGON 163 4.12 DRAWING A HEXAGON 163 4.13 ELLIPSES 164 4.14 SPLINE CURVES 165 4.15 GEOMETRIC RELATIONSHIPS 168 4.16 SOLID PRIMITIVES 169 Making Complex Shapes with Boolean Operations 170 4.17 RECOGNIZING SYMMETRY 172 Right- and Left-Hand Parts 172 Parting-Line Symmetry 173 4.18 EXTRUDED FORMS 174 Swept Shapes 174 4.19 REVOLVED FORMS 175 4.20 IRREGULAR SURFACES 175 4.21 USER COORDINATE SYSTEMS 176 4.22 TRANSFORMATIONS 177 Geometric Transformations 177 Viewing Transformations 178 KEY WORDS 184 CHAPTER SUMMARY 184 SKILLS SUMMARY 184 REVIEW QUESTIONS 184 CHAPTER EXERCISES 185 CHAPTER FIVE: MODELING AND DESIGN 193 REFINEMENT AND MODELING 195 KINDS OF MODELS 196 Descriptive Models 196 Analytical Models 197 5.1 2D MODELS 199 Paper Drawings 199 2D CAD Models 199 2D Constraint-Based Modeling 201 5.2 3D MODELS 202 Physical Models 202 3D CAD Models 204 5.3 TYPES OF 3D MODELS 205 Wireframe Models 205 Surface Models 207 Solid Models 213 5.4 CONSTRAINT-BASED MODELING 214 5.5 CONSTRAINTS DEFINE THE GEOMETRY 216 Feature-Based Modeling 219 5.6 PLANNING PARTS FOR DESIGN FLEXIBILITY 220 5.7 SKETCH CONSTRAINTS 222 Overconstrained Sketches 226 Underconstrained Sketches 226 Applying Constraints 226 Setting the Base Point 227 5.8 THE BASE FEATURE 228 Adding Features to the Model 229 Parent-Child Relationships 230 Datum Planes and Surfaces 232 5.9 EDITING THE MODEL 235 Standard Features 236 Working with Built-in Features 236 Complex Shapes 239 5.10 CONSTRAINT-BASED MODELING MODES 239 Assemblies 240 Drawings from the Model 241 5.11 CHOOSING THE RIGHT MODELING METHOD 245 KEY WORDS 251 CHAPTER SUMMARY 251 REVIEW QUESTIONS 251 CHAPTER EXERCISES 252 CHAPTER SIX: ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 255 UNDERSTANDING PROJECTIONS 257 Views of Objects 257 The Six Standard Views 258 Principal Dimensions 258 Projection Method 259 The Glass Box 259 Spacing between Views 261 Transferring Depth Dimensions 261 Measuring from a Reference Surface 261 Necessary Views 262 Orientation of the Front View 263 First- and Third-Angle Projection 263 Third-Angle Projection 264 Alternative Arrangements for Third-Angle Projection 265 First-Angle Projection 265 Projection System Drawing Symbol 265 Hidden Lines 266 Centerlines 267 6.1 HIDDEN LINE TECHNIQUE 267 6.2 PRECEDENCE OF LINES 267 6.3 CENTERLINES 269 6.4 LAYING OUT A DRAWING 269 6.5 DEVELOPING VIEWS FROM 3D MODELS 270 Placing the Views 271 Isometric Views 272 6.6 VISUALIZATION 273 Surfaces, Edges, and Corners 273 6.7 VIEWS OF SURFACES 273 6.8 NORMAL SURFACES 274 6.9 INCLINED SURFACES 274 6.10 OBLIQUE SURFACES 274 6.11 EDGES 275 6.12 NORMAL EDGES 275 6.13 INCLINED EDGES 275 6.14 OBLIQUE EDGES 275 6.15 PARALLEL EDGES 275 6.16 ANGLES 276 6.17 VERTICES 276 6.18 INTERPRETING POINTS 276 6.19 INTERPRETING LINES 276 6.20 SIMILAR SHAPES OF SURFACES 277 6.21 INTERPRETING VIEWS 277 6.22 MODELS 279 Rules for Visualizing from a Drawing: Putting It All Together 279 6.23 PROJECTING A THIRD VIEW 279 6.24 BECOMING A 3D VISUALIZER 281 KEY WORDS 285 CHAPTER SUMMARY 285 REVIEW QUESTIONS 285 CHAPTER EXERCISES 286 CHAPTER SEVEN: 2D DRAWING REPRESENTATION 307 PRACTICES FOR 2D DOCUMENTATION DRAWINGS 309 Common Manufactured Features 309 Conventional Representations 310 Intersections and Tangencies 310 Removed Views 310 7.1 VISUALIZING AND DRAWING COMPLEX CYLINDRICAL SHAPES 311 7.2 CYLINDERS WHEN SLICED 312 7.3 CYLINDERS AND ELLIPSES 313 7.4 INTERSECTIONS AND TANGENCIES 313 Intersections of Cylinders 314 7.5 FILLETS AND ROUNDS 316 7.6 RUNOUTS 317 7.7 CONVENTIONAL EDGES 318 7.8 NECESSARY VIEWS 319 7.9 PARTIAL VIEWS 320 Showing Enlarged Details 321 Conventional Breaks 321 7.10 ALIGNMENT OF VIEWS 322 7.11 REMOVED VIEWS 323 7.12 RIGHT-HAND AND LEFT-HAND PARTS 324 7.13 REVOLUTION CONVENTIONS 325 Common Hole Features Shown in Orthographic Views 326 Common Features Shown in Orthographic Views 327 KEY WORDS 330 CHAPTER SUMMARY 330 REVIEW QUESTIONS 330 CHAPTER EXERCISES 331 CHAPTER EIGHT: SECTION VIEWS 349 UNDERSTANDING SECTIONS 351 Sections of Single Parts 351 Full Sections 351 The Cutting Plane 351 Lines behind the Cutting Plane 351 8.1 PLACEMENT OF SECTION VIEWS 354 8.2 LABELING CUTTING PLANES 355 8.3 LINE PRECEDENCE 355 8.4 RULES FOR LINES IN SECTION VIEWS 356 8.5 CUTTING-PLANE LINE STYLE 357 Visualizing Cutting-Plane Direction 357 8.6 SECTION-LINING TECHNIQUE 358 Section Lining Large Areas 359 Section-Lining Symbols 359 Section Lining in CAD 360 8.7 HALF SECTIONS 360 8.8 BROKEN OUT SECTIONS 361 8.9 REVOLVED SECTIONS 362 8.10 REMOVED SECTIONS 363 8.11 OFFSET SECTIONS 365 8.12 RIBS IN SECTION 366 8.13 ALIGNED SECTIONS 366 8.14 PARTIAL VIEWS 368 8.15 INTERSECTIONS IN SECTIONS 369 8.16 CONVENTIONAL BREAKS AND SECTIONS 369 8.17 ASSEMBLY SECTIONS 369 KEY WORDS 373 CHAPTER SUMMARY 373 REVIEW QUESTIONS 373 CHAPTER EXERCISES 374 CHAPTER NINE: AUXILIARY VIEWS 385 UNDERSTANDING AUXILIARY VIEWS 387 The Auxiliary Plane 387 Primary Auxiliary Views 388 Visualizing an Auxiliary View as a Revolved Drawing 389 Classification of Auxiliary Views 389 Successive Auxiliary Views 391 Secondary Auxiliary Views 391 Reference Planes 392 9.1 USING TRIANGLES TO SKETCH AUXILIARY VIEWS 394 9.2 USING GRID PAPER TO SKETCH AUXILIARY VIEWS 394 9.3 USING CAD TO CREATE AUXILIARY VIEWS 396 9.4 CIRCLES AND ELLIPSES IN AUXILIARY VIEWS 396 9.5 HIDDEN LINES IN AUXILIARY VIEWS 396 9.6 PARTIAL AUXILIARY VIEWS 398 9.7 HALF AUXILIARY VIEWS 398 9.8 REVERSE CONSTRUCTION 398 9.9 AUXILIARY SECTIONS 399 9.10 VIEWING-PLANE LINES AND ARROWS 400 9.11 USES OF AUXILIARY VIEWS 401 9.12 TRUE LENGTH OF A LINE 401 9.13 POINT VIEW OF A LINE 403 Showing the Point View of a Line 403 9.14 EDGE VIEW OF A PLANE 404 Showing the Edge View of a Plane 404 9.15 TRUE SIZE OF AN OBLIQUE SURFACE 405 Showing the True Size and Shape of an Oblique Surface 405 9.16 DIHEDRAL ANGLES 407 UNDERSTANDING DEVELOPMENTS AND INTERSECTIONS 408 Surface Terminology 408 Developable Surfaces 409 Principles of Intersections 409 9.17 DEVELOPMENTS 410 Finding the Intersection of a Plane and a Prism and Developing the Prism 410 Finding the Intersection of a Plane and a Cylinder and Developing the Cylinder 412 9.18 HEMS AND JOINTS FOR SHEET METAL AND OTHER MATERIALS 413 9.19 MORE EXAMPLES OF DEVELOPMENTS AND INTERSECTIONS 413 Developing a Plane and an Oblique Prism 413 Developing a Plane and an Oblique Cylinder 414 Developing a Plane and a Pyramid 414 Developing a Plane and a Cone 414 Developing a Hood and Flue 415 9.20 TRANSITION PIECES 416 9.21 TRIANGULATION 416 9.22 DEVELOPING A TRANSITION PIECE CONNECTING RECTANGULAR PIPES ON THE SAME AXIS 417 9.23 DEVELOPING A PLANE AND A SPHERE 417 9.24 REVOLUTION 418 Axis of Revolution 418 Creating a Revolved Drawing 418 9.25 PRIMARY AND SUCCESSIVE REVOLUTIONS 419 9.26 TRUE LENGTH OF A LINE: REVOLUTION METHOD 419 KEY WORDS 421 CHAPTER SUMMARY 421 REVIEW QUESTIONS 421 CHAPTER EXERCISES 422 Design Project 422 Auxiliary View Exercises 422 Revolution Exercises 430 Development Exercises 433 CHAPTER TEN: MODELING FOR MANUFACTURE AND ASSEMBLY 437 DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURE, ASSEMBLY, DISASSEMBLY, AND SERVICE 439 10.1 ASSEMBLY MODELS 441 Constraint-Based Assemblies 442 Choosing the Parent Part 443 Assembly Constraints 444 Managing Assembly Files 446 10.2 ASSEMBLIES AND DESIGN 447 Layout Drawings 448 Assembling to a Skeleton 448 Global Parameters 450 Seed Parts 451 Constraint-Based Drawing Elements 452 10.3 ASSEMBLIES AND SIMULATION 452 10.4 PARTS FOR ASSEMBLIES 453 Standard Parts 453 Fastener Libraries 454 10.5 USING YOUR MODEL TO CHECK FITS 455 Interference Checking 455 Accessibility Checking 456 10.6 MANUFACTURING PROCESSES 457 Designing Plastic Parts 457 Cast Parts 460 Modeling Machined Parts 460 Modeling Sheet Metal Parts 461 Other Methods of Production 463 10.7 DOS AND DON’TS OF PRACTICAL DESIGN 464 Casting Design 464 Practical Considerations 464 10.8 MANUFACTURING MATERIALS 466 Material Assignment in Models 467 10.9 APPEARANCE, SERVICE LIFE, AND RECYCLING 468 10.10 DIMENSIONAL ACCURACY AND SURFACE FINISH 468 10.11 NET-SHAPE MANUFACTURING 469 10.12 COMPUTER-INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING 470 10.13 SHARED MANUFACTURING 471 10.14 MANUFACTURING METHODS AND THE DRAWING 471 10.15 MODELING FOR TESTING AND REFINEMENT 474 10.16 DETERMINING MASS PROPERTIES 474 Understanding Mass Property Calculations 477 10.17 EXPORTING DATA FROM THE DATABASE 479 File Formats 479 Common Formats for Export 480 Vector versus Raster Data 482 10.18 DOWNSTREAM APPLICATIONS 483 Spreadsheets 483 Equation Solvers 483 Finite Element Analysis 486 Simulation Software 491 Human Factors 493 Integrated Modeling and Design Software 495 10.19 PROTOTYPING YOUR DESIGN 497 Rapid Prototyping 497 Translating the Model 497 Rapid Prototyping Systems 499 Rapid Tooling 503 KEY WORDS 509 CHAPTER SUMMARY 510 REVIEW QUESTIONS 511 CHAPTER EXERCISES 513 Mass Properties Exercises 523 CHAPTER ELEVEN: DIMENSIONING 525 UNDERSTANDING DIMENSIONING 527 Three Aspects of Good Dimensioning 528 Tolerance 528 Geometric Breakdown 529 11.1 LINES USED IN DIMENSIONING 529 11.2 USING DIMENSION AND EXTENSION LINES 531 11.3 ARROWHEADS 531 11.4 LEADERS 532 11.5 DRAWING SCALE AND DIMENSIONING 532 11.6 DIRECTION OF DIMENSION VALUES AND NOTES 533 11.7 DIMENSION UNITS 533 11.8 MILLIMETER VALUES 533 11.9 DECIMAL-INCH VALUES 534 11.10 RULES FOR DIMENSION VALUES 535 11.11 RULES FOR ROUNDING DECIMAL DIMENSION VALUES 535 11.12 DUAL DIMENSIONING 535 11.13 COMBINATION UNITS 536 11.14 DIMENSIONING SYMBOLS 536 11.15 PLACING AND SHOWING DIMENSIONS LEGIBLY 537 Rules for Placing Dimensions Properly 537 11.16 SUPERFLUOUS DIMENSIONS 539 11.17 DIMENSIONING ANGLES 540 11.18 DIMENSIONING ARCS 540 11.19 FILLETS AND ROUNDS 540 11.20 SIZE DIMENSIONING: PRISMS 541 11.21 SIZE DIMENSIONING: CYLINDERS 541 11.22 SIZE DIMENSIONING: HOLES 542 11.23 APPLYING STANDARD DIMENSIONING SYMBOLS 543 11.24 DIMENSIONING COUNTERBORES AND SPOTFACES WITH FILLETS 544 11.25 DIMENSIONING TRIANGULAR PRISMS, PYRAMIDS, AND CONES 545 11.26 DIMENSIONING CURVES 545 11.27 DIMENSIONING CURVED SURFACES 546 11.28 DIMENSIONING ROUNDED-END SHAPES 546 11.29 DIMENSIONING THREADS 547 11.30 DIMENSIONING TAPERS 547 11.31 DIMENSIONING CHAMFERS 547 11.32 SHAFT CENTERS 548 11.33 DIMENSIONING KEYWAYS 548 11.34 DIMENSIONING KNURLS 548 11.35 FINISH MARKS 549 11.36 SURFACE ROUGHNESS 549 Applications of Surface Roughness Symbols 550 11.37 LOCATION DIMENSIONS 553 11.38 MATING DIMENSIONS 555 11.39 COORDINATE DIMENSIONING 556 11.40 TABULAR DIMENSIONS 557 11.41 DIMENSIONING FOR NUMERICALLY-CONTROLLED MACHINING 557 11.42 MACHINE, PATTERN, AND FORGING DIMENSIONS 558 11.43 SHEET METAL BENDS 559 11.44 NOTES 559 11.45 STANDARDS 561 11.46 DOS AND DON’TS OF DIMENSIONING 561 KEY WORDS 566 CHAPTER SUMMARY 566 REVIEW QUESTIONS 566 CHAPTER EXERCISES 567 CHAPTER TWELVE: TOLERANCING 569 UNDERSTANDING TOLERANCE 571 Tolerance 571 Quality Control 571 Definitions for Size Designation 571 Variations in Form 572 Tolerance Envelope 572 Implied Right Angles 573 Fits between Mating Parts 574 Selective Assembly 576 Hole System 577 Shaft System 577 12.1 SPECIFYING TOLERANCES 579 12.2 GENERAL TOLERANCE NOTES 579 12.3 LIMIT TOLERANCES 580 Single-Limit Dimensioning 580 12.4 PLUS-OR-MINUS TOLERANCES 581 12.5 TOLERANCE STACKING 582 Chained or Continuous Dimensioning 582 Baseline Dimensioning 582 12.6 USING AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD LIMITS AND FIT TABLES 583 12.7 TOLERANCES AND MACHINING PROCESSES 584 12.8 METRIC SYSTEM OF TOLERANCES AND FITS 585 12.9 PREFERRED SIZES 587 12.10 PREFERRED FITS 587 12.11 GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING 588 12.12 SYMBOLS FOR TOLERANCES OF POSITION AND FORM 589 12.13 DATUM FEATURES 591 Datum Features Versus Datum Feature Simulator 592 Datum Reference Frame 592 Datum Targets 593 12.14 POSITIONAL TOLERANCES 595 12.15 MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION 597 12.16 TOLERANCES OF ANGLES 598 12.17 FORM TOLERANCES FOR SINGLE FEATURES 599 12.18 ORIENTATIONS FOR RELATED FEATURES 601 12.19 USING GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING 603 12.20 TOLERANCES AND DIGITAL PRODUCT DEFINITION 604 12.21 COMPUTER GRAPHICS 605 KEY WORDS 610 CHAPTER SUMMARY 610 REVIEW QUESTIONS 611 CHAPTER EXERCISES 611 Design Project 611 Tolerancing Projects 611 CHAPTER THIRTEEN: THREADS, FASTENERS, AND SPRINGS 615 UNDERSTANDING THREADS AND FASTENERS 617 Screw Thread Terms 618 Screw Thread Forms 619 Thread Pitch 620 Thread Series 621 Right-Hand and Left-Hand Threads 621 Single and Multiple Threads 622 American National Thread Fits 622 Metric and Unified Thread Fits 623 Three Methods for Drawing Thread 623 13.1 THREAD NOTES 627 Acme Thread Notes 628 13.2 EXTERNAL THREAD SYMBOLS 629 13.3 INTERNAL THREAD SYMBOLS 629 13.4 DETAILED REPRESENTATION: METRIC, UNIFIED, AND AMERICAN NATIONAL THREADS 631 Detailed Internal Square Thread 631 Detailed External Square Thread 631 13.5 THREADS IN ASSEMBLY 633 13.6 MODELING THREAD 633 13.7 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD PIPE THREADS 633 13.8 USE OF PHANTOM LINES 635 13.9 TAPPED HOLES 635 13.10 BOLTS, STUDS, AND SCREWS 636 13.11 STANDARD BOLTS AND NUTS 637 13.12 DRAWING STANDARD BOLTS 638 13.13 SPECIFICATIONS FOR BOLTS AND NUTS 638 13.14 LOCKNUTS AND LOCKING DEVICES 640 13.15 STANDARD CAP SCREWS 641 13.16 STANDARD MACHINE SCREWS 642 13.17 STANDARD SET SCREWS 643 13.18 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD WOOD SCREWS 644 13.19 MISCELLANEOUS FASTENERS 644 13.20 KEYS 645 13.21 MACHINE PINS 645 13.22 RIVETS 646 Riveted Joints 646 Rivet Symbols 647 Small Rivets 647 Blind Rivets 647 13.23 SPRINGS 648 Helical Springs 648 13.24 DRAWING HELICAL SPRINGS 649 13.25 MODELING SPRINGS 650 KEY WORDS 654 CHAPTER SUMMARY 654 REVIEW QUESTIONS 654 CHAPTER EXERCISES 654 Design Project 654 Thread and Fastener Projects 654 CHAPTER FOURTEEN: WORKING DRAWINGS 659 WORKING DRAWINGS OR CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS 661 Assembly Drawings 662 Detail Drawings or Piece Part Drawings 663 14.1 SUBASSEMBLIES 665 14.2 IDENTIFICATION 665 Multidetail Drawings 666 14.3 PARTS LISTS 667 14.4 ASSEMBLY SECTIONS 668 14.5 WORKING DRAWING ASSEMBLY 669 14.6 INSTALLATION ASSEMBLIES 670 14.7 CHECK ASSEMBLIES 670 14.8 WORKING DRAWING FORMATS 671 Number of Details per Sheet 671 Digital Drawing Transmittal 671 Title and Record Strips 672 14.9 DRAWING NUMBERS 673 14.10 ZONING 673 14.11 CHECKING DRAWINGS 673 14.12 DRAWING REVISIONS 673 14.13 SIMPLIFYING DRAWINGS 674 14.14 PATENT DRAWINGS 675 KEY WORDS 680 CHAPTER SUMMARY 680 REVIEW QUESTIONS 680 CHAPTER EXERCISES 681 Design Project 681 Working Drawing Exercises 682 CHAPTER FIFTEEN: DRAWING CONTROL AND DATA MANAGEMENT 733 DOCUMENTATION AND THE DESIGN DATABASE 735 15.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR ENGINEERING DOCUMENTATION 736 15.2 DRAWING CONTROL METHODS 736 Drawing Approval and Release 736 Change Orders 737 Revision Block 737 A Drawing as a Snapshot in Time 738 15.3 GOOD PRACTICES FOR ELECTRONIC DRAWING STORAGE 738 Storing Electronic Files 738 Organized Directory Structures 738 File Naming Conventions 739 15.4 DRAWING STANDARDS 740 15.5 PERMISSION AND OWNERSHIP 741 15.6 BACKING UP DRAWING FILES 741 15.7 STORAGE MEDIA 741 15.8 USING THE 3D DESIGN DATABASE IN CONCURRENT ENGINEERING 742 15.9 QUALITY MANAGEMENT 742 ISO 9000/9001 742 15.10 PRODUCT DATA MANAGEMENT 744 Organized by Product 744 A Relational Database 745 15.11 MANAGING WORK FLOW 747 Archiving Work History 747 Individual Productivity 747 15.12 DATA MANAGEMENT AND THE WEB 748 CAD Files on the Web 748 KEY WORDS 751 CHAPTER SUMMARY 751 REVIEW QUESTIONS 751 CHAPTER EXERCISES 751 CHAPTER SIXTEEN: GEARS AND CAMS 753 UNDERSTANDING GEARS 755 Using Gears to Transmit Power 755 Spur Gear Definitions and Formulas 755 16.1 CONSTRUCTING A BASE CIRCLE 757 16.2 THE INVOLUTE TOOTH SHAPE 757 16.3 APPROXIMATE INVOLUTE USING CIRCULAR ARCS 757 16.4 SPACING GEAR TEETH 758 16.5 RACK TEETH 759 16.6 WORKING DRAWINGS OF SPUR GEARS 759 16.7 SPUR GEAR DESIGN 760 16.8 WORM GEARS 761 16.9 WORKING DRAWINGS OF WORM GEARS 762 16.10 BEVEL GEARS 763 16.11 BEVEL GEAR DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAS 763 16.12 WORKING DRAWINGS OF BEVEL GEARS 764 16.13 CAMS 766 16.14 DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAMS 767 16.15 CAM PROFILES 767 16.16 OFFSET AND PIVOTED CAM FOLLOWERS 769 16.17 CYLINDRICAL CAMS 770 16.18 OTHER DRIVE DEVICES 770 KEY WORDS 773 CHAPTER SUMMARY 773 REVIEW QUESTIONS 773 CHAPTER EXERCISES 774 CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS 779 UNDERSTANDING ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS 781 Standard Symbols 781 CAD Symbol Libraries 781 Types of Electronic Diagrams 783 17.1 DRAWING SIZE, FORMAT, AND TITLE 785 17.2 LINE CONVENTIONS AND LETTERING 785 17.3 STANDARD SYMBOLS FOR ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS 785 17.4 ABBREVIATIONS 786 17.5 GROUPING PARTS 786 17.6 ARRANGEMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC SYMBOLS 787 17.7 CONNECTIONS AND CROSSOVERS 789 17.8 INTERRUPTED PATHS 789 17.9 TERMINALS 790 17.10 COLOR CODING 791 17.11 DIVISION OF PARTS 792 17.12 ELECTRON TUBE PIN IDENTIFICATION 792 17.13 REFERENCE DESIGNATIONS 793 17.14 NUMERICAL VALUES 793 17.15 FUNCTIONAL IDENTIFICATION AND OTHER INFORMATION 794 17.16 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 794 17.17 PRINTED CIRCUITS 795 17.18 COMPUTER GRAPHICS 796 KEY WORDS 798 CHAPTER SUMMARY 798 REVIEW QUESTIONS 798 CHAPTER EXERCISES 799 CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: STRUCTURAL DRAWING 803 STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS 805 18.1 WOOD CONSTRUCTION 806 Nominal Sizes for Wood Products 806 Symbols for Finished Surfaces on Wood Products 806 Wood Joints 807 Connector Designs 807 Metal Ring Connectors 807 Straps and Plates 808 18.2 STRUCTURAL STEEL 809 Piece Marks 809 Erection Plans 809 18.3 STRUCTURAL STEEL SHAPES 811 18.4 SPECIFICATIONS 811 18.5 WELDED AND BOLTED CONNECTIONS 812 18.6 RIVETED CONNECTIONS 812 18.7 FRAME BEAM CONNECTIONS 813 18.8 WELDING 814 18.9 HIGH-STRENGTH BOLTING FOR STRUCTURAL JOINTS 815 18.10 ACCURACY OF DIMENSIONS 817 18.11 CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION 817 18.12 REINFORCED CONCRETE DRAWINGS 818 18.13 STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS 820 18.14 STONE CONSTRUCTION 821 KEY WORDS 825 CHAPTER SUMMARY 825 REVIEW QUESTIONS 825 CHAPTER EXERCISES 826 CHAPTER NINETEEN: LANDFORM DRAWINGS 831 UNDERSTANDING LANDFORM DRAWINGS 833 Definitions 833 GETTING INFORMATION FOR MAPS 835 19.1 SYMBOLS 838 19.2 BEARINGS 838 19.3 ELEVATION 838 19.4 CONTOURS 839 Interpolating Elevation Data 840 3D Terrain Models 842 19.5 CITY MAPS 842 Subdivision Plats 843 Uses for Subdivision Plats 844 Landscape Drawings 844 19.6 STRUCTURE LOCATION PLANS 845 19.7 HIGHWAY PLANS 846 KEY WORDS 849 CHAPTER SUMMARY 849 REVIEW QUESTIONS 849 CHAPTER EXERCISES 850 CHAPTER TWENTY: PIPING DRAWINGS 851 UNDERSTANDING PIPING DRAWINGS 853 Standard Symbols 853 Types of Drawings 853 Dimensioning Piping Drawings 856 20.1 STEEL AND WROUGHT IRON PIPE 857 20.2 CAST IRON PIPE 857 20.3 SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER PIPE 858 20.4 COPPER TUBING 858 20.5 PLASTIC AND SPECIALTY PIPES 859 20.6 PIPE FITTINGS 860 20.7 PIPE JOINTS 861 Flanged Joints 861 Welded Joints 861 20.8 VALVES 862 Globe Valves 862 Check Valves 862 Gate Valves 862 Solenoid-Actuated Valves 863 20.9 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING 863 KEY WORDS 866 CHAPTER SUMMARY 866 REVIEW QUESTIONS 866 CHAPTER EXERCISES 867 CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE: WELDING REPRESENTATION 869 UNDERSTANDING WELDMENT DRAWINGS 871 Welding Processes 871 Standard Symbols 871 UNDERSTANDING A WELDING SYMBOL 872 21.1 TYPES OF WELDED JOINTS 873 21.2 TYPES OF WELDS 873 21.3 WELDING SYMBOLS 874 21.4 FILLET WELDS 876 21.5 GROOVE WELDS 878 21.6 BACK OR BACKING WELDS 879 21.7 SURFACE WELDS 879 21.8 PLUG AND SLOT WELDS 879 21.9 SPOT WELDS 880 21.10 SEAM WELDS 880 21.11 PROJECTION WELDS 881 21.12 FLASH AND UPSET WELDS 881 21.13 WELDING APPLICATIONS 882 21.14 WELDING TEMPLATES 883 21.15 COMPUTER GRAPHICS 883 KEY WORDS 887 CHAPTER SUMMARY 887 REVIEW QUESTIONS 887 CHAPTER EXERCISES 888 Roof Truss Exercises 892 CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO: AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION 893 UNDERSTANDING AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION 895 Projection Methods Reviewed 895 Types of Axonometric Projection 896 22.1 DIMETRIC PROJECTION 897 22.2 APPROXIMATE DIMETRIC DRAWINGS 897 22.3 TRIMETRIC PROJECTION 899 22.4 TRIMETRIC SCALES 899 22.5 TRIMETRIC ELLIPSES 899 22.6 AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION USING INTERSECTIONS 901 22.7 COMPUTER GRAPHICS 904 22.8 OBLIQUE PROJECTIONS 905 Directions of Projectors 906 22.9 ELLIPSES FOR OBLIQUE DRAWINGS 907 Alternative Four-Center Ellipses 907 Four-Center Ellipse for Cavalier Drawings 907 22.10 OFFSET MEASUREMENTS 908 22.11 OBLIQUE DIMENSIONING 909 22.12 COMPUTER GRAPHICS 909 KEY WORDS 911 CHAPTER SUMMARY 911 REVIEW QUESTIONS 911 CHAPTER EXERCISES 911 CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE: PERSPECTIVE DRAWINGS 923 UNDERSTANDING PERSPECTIVES 925 23.1 PERSPECTIVE FROM A MULTIVIEW PROJECTION 926 23.2 NONROTATED SIDE VIEW METHOD FOR PERSPECTIVE 927 23.3 DRAWING AN ANGULAR PERSPECTIVE 929 23.4 POSITION OF THE STATION POINT 929 23.5 LOCATION OF THE PICTURE PLANE 929 23.6 BIRD’S-EYE VIEW OR WORM’S-EYE VIEW 930 23.7 THE THREE TYPES OF PERSPECTIVES 930 23.8 ONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE 930 23.9 ONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE OF A CYLINDRICAL SHAPE 931 23.10 TWO-POINT PERSPECTIVE 931 23.11 THREE-POINT PERSPECTIVE 933 23.12 MEASUREMENTS IN PERSPECTIVE 935 23.13 DIRECT MEASUREMENTS ALONG INCLINED LINES 936 23.14 VANISHING POINTS OF INCLINED LINES 937 23.15 INCLINED LINES IN PERSPECTIVE, JOINING ENDPOINT METHOD 937 23.16 CURVES AND CIRCLES IN PERSPECTIVE 939 23.17 THE PERSPECTIVE PLAN METHOD 940 23.18 PERSPECTIVE DIAGRAM 940 23.19 SHADING 941 23.20 COMPUTER GRAPHICS 941 KEY WORDS 942 CHAPTER SUMMARY 942 REVIEW QUESTIONS 942 CHAPTER EXERCISES 942 GLOSSARY 947 A 947 B 947 C 947 D 948 F 948 G 948 H 948 I 948 J 948 K 948 L 949 M 949 N 949 P 949 Q 949 R 949 S 949 T 950 U 950 W 950 APPENDICES 951 INDEX 1055 A 1055 B 1056 C 1057 D 1059 E 1060 F 1061 G 1062 H 1063 I 1063 J 1064 K 1064 L 1064 M 1065 N 1066 O 1066 P 1067 Q 1069 R 1069 S 1070 T 1073 U 1075 V 1075 W 1076 X 1076 Z 1076 CREDITS 1077