Best known for his amazing free-form shell structures, Heinz Isler has inspired both architects and engineers with his dazzling creations. His work transcends the definition of mere structural engineering to the extent of becoming structural art. This book considers the unique work of this exceptional engineer. Isler's primary medium of expression is the reinforced concrete shell. Rejecting the use of mathematical formulae, he approaches the challenges of each new structure by using physical modelling to determine the form and subsequently to investigate its stability. Harmonious, natural and inspiring structures are the result. Isler's sensitivity for the natural world is expressed in the quiet beauty of the shell forms that he has designed, which merge more easily into the landscape than most modern buildings. He creates structures of high efficiency with the lowest possible environmental impact. The author takes a look at Isler's major works, at the philosophy behind these works and at Isler's methods. This fascinating look at the work of a pioneer in his field will prove exhilarating. Cover......Page 1 Table of Contents......Page 6 PREFACE......Page 8 1 Introduction......Page 9 3 Enhanced Design Process of Tension Structures......Page 10 3.1 Shapeof Equilibrium......Page 11 3.2 Cutting Pattern......Page 14 3.3 Reassembling and Pretensioning......Page 16 3.4 Load Bearing Behaviour......Page 18 3.5 Evaluation......Page 19 Flexibility ellipsoids......Page 21 Redundancy......Page 22 References......Page 23 2.1 Design Process......Page 25 2.3 Load Analysis and Form-Finding......Page 26 2.4 Cutting Pattern Generation......Page 27 2.5 Design Methodologies......Page 29 3.1 Modelling and Simulation......Page 30 3.2 Element Types for Textile Modeling......Page 31 4.2 System Objectives......Page 33 5.1 Complex Hybrid Structure Designs......Page 34 5.2 Adaptive Design......Page 35 References......Page 36 1 Introduction......Page 37 The Force Density Method......Page 38 3 Analytical Form.nding with Technet’s Easy Software......Page 39 4 Force Density Statical Analysis......Page 40 6 Statical Analysis with Technet’s Easy Software......Page 41 7 The Complete Easy Lightweight Structure Design System......Page 43 8 Cutting Pattern Generation of Textile Structures......Page 44 10 Flexibility Ellipsoids for the Evaluation of Mechanical Structures......Page 46 References......Page 52 1 Introduction......Page 54 2 Governing Equations......Page 55 2.1 Deformation Gradient......Page 57 3 Weak Form for Equations of Motion......Page 58 3.1 Pressure Follower Loading......Page 61 4Reinforcement Cables......Page 62 4.3 Weak Form for Reinforcement......Page 63 5.1 Explicit Solution......Page 64 5.2 Implicit Solution......Page 65 Membrane tangent matrix......Page 66 5.3 Quasi-Static Solutions......Page 67 6.1 Sphere Subjected to Internal Follower Pressure......Page 68 6.3 Square Supported at 4-Corners......Page 69 6.4 In.ation of a Balloon......Page 72 References......Page 74 1 Introduction......Page 76 2 Formulation of the Rotation Free Shell Triangle......Page 77 2.1 De.nition of the Element Geometry and Computation of Membrane Strains......Page 78 2.2 Computation of Curvatures......Page 80 2.3 Boundary Conditions......Page 82 3 Convergence Studies......Page 84 3.2 Cylindrical Roof......Page 85 3.3 In.ation of aSphere......Page 86 4 Thin Shells and Membranes......Page 87 4.2 In.ation of a Square Air-bag......Page 88 4.3 In.ation of a Square Airbag Against a Spherical Object......Page 90 4.4 In.ation/De.ation of a Closed Tube......Page 92 5Concluding Remarks......Page 93 References......Page 94 2.1 Finite Element Model......Page 96 v......Page 97 J......Page 98 g......Page 99 x......Page 100 g......Page 101 dg......Page 102 2.2 Solution Procedure......Page 103 3 Wrinkling Simulation......Page 104 3.1 Enriched Material Model......Page 106 D......Page 107 S......Page 108 3.2 Validation......Page 109 4 Coupling Issues The Case of the Sails......Page 112 References......Page 115 1 Introduction......Page 116 2 Experimental Observations......Page 117 3Analytical Approach......Page 118 3.1 Stress Field......Page 119 3.2 Wrinkle Details......Page 121 4 Finite-Element Simulations......Page 124 4.1 Simulation Details......Page 125 5 Validation ofAnalytical and Finite-Element Models......Page 126 6 Discussion and Conclusions......Page 127 References......Page 128 1 Introduction......Page 130 2 Strong Formulation: General Structural Principles......Page 132 3.1 From the Strong to the Weak Formulation......Page 136 3.3 Linearization of the Global Equilibrium Equations......Page 138 3.4 Direct Core Congruential Formulation (DCCF)......Page 139 4 Numerical Example: Cable Network......Page 141 5 Numerical Example: Membrane......Page 142 6Concluding Remarks......Page 145 A.1 Appendix: Three-Node Isoparametric Linear Finite Element......Page 146 References......Page 148 1 Introduction......Page 150 Unknown......Page 0 3 Equilibrium of Surface Stresses......Page 152 4 Element Size Control......Page 153 F F......Page 154 F......Page 155 5.2 Tent Hu.ng ̈ en......Page 156 6Conclusion......Page 157 References......Page 158 1 Introduction......Page 159 u......Page 160 g......Page 161 3 Linearization of the Volume Contribution for Gas and Fluid Models......Page 162 n......Page 163 g......Page 164 W......Page 165 u......Page 166 W......Page 167 d......Page 168 5.1 Pneumatic Multi-Chamber Structure Under Torsional Loading......Page 169 5.2 Hydrostatics of Partially Filled Multi-Chamber System with Interaction......Page 171 5.3 Elastic Cylindrical Vessel Fully Filled with Fluid......Page 172 5.4 Fluid Filling of Strongly Deformable Thin-Walled Shell......Page 175 6Conclusions......Page 176 References......Page 177 1 Introduction......Page 179 2.1 Snow Loading Experimental Analysis on Scale Models......Page 182 2.2 Wind Loading-Experimental Analysis on Scale Models: Rigid Structures-Quasi Static Behaviour The Cp factors: the Olympiakos S......Page 184 Measurementanduseofload time histories:The Thessaloniki Olympic sport complex......Page 188 2.3 Wind Loading-Experimental Analysis on Scale Models: Flexible Structures-Aerodynamic Behaviour: The olympic stadium in Rome......Page 191 3.2 Roof Structural System Data......Page 193 3.3 Failure Condition......Page 194 3.5Results and Conclusions......Page 195 3.6 Failure Probability and Sensibility Analysis......Page 196 4.2 Interpretation of Results......Page 197 4.3 Measurements and Monitoring......Page 199 References......Page 200 1 Introduction......Page 201 2.1 Technological Issues......Page 202 2.3 Mechanical Issues......Page 203 2.4 Aesthetical Issues......Page 204 3.1 Background......Page 205 3.2 Stress Composition Method......Page 207 3.3 Application......Page 208 4 Modelling of the Strip Prestressing......Page 210 6Appendix: Membrane Local Curvatures Computation......Page 213 6.1 The Calculation Strategy......Page 214 6.2 Applications......Page 216 References......Page 218 1 Permanent Membrane Structures with External Pretension......Page 219 2 Permanent and Temporary Membrane Structures with In.ated Walls......Page 220 4 Buoyancy-Structures......Page 222 5 Interesting Combinations......Page 225 References......Page 226 1 Introduction......Page 227 2.1 Principles of Composition......Page 228 2.2 Structural Components......Page 229 2.3 Transmission of Forces......Page 230 3.1 Self-Erection Procedure......Page 231 3.2 Post-Tensioning Applied to Completed Structure......Page 232 4.1 Structures with Variable Rigidity......Page 233 4.2 Adaptable – Hardening Structure......Page 234 5.1 Air-In.ated Cushions......Page 235 5.2 Connections of Cushions......Page 236 5.3 Air Supplying System......Page 238 6.2 Construction Site Shelter......Page 239 6.4 Deployable In.ated Bridge......Page 240 References......Page 245 Space Applications......Page 246 Civil applications......Page 247 2.1 High Pressure In.atable Structures......Page 248 Air supported system......Page 249 Air in.ated system......Page 250 Structures formed by in.atable tubes......Page 251 3 Structural Analysis and Pattern Design......Page 252 4 Architectural Design......Page 254 5 Development Lines......Page 255 6.1 ECCOMAS 2000 Pavilion......Page 256 6.2 Gaudi Institute Exhibition Pavilion......Page 257 Public Engineering Constructions exhibition......Page 258 References......Page 261 1 Introduction......Page 263 2.1 De.nition......Page 264 2.2 Applications & Historical Background Early Work: In.atable Satellites......Page 265 Precision Structures......Page 266 Backbones......Page 268 Heavy-Duty Elements for Manned Flight......Page 269 Mechanical Rigidization......Page 271 Physically induced rigidization: cold rigidization, shape memory and solvent evaporation......Page 272 3.2 Technology Evaluation Rigidization Techniques Selection Criteria......Page 273 4 Rigidization by UV-Visible Curing......Page 275 4.1 Photo-Initiation......Page 276 4.2 Optimizing Material Properties......Page 279 4.3 Feasability Demonstration on Composite Structures......Page 282 5Conclusion......Page 283 References......Page 284 Form-Optimizing Processes in Biological Structures. Self-generating structures in nature based on pneumatics......Page 288 2 Pneumatic Structures in Nature......Page 289 3 2-D Bubble Clusters......Page 291 4 Mathematics/Geometry......Page 292 Con.guring and integratingform systems......Page 293 Genetic algorithms......Page 294 Computer-compressed evolution......Page 296 6 Biological Models......Page 297 7Architectural Applications......Page 301 Nicholas Grimshaw Architects......Page 303 Construction and Internal structure......Page 304 8 Intelligent Structures and Materials......Page 305 References......Page 306 Making Blobs with a Textile Mould......Page 307 2 Blobs with a Textile Mould......Page 308 3 Form-Active/Surface Active......Page 309 4.1 Introduction......Page 310 4.3 Geometrical Complexity and Production Technology......Page 311 4.5 Structural Optimisation......Page 312 4.6 Vacuum Injection......Page 313 5.2 Conclusions from the Structural Calculations......Page 314 5.3 The Form-Active Analysis of the Structure......Page 315 Tension Cable......Page 317 5.5 Variety of Pneu Combinations......Page 318 5.6Scale Model......Page 319 6 The Art Pavillion......Page 320 7Conclusion......Page 323 References......Page 324 The objective of this book is to collect state-of-the-art research and te- nology for design, analysis, construction and maintenance of textile and in?atable structures. Textile composites and in?atable structures have become increasingly popular for a variety of applications in - among many other?elds - civil engineering, architecture and aerospace engineering. Typical examples - clude membrane roofs and covers, sails, in?atable buildings and pavilions, airships, in?atable furniture, airspace structures etc. The ability to provide numerical simulations for increasingly complex membrane and in?atable structures is advancing rapidly due to both - markablestrides in computer hardware development and theimproved maturity of computational procedures for nonlinear structural systems. Signi?cant progress has been made in the formulation of?nite elements methods for static and dynamic problems, complex constitutive material behaviour, coupled aero-elastic analysis etc. The book contains 18 invited contributions written by distinguished authors who participated in the International Conference on Textile C- puterandIn?atedStructuresheldinBarcelonafromJune30thtoJuly2nd 2003. The meeting was one of the Thematic Conferences of the European Community on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences (ECCOMAS, www.eccomas.org). The di?erent chapters discuss recent progress and future research dir- tions in new textile composites for applications in membrane and in?atable structures. Approximately half of thebook focusesin describing innovative numerical methods for structural analysis, such as new non linear m- brane and shell?nite elements. The rest of the chapters present advances in design, construction and maintenance procedures. The content of the di?erent chapters was sent directly by the authors andtheeditorscannotacceptresponsibilityforanyinaccuracies, comments and opinions contained in thetext
This book collects state-of-the-art research and technology for design, analysis, construction and maintenance of textile and inflatable structures.
Textile composites and inflatable structures have become increasingly popular for a variety of applications in – among many other fields – civil engineering, architecture and aerospace engineering. Typical examples include membrane roofs and covers, sails, inflatable buildings and pavilions, airships, inflatable furniture, airspace structures etc.
The book contains 18 invited contributions written by distinguished authors who participated in the International Conference on Textile Composites and Inflated Structures held in Barcelona from June 30th to July 2nd, 2003. The meeting was one of the Thematic Conferences of the European Community on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences (ECCOMAS).
The different chapters discuss recent progress and future research directions in membrane and inflatable structures built with new textile composite materials. Approximately half of the book focuses on describing innovative numerical methods for structural analysis of such structures, such as new nonlinear membrane and shell finite elements. The rest of the chapters present advances in design, construction and maintenance procedures.
This book collects state-of-the-art research and technology for design, analysis, construction and maintenance of textile and inflatable structures.
Textile composites and inflatable structures have become increasingly popular for a variety of applications in-among many other fields-civil engineering, architecture and aerospace engineering. Typical examples include membrane roofs and covers, sails, inflatable buildings and pavilions, airships, inflatable furniture, airspace structures etc.
The book contains 18 invited contributions written by distinguished authors who participated in the International Conference on Textile Composites and Inflated Structures held in Barcelona from June 30th to July 2nd, 2003. The meeting was one of the Thematic Conferences of the European Community on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences (ECCOMAS).
The different chapters discuss recent progress and future research directions in membrane and inflatable structures built with new textile composite materials. Approximately half of the book focuses on describing innovative numerical methods for structural analysis of such structures, such as new nonlinear membrane and shell finite elements. The rest of the chapters present advances in design, construction and maintenance procedures.
This book collects state-of-the-art research and technology for design, analysis, construction and maintenance of textile and inflatable structures. Textile composites and inflatable structures have become increasingly popular for a variety of applications in - among many other fields - civil engineering, architecture and aerospace engineering. Typical examples include membrane roofs and covers, sails, inflatable buildings and pavilions, airships, inflatable furniture, airspace structures etc. The book contains 18 invited contributions written by distinguished authors who participated in the I This title looks at the work of Heinz Isler. Working for over 40 years with free form shell structures, primarily constructed from reinforced concrete, Isler has built well over 1000 shells. His work contributes to contemporary architecture by its inspirational qualities
