The Architect in Practice

Throughout its many editions, The Architect in Practice has remained a leading textbook used in the education of architects. While the content of the book has developed, the message and philosophy has remained constant: to provide students of architecture and young practitioners with a readable guide to the profession, outlining an architect's duties to their client and contractor, the key aspects of running a building contract, and the essentials of management, finance and drawing office procedure. The eleventh edition follows in that tradition. The text has been brought up to date to ensure it follows the new RIBA Plan of Work 2013 as the guide to the architect's workflow. In addition, a number of changes to standard forms of contract were made with the publication of the JCT 2011 suite of contracts, and the RIBA Standard Form for the Appointment of an Architect 2010 (2012 Revision). These new forms are fully covered. In addition, the opportunity has been taken to reorganise the layout so that the content flows in a way that is more consistent with current architectural practice, and to deal with the increasing use of BIM. The eleventh edition of The Architect in Practice continues to provide the guidance and advice all students and practising architects need in the course of their studies and in their profession. The Architect in Practice......Page 3 Contents......Page 9 Preface......Page 15 Note......Page 17 Acknowledgements......Page 19 Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 21 Part 1 Practice......Page 27 1.2 Significance of the construction industry......Page 29 1.3 A changing industry......Page 30 1.4 Clients......Page 32 1.5 Contractors......Page 33 1.6.1 Architects......Page 35 1.6.2 Quantity surveyors/cost managers......Page 37 1.6.3 Other consultants......Page 38 1.7 Clerk of works......Page 39 1.8.1 Professional organisations......Page 40 1.8.3 Manufacturers trade associations......Page 41 1.8.4 Other organisations......Page 42 References and notes......Page 47 2.1.1 Key skills......Page 48 2.1.2 Overview......Page 49 2.2.1 RIBA......Page 50 2.2.2 ARB......Page 51 2.2.3 RIAI......Page 53 2.2.4 Other professional bodies......Page 54 2.3.1 UK and Ireland......Page 55 2.3.2 European directive......Page 56 2.3.3 Training models......Page 57 2.3.4 Credit allocation and credit transfer systems......Page 58 2.3.5 The Criteria......Page 59 2.3.6 Modes of learning......Page 60 2.5.2 Prescription of courses in the UK by ARB......Page 62 2.5.3 Validation of courses by the RIBA, in the UK and Overseas......Page 63 2.5.4 Accreditation of courses in Ireland......Page 64 2.5.5 The CAA validation processes......Page 66 2.6.1 Registration......Page 67 2.7.1 Criteria......Page 68 2.8.1 Practising in Egypt......Page 69 2.8.2 Practising in Nigeria......Page 70 2.8.3 Practising in Malaysia......Page 71 2.9.1 General......Page 72 2.10.2 The standards......Page 73 2.11.2 Principle 1: Integrity......Page 79 2.11.4 Principle 3: Relationships......Page 80 2.13.1 General......Page 81 2.13.3 The RIBA and CPD......Page 82 References and notes......Page 83 3.1 Introduction......Page 85 3.2 Private practice......Page 86 3.3 Local authority......Page 88 3.4 Other public sector organisations......Page 89 3.6 Contractors......Page 90 3.7 Manufacturers......Page 91 3.8 Academia......Page 92 3.9 Other specialisation......Page 93 3.10 Adjudicator, arbitrator or expert witness......Page 94 References and notes......Page 95 4.1.1 Self-assessment......Page 97 4.1.3 Answering advertisements......Page 100 4.1.4 The speculative approach......Page 101 4.1.5 Contacts......Page 103 4.1.6 Career history and CV......Page 104 4.1.7 The application form......Page 105 4.1.8 Before the interview......Page 108 4.1.9 The interview......Page 110 4.2 Acceptable job titles......Page 114 4.3.1 Employed or self-employed?......Page 115 4.3.3 Written statement......Page 117 4.4 Job description......Page 118 4.5 Hours of work......Page 119 4.6 Overtime......Page 121 4.7 Salary......Page 122 4.8 Benefits......Page 123 4.9 Professional activities......Page 124 4.10 Expenses......Page 125 4.11.1 Antenatal care and maternity leave......Page 126 4.11.2 Paternity leave......Page 127 4.11.5 Leave for public duties......Page 128 4.12 Disciplinary and grievance procedure......Page 129 4.13 Notice and dismissal......Page 130 4.14 Spare time practice......Page 131 4.16 Discrimination......Page 133 References and notes......Page 135 5.1 Sole principal......Page 136 5.2.1 Partnership......Page 137 5.2.3 Limited liability partnerships......Page 142 5.3.1 Unlimited liability company......Page 143 5.3.2 Private limited liability company......Page 144 5.3.3 Public company......Page 146 5.5 Group practice......Page 147 5.6 Developer/architect/contractor......Page 148 References and notes......Page 149 6.2 The decision......Page 150 6.3 Timing......Page 151 6.4 Practical points to decide......Page 152 6.5 Business plan......Page 157 6.6 Enlarging the practice......Page 158 References and notes......Page 160 7.1 Objectives......Page 161 7.2 Leadership......Page 162 7.3.2 Certainty......Page 163 7.4 Delegation......Page 164 7.5 Motivation......Page 165 References and notes......Page 166 8.2.1 Telephones......Page 167 8.2.2 Facsimile (fax) and e-mails......Page 169 8.3 Information technology......Page 170 8.4 Letter writing......Page 171 8.5 Reports......Page 172 8.6.1 Correspondence and reports......Page 173 8.8 Drawing office practice......Page 175 8.8.1 Dimensions......Page 177 8.9.1 Information modelling......Page 179 8.10 Presentation......Page 180 8.12 Work programming......Page 181 8.13.1 Basic library......Page 182 8.13.2 Classification and proprietary systems......Page 184 8.13.4 Selected project records and feedback......Page 185 8.13.5 Legaladministrative......Page 187 References and notes......Page 191 9.1.1 RIBA Chartered Practice scheme......Page 194 9.1.2 Architects signboards......Page 195 9.2 Brochure......Page 196 9.3 Website......Page 197 9.4 Social media......Page 198 9.6 Contacts......Page 199 9.7 Competitions......Page 200 9.9 Retaining clients and recommendations......Page 201 References and notes......Page 202 10.1 Introduction......Page 203 10.2 Premises and contents......Page 205 10.3 Public liability......Page 206 10.5 Professional indemnity......Page 207 10.6 Latent defects insurance......Page 209 References and notes......Page 210 11.3 Profit and loss account......Page 211 11.4 Balance sheet......Page 212 11.6 Liabilities......Page 214 11.7 Capital......Page 215 11.8 Cash-flow forecasting and budgeting......Page 216 11.11 Value added tax (VAT)......Page 217 11.13 Annual accounts/auditing......Page 218 11.14 Staff time records......Page 219 References and notes......Page 221 Part 2 Running a Project......Page 223 12.1 Sequential framework and Plan of Work......Page 225 12.2 The Plan of Work explained......Page 228 12.3 Building Information Modelling (BIM)......Page 234 12.5 Green principles......Page 235 12.6 Green overlay to the Plan of Work......Page 236 12.7 New words and phrases......Page 237 References and notes......Page 238 13.1 Introduction......Page 240 13.2 Scope of services......Page 241 13.2.1 Type of services......Page 244 13.3 Determination of the fee......Page 259 13.3.1 Percentage charges......Page 260 13.3.2 Time charges......Page 261 13.3.3 Lump sum charges......Page 262 13.3.5 Project teams......Page 263 13.3.6 Work to existing buildings......Page 264 13.3.8 Expenses......Page 265 13.4.1 The basic contract......Page 266 13.4.2 The effect of the Construction Act......Page 267 13.5 Consultants......Page 269 13.6 Project managers......Page 271 References and notes......Page 274 14.1 Standard forms of agreement......Page 276 14.2 Standard Agreement 2010 (2012 revision): Architect......Page 277 14.2.1 Schedules: project data......Page 280 14.2.2 The Services schedule......Page 283 14.2.3 The fees and expenses schedule......Page 284 14.2.4 The standard conditions......Page 285 14.2.5 Other standard forms of appointment......Page 305 14.3 Duty of care agreements (collateral warranties)......Page 306 14.3.1 General......Page 308 14.3.2 Execution......Page 309 14.3.5 Materials......Page 310 14.3.8 Professional indemnity insurance......Page 311 14.3.9 Funders......Page 312 References and notes......Page 313 15.1 Feasibility studies......Page 314 15.2 Site and building acquisition......Page 319 15.3.1 Preliminary enquiries......Page 321 15.3.2 Site investigation......Page 322 15.3.4 Surveys of existing buildings......Page 323 15.4 The brief......Page 327 15.5 Reporting......Page 328 References and notes......Page 329 16.1 Design data......Page 330 16.2 Concept design and its development......Page 331 16.3 Cost estimates and planning......Page 332 16.4 Procurement paths and implications for the professional......Page 333 16.4.1 Traditional......Page 334 16.4.3 Design and build......Page 335 16.4.4 Design and manage......Page 339 16.4.5 Management contracting......Page 340 16.5 Contract selection and implications......Page 343 16.6 Guaranteed maximum price......Page 346 16.7 PFI Contracts......Page 348 16.8 Partnering......Page 349 References and notes......Page 351 17.1 General......Page 353 17.2.1 The administration of planning control......Page 354 17.2.2 Legislation in England......Page 356 17.2.3 Development plans in England......Page 358 17.2.4 New style of development plans in England......Page 359 17.2.5 Development management......Page 360 17.2.6 Making a planning application......Page 362 17.2.7 The prior approval regime......Page 373 17.2.8 The historic environment......Page 374 17.2.9 Developer contributions......Page 375 17.2.10 Appeals......Page 376 17.2.11 Remedies......Page 378 17.4.1 Boundaries......Page 379 17.4.2 Party walls......Page 380 17.4.4 Trespass......Page 383 17.4.5 Nuisance......Page 384 17.4.6 Rights of light......Page 385 17.4.7 Easements......Page 386 References and notes......Page 387 18.1 Technical design......Page 389 18.2.2 Drawings......Page 392 18.3.1 General......Page 395 18.3.2 Notification......Page 397 18.3.3 Commencement, completion, etc.......Page 400 18.3.5 Fire precautions......Page 402 18.3.6 Energy performance certificate......Page 403 18.3.7 Further legislation......Page 404 References and notes......Page 405 19.1 Introduction......Page 406 19.2 Co-ordinated project information......Page 407 19.3.2 Preparation of quantities......Page 409 19.3.3 Standard methods of measurement......Page 411 19.3.4 Provisional sums......Page 412 19.3.6 Specification notes......Page 414 19.3.7 Corrections to drawings......Page 415 19.4.3 The specification as a basis for tenders......Page 416 19.4.4 The specification for the quantity surveyor......Page 417 19.4.7 National building specification......Page 418 19.7.1 Procedure in preparing a tender......Page 419 19.7.2 Documents for tendering......Page 420 19.7.3 Selection of contractors......Page 421 19.7.5 Sending out documents......Page 422 19.7.7 Reporting of tenders......Page 425 19.7.8 Examination of a priced bills of quantities......Page 426 19.7.9 Reductions......Page 427 19.7.11 Negotiated tenders......Page 428 19.8 Preparing the contract documents......Page 429 References and notes......Page 430 20.1 Contractors programme......Page 431 20.2 Meetings......Page 434 20.2.2 Client meetings......Page 435 20.2.4 Site meetings......Page 436 20.2.6 Conduct of a meeting......Page 437 20.3 Site inspections......Page 439 20.4 Safety......Page 440 20.5 Architects instructions and variations......Page 441 20.6.1 General......Page 444 20.6.3 Valuing variations......Page 446 20.7.1 General......Page 448 20.8 Workmanship and materials......Page 449 20.9.1 Responsibility for certificates......Page 452 20.9.2 Method of valuation......Page 453 20.9.3 Unfixed materials......Page 455 20.9.4 Sub-contractors......Page 456 20.9.6 Retention sum......Page 457 20.9.9 Release of final balance......Page 458 20.9.10 Form of certificate......Page 460 20.10 Delays and extensions of time......Page 461 20.11 Financial claims......Page 464 20.12.3 Frustration......Page 466 20.12.5 Termination under the contract......Page 467 References and notes......Page 469 21.1 Practical completion......Page 472 21.2 Rectification period......Page 477 21.3 Adjustment of contract sum......Page 480 21.4 Final certificate......Page 483 References and notes......Page 487 22.1 Review of project......Page 489 22.2 Architects review......Page 490 22.3 Client review......Page 492 References and notes......Page 493 Table of Cases......Page 494 Index......Page 499 EULA......Page 512 The Construction Industry -- Academic And Professional Qualifications -- Employment Opportunities -- Employment -- Types Of Practice -- Setting Up In Practice -- Management Principles -- General Office Practice -- Marketing -- Insurance -- Finance And Accounts -- The Riba Plan Of Work 2013 -- Stage 0 : Strategic Definition--appointment -- Stage 0 : Strategic Definition--terms -- Stage 1 : Preparation And Brief -- Stage 2 : Concept Design -- Stage 3 : Developed Design -- Stage 4 : Technical Design -- Stage 4 : Technical Design : Tender Documentation And Tender Action -- Stage 5 : Construction -- Stage 6 : Handover And Close Out -- Stage 7 : In Use -- Table Of Cases. David Chappell, Michael Dunn. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. This text reports on the rapid changes in architectural practice and provides updates on construction legislation. It includes new material on the Construction Act, dispute resolution and adjudication, health and safety and forms of apppointment