The Engineering Handbook on CD-ROM

A resource for all engineers in all disciplines.The Engineering Handbook CRCnetBASE provides encyclopedic coverage of all areas of engineering. Designed for the professional engineer practicing in any of the disciplines comprising the field of engineering, The Engineering Handbook CRCnetBASE is comprehensive, practical, and fully searchable, allowing quick and easy access to information in areas within, and outside, the reader's area of specialization. This CD-ROM adds state-of-the-art electronic features to its superior contents. It provides full Boolean and proximity searching, search history, extensive support for annotation with bookmarking, and user-defined hyperlinking. It contains a journal feature to record and replay varied pathways through the contents. An expandable table of contents provides instant access to the text, tables, and illustrations. With this CD-ROM, civil engineers will find information about electronics; electronic engineers can learn the fundamentals of aerospace; aerospace engineers can read about dynamics and vibrations. Even project management and economics are included on this CD-ROM!The Engineering Handbook CRCnetBASE contains everything the practicing engineer needs, including definitions of engineering terms, solutions to common problems, rules-of-thumb, tables and equations, and more. All information in the published handbook is easy to find on the user-friendly CD-ROM. Links within the text lead to related topics so you can fully explore any subject or just grab the core material you need.Comprehensive sections in The Engineering Handbook CRCnetBASE encompass topics from all engineering disciplines - statics, mechanics of materials, dynamics and vibration, kinematics and mechanisms, structures, fluid mechanics, thermodynamics and heat transfer, separation processes, fuels and energy conversion, kinetics and reaction engineering, geotechnical, transportation, ocean and coastal engineering, environmental systems and management, water resources engineering, linear systems and models, circuits, electronics, digital systems, communications and signal processing, computers, measurement and instrumentation, surveying, control systems, manufacturing, aeronautics and aerospace, safety, engineering economics and management, materials engineering, and mathematics. Geometry......Page 0 The Engineering Handbook......Page 2 Organization......Page 4 Acknowledgments......Page 5 Editor-in-Chief......Page 6 Advisory Board......Page 7 Contributors......Page 8 Contents......Page 20 The Engineering Handbook......Page 37 Statics......Page 38 Concurrent Force Systems......Page 40 Moment of a Force......Page 41 Couple......Page 44 Resultants of a Force and Couple System......Page 45 Distributed Loadings......Page 46 Equations of Equilibrium......Page 47 Support Reactions......Page 48 Friction......Page 49 Constraints......Page 50 Internal Loadings......Page 52 Numerical Applications......Page 54 Further Information......Page 60 2.1 Centroid of a Plane Area......Page 62 2.2 Centroid of a Volume......Page 64 2.4 Line Forces......Page 66 2.5 Calculation of Surface Area and Volume of a Body with Rotational Symmetry......Page 67 2.6 Determination of Centroids......Page 68 Further Information......Page 73 3.1 Area Moments of Inertia......Page 76 Defining Relations......Page 78 3.2 Mass Moments of Inertia......Page 84 Defining Relations......Page 85 Further Information......Page 92 Axial Strain......Page 94 Axial Stress......Page 95 Relative Displacement of Cross Sections......Page 96 Nonuniform Bars......Page 97 Statically Indeterminate Bars......Page 98 Power Transmission......Page 101 Equilibrium......Page 102 Elastic Twisting of Circular Shafts......Page 103 Uniform Shaft......Page 104 Superposition......Page 105 Statically Indeterminate Circular Shafts......Page 106 Defining Terms......Page 107 Further Information......Page 108 The Engineering Handbook.......Page 110 Mechanics of Materials......Page 111 5.1 Longitudinal Strains in Beams......Page 116 5.2 Normal Stresses in Beams (Linearly Elastic Materials)......Page 118 Defining Terms......Page 124 Further Information......Page 125 Shear Stresses in Beams......Page 127 6.1 Shear Stresses in Rectangular Beams......Page 128 6.2 Shear Stresses in Circular Beams......Page 131 6.3 Shear Stresses in the Webs of Beams with Flanges......Page 132 Further Information......Page 136 7.1 Sign Convention......Page 139 7.2 Shear and Moment Diagrams......Page 140 7.3 Shear and Moment Equations......Page 143 Defining Terms......Page 145 Further Information......Page 146 Columns......Page 148 Buckling of Long Straight Columns......Page 149 Compression Blocks and Intermediate Lengths......Page 152 8.2 Examples......Page 153 References......Page 157 9.1 Design Criteria......Page 160 Materials......Page 161 Allowable Stress......Page 162 9.2 Design Formulas......Page 163 9.3 Opening Reinforcement......Page 164 Further Information......Page 167 Axial Strain......Page 169 Axial Stress......Page 170 Relative Displacement of Cross Sections......Page 171 Nonuniform Bars......Page 172 Statically Indeterminate Bars......Page 173 Power Transmission......Page 176 Equilibrium......Page 177 Elastic Twisting of Circular Shafts......Page 178 Uniform Shaft......Page 179 Superposition......Page 180 Statically Indeterminate Circular Shafts......Page 181 Defining Terms......Page 182 Further Information......Page 183 The Engineering Handbook.......Page 185 Dynamics and Vibrations......Page 186 Fracture Mechanics......Page 189 11.1 Fundamental Concepts......Page 190 11.2 The Energy Criterion......Page 191 11.3 The Stress Intensity Approach......Page 192 11.4 Time-Dependent Crack Growth and Damage Tolerance......Page 193 11.5 Effect of Material Properties on Fracture......Page 194 Defining Terms......Page 196 References......Page 197 12.1 Dynamics of Particles......Page 199 Natural (Path) Coordinates......Page 200 Cylindrical Coordinates......Page 201 Spherical Coordinates......Page 202 Kinematics of Relative Motion......Page 203 12.2 Newton's Second Law......Page 205 12.3 Moment of Momentum Relations......Page 206 12.5 Work-Energy Integral of Newton's Second Law......Page 207 The Work-Energy Relation for a Conservative Force......Page 209 Further Information......Page 211 13.1 Kinematics of Rigid Bodies......Page 213 Translation......Page 214 Rotation......Page 215 Instantaneous Center of Rotation in Plane Motion......Page 217 Absolute and Relative Acceleration in Plane Motion......Page 218 Space Motion......Page 219 Forces and Acceleration......Page 222 Work and Energy......Page 223 Momentum of a Rigid Body in Plane Motion......Page 224 Further Information......Page 226 14.1 Basic Principles......Page 228 14.2 Single - Degree - of Freedom Systems......Page 230 14.3 Multiple-Degree-of-Freedom Systems......Page 234 14.4 Continuous Systems (Infinite DOF)......Page 236 Defining Terms......Page 239 Further Information......Page 240 15.1 Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems......Page 243 15.2 Multiple-Degree-of-Freedom Systems......Page 247 Further Information......Page 250 16.1 Procedure of Analysis......Page 252 Member under Axial Displacement......Page 255 Member under Bending along Its Major Moment of Inertia Axes......Page 256 16.3 Consistent Mass Matrix Method......Page 257 16.6 Forced Vibration......Page 258 16.7 Practical Applications......Page 259 Single Beams......Page 260 Frames......Page 261 Single Beams......Page 262 Frames......Page 264 Defining Terms......Page 265 Further Information......Page 266 Applications of Structural and Dynamic Principles......Page 268 Problem 1: Vehicle Suspension......Page 272 Problem 2: Shock Isolation of Fragile Equipment......Page 277 Problem 3: Rotating Machinery Force Transmission......Page 279 Problem 4: Free-Fall Shock......Page 282 Defining Terms......Page 285 References......Page 286 18.1 Nomograph Fundamentals......Page 288 18.2 Models for Numerical Simulation......Page 290 18.3 Numerical Integration......Page 291 18.4 Vibration Response by Computer Simulation......Page 293 18.5 Commercial Software for Simulation......Page 294 Further Information......Page 296 Test Equipment and Measuring Instruments......Page 298 Vibration Test Machines......Page 299 Shaker Performance Considerations......Page 300 Shock Test Machines......Page 301 Transducers......Page 304 Transducer Performance Considerations......Page 305 19.3 Digital Instrumentation and Computer Control......Page 308 References......Page 310 Further Information......Page 311 The Engineering Handbook.......Page 313 Kinematics and Mechanisms......Page 314 20.1 Linkages......Page 317 20.3 Displacement Analysis......Page 319 20.5 Classification of Cams and Followers......Page 320 20.6 Displacement Diagrams......Page 322 Defining Terms......Page 324 References......Page 325 Further Information......Page 326 21.1 History of Tribology and Its Significance to Industry......Page 328 21.2 Origins and Significance of Micro/nanotribology......Page 330 Definition of Friction......Page 332 Theories of Friction......Page 334 Measurements of Friction......Page 336 Adhesive Wear......Page 340 Abrasive Wear......Page 343 Impact Wear......Page 344 Electrical Arc- Wear......Page 345 Fluid Film Lubrication......Page 346 21.6 Micro/nanotribology......Page 349 Defining Terms......Page 350 References......Page 351 Further Information......Page 353 22.1 Threaded Fasteners......Page 355 22.2 Clutches and Brakes......Page 359 Rim-Type Clutches and Brakes......Page 361 Disk Clutches and Brakes......Page 363 Defining Terms......Page 364 References......Page 365 Further Information......Page 366 23.1 Role of the Journal Bearings in the Internal Combustion Engine......Page 368 23.2 Construction of Modern Journal Bearings......Page 370 23.3 The Function of the Different Material Layers in Crankshaft Journal Bearings......Page 371 23.4 The Bearing Materials......Page 372 Load-Carrying Ability......Page 374 The Bearing Crush......Page 378 Other Factors Affecting Bearing Assembly......Page 379 23.7 The Design Aspects of Journal Bearings......Page 380 23.8 Derivations of the Reynolds and Harrison Equations for Oil Film Pressure......Page 381 Defining Terms......Page 383 Further Information......Page 384 Fluid Sealing in Machines, Mechanical Devices, and Apparatus......Page 386 Gaskets......Page 387 Chemical Compound or Liquid Sealants as Gaskets......Page 389 24.3 Dynamic Seals......Page 390 Rotating or Oscillating Fixed-Clearance Seals......Page 391 Rotating Surface-Guided Seals3⁄4Cylindrical Surface......Page 393 Reciprocating Surface-Guided Seals......Page 396 Reciprocating Limited-Travel Seals......Page 397 24.5 O-Ring Practice......Page 398 24.6 Mechanical Face Seal Practice......Page 401 Defining Terms......Page 402 Further Information......Page 403 The Engineering Handbook......Page 405 Structures......Page 406 Loads......Page 409 Occupancy Loads......Page 410 25.3 Impact Loads......Page 411 Defining Terms......Page 412 Further Information......Page 413 Wind Effects......Page 415 26.1 Wind Climate......Page 416 Power Law Profile......Page 418 26.4 Turbulence......Page 419 Further Information......Page 421 27.2 Characteristics of Earthquakes......Page 423 27.3 Damage Mechanisms......Page 425 27.4 Seismic Hazard Analysis......Page 426 27.5 Earthquake Damage Surveys......Page 428 27.6 Earthquake-Resistant Design......Page 429 References......Page 430 Structural Analysis......Page 432 28.1 Beams......Page 434 28.2 Trusses......Page 438 28.3 Frames......Page 439 28.4 Computer-Aided Analysis......Page 440 Defining Terms......Page 441 Further Information......Page 443 Structural Steel......Page 445 Tension Members......Page 446 Beams......Page 448 Beam-Columns......Page 450 Welds......Page 451 29.3 Composite Members......Page 452 Defining Terms......Page 453 References......Page 454 Further Information......Page 455 30.1 Structural Concrete......Page 457 Properties of Hardened Concrete......Page 458 General Principles......Page 460 Singly Reinforced Beam Design......Page 461 Walls and Footings......Page 464 Shear......Page 466 30.4 Prestressed Concrete......Page 467 30.5 Serviceability Checks......Page 471 30.6 Computer Applications for Concrete Structures......Page 472 Defining Terms......Page 473 Further Information......Page 474 31.1 Durability of Wood......Page 476 31.2 Wood Products......Page 477 31.3 Member Design......Page 479 31.4 Connections......Page 481 31.5 Lateral Force Design......Page 482 Further Information......Page 483 Masonry Design......Page 485 32.1 Basis of Design......Page 486 Hollow Clay Units......Page 488 32.5 Mortar......Page 489 32.7 Unreinforced Masonry......Page 490 Specified Compressive Strength......Page 494 Working Stress Design......Page 495 Flexural Design......Page 496 Moment Capacity of a Section......Page 498 Columns......Page 500 General......Page 501 Strength Design Procedure......Page 502 Defining Terms......Page 503 Further Information......Page 504 The Engineering Handbook......Page 506 Fluid Mechanics......Page 507 33.1 Fundamentals of Incompressible Fluid Flow......Page 510 33.2 Fluids without Relative Motion......Page 511 33.3 Basic Equations in Integral Form for Control Volumes......Page 512 33.4 Differential Analysis of Fluid Motion......Page 513 33.5 Incompressible Inviscid Flow......Page 517 33.6 Dimensional Analysis and Similitude......Page 518 33.7 Internal Incompressible Viscous Flow......Page 519 Defining Terms......Page 521 Further Information......Page 522 Compressible Fluids......Page 524 34.1 General Features......Page 525 34.2 Basic Equations......Page 527 34.3 Steady Quasi-One-Dimensional Flow......Page 528 34.4 Equations of State and Thermodynamics......Page 529 34.5 Stagnation Properties......Page 530 34.6 Isentropic Flow......Page 531 34.7 Nozzles......Page 535 34.8 Shock Waves......Page 537 34.9 Friction and Heat Transfer......Page 539 References......Page 540 Further Information......Page 541 35.1 Kinematics, Flow Classification, and Material Functions......Page 543 35.2 Fluids......Page 547 35.3 Constitutive Equations......Page 549 Dependence of Viscosity on Temperature......Page 554 Dependence of Viscosity on Molecular Weight and Concentration......Page 555 References......Page 556 Further Information......Page 557 36.1 Nomenclature......Page 559 36.2 Airfoil Shapes......Page 562 36.3 Lift and Drag Characteristics for Airfoils......Page 563 36.4 Lift and Drag of Wings......Page 565 Further Information......Page 567 37.1 Theoretical Boundary Layers......Page 569 37.2 Reynolds Similarity in Test Data......Page 570 37.3 Friction in Pipes......Page 572 37.4 Noncircular Channel......Page 573 37.5 Example Solutions......Page 574 References......Page 579 Valve Types......Page 581 Flow Characteristics......Page 583 Cavitation......Page 584 38.3 Check Valves......Page 585 Further Information......Page 587 39.1 Pumps......Page 589 Centrifugal and Other Velocity-Head Pumps......Page 590 Positive-Displacement Pumps......Page 591 Pump/Flow Considerations......Page 592 39.2 Fans......Page 594 Defining Terms......Page 595 Further Information......Page 596 40.1 Notation......Page 598 40.2 Conservation Equations......Page 599 Momentum Conservation......Page 600 Energy Conservation......Page 601 40.3 Closure......Page 602 40.4 Two-Phase Instabilities......Page 607 40.5 Conclusion......Page 609 Nomenclature......Page 610 Further Information......Page 611 Basic Mixing Principles for Various Types of Fluid Mixing Applications......Page 613 41.1 Scaleup/Scaledown......Page 617 Solids Suspension and Dispersion......Page 618 Solid-Liquid Mass Transfer......Page 620 Blending......Page 621 41.3 Computational Fluid Dynamics......Page 622 Nomenclature......Page 626 Further Information......Page 627 42.1 Fundamental Principles......Page 629 Differential Pressure Meters......Page 638 Thermal Anemometers......Page 639 Laser Doppler Anemometers......Page 643 Volume Flow Measurements......Page 644 Defining Terms......Page 645 Further Information......Page 647 The Engineering Handbook.......Page 649 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer......Page 650 43.1 System Analysis......Page 653 Steady State, Steady Flow Model......Page 657 Uniform State, Uniform Flow Model......Page 661 Further Information......Page 662 Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy......Page 664 44.1 Reversibility......Page 667 44.2 Entropy......Page 671 44.3 The Second Law for Bulk Flow......Page 673 Direction and Feasibility of Processes......Page 675 Process Efficiency......Page 677 Exergy Analysis......Page 680 Defining Terms......Page 686 References......Page 687 Further Information......Page 688 45.1 Fundamentals......Page 690 Real Liquid Mixtures3⁄4Excess Property Description......Page 692 Real Mixtures - Equation of State Description......Page 695 Solutions in the Solid Phase......Page 696 Defining Terms......Page 697 Further Information......Page 698 The Interface......Page 700 Curvature......Page 701 Young and Laplace Equation......Page 702 The Kelvin Equation......Page 704 The Gibbs Adsorption Equation......Page 705 Wetting and Spreading......Page 706 Adhesion and Cohesion......Page 707 Contact Angles......Page 708 Further Information......Page 709 47.1 Pure-Component Phase Equilibrium......Page 711 The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation......Page 712 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE)......Page 713 Determination of Activity Coefficients......Page 714 Computational Procedures......Page 715 Solid-Liquid Equilibrium (SLE)......Page 716 Defining Terms......Page 717 Further Information......Page 718 Thermodynamic Cycles......Page 720 48.1 Power Cycles......Page 721 48.2 Refrigeration Cycles......Page 725 Defining Terms......Page 727 Further Information......Page 728 Heat Transfer......Page 730 Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction......Page 731 Thermal Conductivity of Materials......Page 732 The Energy Equation......Page 733 Limits of Fourier's Law......Page 734 49.2 Convection......Page 735 Thermal Boundary Layer......Page 736 Heat Transfer Coefficient......Page 737 Similarity Parameters of Convection......Page 738 Forced Convection over Bodies (External Flows)......Page 740 Forced Convection in Ducts (Internal Flows)......Page 741 Free Convection......Page 742 49.3 Radiation......Page 743 Basic Quantities of Radiation......Page 744 Radiation from a Blackbody......Page 745 Intensity of Radiation......Page 746 Radiative Properties of Real (Nonblack) Surfaces......Page 747 Shape Factors......Page 749 Melting and Freezing......Page 751 Condensation......Page 752 Pool Boiling......Page 754 Defining Terms......Page 756 Further Information......Page 757 Heat Exchangers......Page 759 Construction Features......Page 760 General Features......Page 761 Major Components......Page 762 Characteristics......Page 764 Applications......Page 765 Thermal-hydraulic Design......Page 766 The LMTD Method......Page 767 Effectiveness and Number of Transfer Units (NTU) Method......Page 769 Defining Terms......Page 770 Further Information......Page 771 51.1 Fundamentals of Combustion......Page 774 51.2 Combustion Calculations......Page 779 Further Information......Page 781 52.1 Historical Sketch......Page 784 52.3 Air Conditioning Process......Page 785 Vapor Compression Cycle......Page 787 Evaporative Cooling......Page 790 Absorption Cooling......Page 791 The Issue of Refrigerants......Page 792 References......Page 794 Refrigeration and Cryogenics......Page 796 53.1 Desiccant Cooling......Page 797 53.2 Heat Pumps......Page 798 Cryogenic Refrigeration Systems......Page 800 Defining Terms......Page 804 Further Information......Page 805 Heat Transfer to Non-Newtonian Fluids......Page 808 54.1 The Fluids......Page 809 54.3 Heat Transfer......Page 810 Turbulent Regime......Page 811 54.4 Instrumentation and Equipment......Page 813 Defining Terms......Page 814 References......Page 815 Further Information......Page 816 Heat Pipes......Page 818 55.1 Heat Pipe Container, Working Fluid, and Wick Structures......Page 819 55.2 Heat Transfer Limitations......Page 820 55.3 Effective Thermal Conductivity and Heat Pipe Temperature Difference......Page 823 Further Information......Page 825 The Engineering Handbook......Page 828 Separation Processes......Page 829 Distillation......Page 832 56.3 Index of Separation Difficulty......Page 834 56.4 Required Stages......Page 835 56.5 Column Dimensions......Page 836 56.7 Batch Distillation......Page 837 Further Information......Page 838 Absorption and Stripping......Page 840 57.1 Absorber-Stripper Systems......Page 841 57.2 Absorber-Stripper Design Diagrams......Page 842 57.4 Physical Data Requirements......Page 843 57.5 Absorber and Stripper Design Equations......Page 844 Further Information......Page 845 Extraction......Page 848 58.1 Representative Extraction Processes......Page 850 58.2 Solvent Characteristics and Solvent Screening......Page 855 58.3 Extraction Equilibria......Page 856 Defining Terms......Page 860 References......Page 862 Further Information......Page 863 Adsorption......Page 865 59.1 Adsorbent Materials......Page 866 59.2 Adsorption Equilibria......Page 867 59.3 Heat of Adsorption......Page 871 59.4 Thermodynamic Selectivity of Adsorption......Page 875 59.5 Adsorption Kinetics......Page 877 59.6 Adsorption Column Dynamics......Page 879 59.7 Adsorptive Separation Processes and Design......Page 883 Defining Terms......Page 885 References......Page 886 Further Information......Page 887 Crystallization and Evaporation......Page 890 60.3 Solubility Relations......Page 891 60.5 Impurities Influencing the Product......Page 893 60.6 Kinds of Crystallization Processes......Page 894 60.8 Mathematical Models of Continuous Crystallization......Page 895 60.9 Equipment Designs......Page 898 60.10 Evaporation......Page 901 References......Page 906 Membrane Separation......Page 908 61.1 Dialysis......Page 910 61.2 Reverse Osmosis......Page 912 61.3 Gas and Vapor Separations......Page 914 61.5 Membrane Stability and Fouling......Page 918 Defining Terms......Page 920 Further Information......Page 921 Fluid-Particle Separation......Page 923 62.1 Equipment......Page 924 62.2 Fundamental Concept......Page 925 Cake Filtration......Page 927 Ultrafiltration......Page 931 62.4 Economics......Page 933 Further Information......Page 934 Other Separation Processes......Page 937 63.1 Sublimation......Page 938 63.2 Diffusional Separations......Page 939 63.5 Electrodialysis......Page 940 References......Page 941 Further Information......Page 942 The Engineering Handbook......Page 944 Fuels and Energy Conversion......Page 945 64.1 Coal......Page 948 Coal Analysis......Page 949 Fixed Carbon (FC) Limit......Page 950 Oil Composition......Page 951 Properties of Petroleum Derivatives......Page 952 64.4 Important Products of Crude Oil Refining......Page 953 Nomenclature......Page 954 Further Information......Page 955 Solar Power Systems......Page 957 65.1 Solar Thermal Systems......Page 958 65.2 Photovoltaic Systems......Page 965 65.3 Biomass Systems......Page 968 References......Page 969 Further Information......Page 970 Internal Combustion Engines......Page 972 66.1 Basics of Operation......Page 973 66.2 Engine Classifications......Page 974 Idealized and Actual Cycles......Page 975 Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions......Page 977 Control......Page 979 Idealized and Actual Cycles......Page 981 Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions......Page 982 Control......Page 983 4-Stroke Intake and Exhaust......Page 984 2-Stroke Scavenging......Page 985 Valve Gear......Page 987 Lubrication......Page 988 66.7 Design and Performance Data for Typical Engines......Page 989 Defining Terms......Page 990 References......Page 991 Further Information......Page 992 Gas Turbines......Page 994 67.1 Gas Turbine Usage......Page 996 67.2 Gas Turbine Cycles......Page 998 Compressors and Turbines......Page 1002 Combustors......Page 1003 Further Information......Page 1004 Terrestrial Nuclear Power......Page 1006 Space Nuclear Power......Page 1007 Fission......Page 1008 Criticality......Page 1009 Radiation Protection......Page 1012 Nuclear Fuel Cycle......Page 1013 Reactor Operations, Licensing, and Regulation......Page 1014 Radioactive Waste Management......Page 1015 Next-Generation Commercial Systems......Page 1016 Defining Terms......Page 1018 Further Information......Page 1019 Power Plants......Page 1021 69.1 The Rankine Cycle......Page 1022 69.2 The Turbine......Page 1023 69.3 The Condenser......Page 1024 69.4 The Condenser Cooling System......Page 1025 Mechanical- and Natural-Draft Cooling Towers......Page 1026 Dry and Wet-Dry Cooling Towers......Page 1027 69.6 The Steam Generator......Page 1029 Cyclone Furnaces......Page 1030 Superheaters and Reheaters......Page 1031 Environmental Systems......Page 1032 Defining Terms......Page 1033 References......Page 1034 Further Information......Page 1035 Wind Turbines......Page 1037 Resource Base......Page 1040 Types of Wind Turbines......Page 1042 Basic Equations......Page 1045 70.2 Power Regulation and Control......Page 1049 70.3 Energy Capture Estimation......Page 1050 70.5 Cost of Energy Calculations......Page 1051 Defining Terms......Page 1053 Further Information......Page 1054 Typical Hydropower Installation......Page 1057 Turbine Classification......Page 1058 Similitude and Scaling Formulas......Page 1063 Performance Characteristics......Page 1066 Speed Regulation......Page 1069 Cavitation and Turbine Setting......Page 1071 Further Information......Page 1072 72.1 Types of Steam Turbines......Page 1075 72.2 Impulse versus Reaction Turbines......Page 1079 72.3 Thermodynamics......Page 1081 72.5 Water Induction Protection......Page 1085 Steam Seals......Page 1086 Lube Oil......Page 1087 Further Information......Page 1089 Cogeneration......Page 1091 73.1 Cogeneration Fundamentals......Page 1092 Units for Power and Heat Flow......Page 1093 Cogeneration Performance Criteria......Page 1094 Thermal Sequence......Page 1098 Plants for "Difficult" Fuels......Page 1101 Large-Scale Power and Cogeneration......Page 1102 Defining Terms......Page 1103 Further Information......Page 1104 74.1 Induction Machines......Page 1106 74.2 Synchronous Machines......Page 1110 74.3 DC Machines......Page 1114 Defining Terms......Page 1117 Further Information......Page 1118 The Engineering Handbook......Page 1120 Kinetics and Reaction Engineering......Page 1121 Basic Terms and Equations......Page 1124 Rate Constant and Elementary Reactions......Page 1125 Complex (or Multiple) Reactions......Page 1126 Uncatalyzed Heterogeneous Reactions......Page 1127 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions......Page 1128 Data Acquisition......Page 1129 Evaluation of Reaction Mechanism......Page 1130 Development of Rate Equation......Page 1131 Defining Terms......Page 1134 Further Information......Page 1135 Chemical Reaction Engineering......Page 1137 Mole Balances......Page 1138 Rate Laws......Page 1139 Stoichiometry......Page 1141 76.2 Pressure Drop in Reactors......Page 1147 76.3 Multiple Reactions......Page 1149 76.4 Heat Effects......Page 1151 Nomenclature......Page 1155 Further Information......Page 1157 The Scaleup of Chemical Reaction Systems from Laboratory to Plant......Page 1160 Kinetics of a Simple Hypothetical System of Reactions......Page 1161 Combined Kinetics and Reactor Models: The General Continuity Equation......Page 1162 Step 1: Select the Type of Reactor for the Commercial Process......Page 1165 Scaleup of Laboratory Batch Reactions......Page 1166 Scaleup of Solid-Catalyzed Reactions......Page 1167 Step 2: Design the Laboratory to Generate Reaction Kinetics Data......Page 1170 Step 3: Use Statistically-Valid Experimental Programs and Models......Page 1172 The Objective Function for Optimization......Page 1173 Explicit and Implicit Constraints......Page 1174 Uppercase Symbols......Page 1175 References......Page 1176 Further Information......Page 1177 The Engineering Handbook......Page 1179 Geotechnical......Page 1180 78.1 Weight- Relationship......Page 1182 78.3 Effective Stress......Page 1184 78.4 Consolidation......Page 1185 Time Rate of Consolidation......Page 1187 78.5 Shear Strength......Page 1189 Further Information......Page 1190 The Engineering Handbook......Page 1192 Transportation......Page 1194 79.1 Basic Framework of Transportation Planning......Page 1197 Develop and Analyze Alternatives......Page 1199 79.2 Transportation Modeling......Page 1200 References......Page 1204 Further Information......Page 1205 Design of Transportation Facilities......Page 1207 Establish Environmental Impact Requirements......Page 1208 Final Engineering......Page 1209 Human Factors......Page 1211 Classification Schemes......Page 1212 Capacity and Level of Service......Page 1214 Design Standards......Page 1215 80.3 Intermodal Transportation Terminals or Transfer Facilities......Page 1216 Develop User Service Plan......Page 1217 References......Page 1218 Further Information......Page 1219 Transportation Systems......Page 1223 82.1 Transportation System Components......Page 1225 82.3 Air Transportation......Page 1226 82.4 Railroad Transportation......Page 1228 82.5 Highway Transportation......Page 1230 82.6 Water Transportation......Page 1232 82.7 Public Transportation......Page 1233 Further Information......Page 1236 Safety Analysis......Page 1238 Lumped Parameter Models......Page 1239 Hybrid Models......Page 1240 Finite Element Models......Page 1241 83.2 Summary......Page 1248 References......Page 1249 Further Information......Page 1250 The Engineering Handbook......Page 1252 Ocean and Coastal Engineering......Page 1253 Shallow Water and Deep Water Engineering......Page 1255 84.1 Wave Phenomena......Page 1256 Airy (Low Amplitude)......Page 1257 Cnoidal (Shallow Water, Long Waves)......Page 1258 Stream Function......Page 1259 Stokian (Third Order)......Page 1261 84.2 Sediment Processes......Page 1262 84.3 Beach Profile......Page 1263 General Energy Flux Equation......Page 1264 Threshold of Sand Movement by Waves......Page 1265 Seawalls......Page 1266 Breakwaters......Page 1270 84.6 Navigational Channels......Page 1271 84.7 Marine Foundations......Page 1273 84.8 Oil Spills......Page 1275 84.9 Offshore Structures......Page 1277 Defining Terms......Page 1279 References......Page 1281 Further Information......Page 1282 The Engineering Handbook......Page 1285 Environmental Systems and Management......Page 1286 Microbial Contamination......Page 1289 Aesthetic Aspects of Water Quality......Page 1290 85.2 Drinking Water Regulations......Page 1291 Surface Water Treatment Rule......Page 1292 85.3 Water Treatment Processes......Page 1293 Coagulation......Page 1294 Filtration......Page 1296 Defining Terms......Page 1299 Further Information......Page 1300 86.1 Control of Particulate Matter......Page 1303 Electrostatic Precipitators......Page 1304 Wet Scrubbing......Page 1307 Absorption Processes......Page 1309 Adsorption......Page 1312 Incineration Processes......Page 1316 Further Information......Page 1319 Wastewater Treatment and Disposal......Page 1321 87.1 Wastewater Characteristics......Page 1322 87.2 Terminology in Wastewater Treatment......Page 1323 87.3 Sludge......Page 1328 Solids Removal......Page 1329 87.5 Wastewater Disposal and Reuse......Page 1330 87.6 Future of Wastewater Treatment and Reuse......Page 1331 Further Information......Page 1332 88.1 Regulations......Page 1335 88.2 Characteristics......Page 1336 88.3 Generation......Page 1337 88.4 Collection......Page 1338 88.6 Processing and Resource Recovery (Recycling)......Page 1339 Defining Terms......Page 1341 Further Information......Page 1342 90.1 Regulations......Page 1346 90.2 Treatment Technologies......Page 1348 90.4 Soil Vapor Extraction......Page 1349 90.5 Thermal Treatments......Page 1351 90.7 Bioremediation......Page 1352 Defining Terms......Page 1353 Further Information......Page 1354 The Engineering Handbook......Page 1356 Water Resources Engineering......Page 1357 91.1 Flow Characteristics......Page 1360 Pressure Measurement......Page 1361 91.4 Effects of Pressure3⁄4 Systems......Page 1362 Head Loss3⁄4 Components......Page 1364 91.6 Open Channel Flow......Page 1368 Orifice Meter......Page 1370 Positive Displacement Meter......Page 1371 Parshall Flume......Page 1372 91.8 Centrifugal Pump......Page 137