This work tells the story of a community of fourth-century monks living in Egypt. The letters they wrote and received were found within the covers of works that changed our understanding of early religious thought - the Nag Hammadi Codices. This book seeks to contextualise the letters and answer questions about monastic life. Significantly, new evidence is presented that links the letters directly to the authors and creators of the codices in which they were discovered. Front Cover Half-Title Page Series Title Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Acknowledgements Figures Abbreviations Prologue. Searching for the Footprints 1. Focus and Structure 2. Turning to the Source Material 2.1. Original Documentation 2.2. Fourth-Century Monastic Letter Collections 2.3. Archaeological Remains 2.4. Monastic Literature 2.5. Literary Letters and Canons 2.6. Canons and Rule Books 3. Social Theories and Monks Chapter 1. Background to the Letters 1. Turning to the Letters 2. Reviewing the Evidence 2.1. Date 2.2. Provenance 3. Identifying Monastic Material—Problems and Solutions Chapter 2. Fourth-Century Monasticism 1. The Development of Monastic Terminology 2. Christians as Individuals 3. Types of Monastic Living 4. Monastic Norms 5. Monks and Deviancy 6. Looking the Part 7. The Monks of the Letters 8. Individual Lives Chapter 3. The Monastic Landscape 1. Late Antique Egypt—Geography 2. Population Size 3. The Location of the Monastic Community 4. Evidence from the Find Site 5. Internal Clues in the Letters 6. Monasteries and Their Material Remains 7. The Local Pachomian Monasteries 8. The Monasteries of the Western Desert 9. Monastic Dwelling Places 10. Pachomian Domestic Arrangements 11. Evidence for Monastic Foodstuffs 12. Jars and Storage 13. Monasteries, Monastics and Books Chapter 4. The Early Monastic Economy 1. Monks and Their Labours 2. Weaving 3. Property Ownership 4. Gifts from Patrons 5. Medicine and Ritual Texts 6. Creating an Income 7. Agricultural Work 8. Monks as Scribes 9. Monastic Trade and Travel 10. Travels for the Sake of the Monastic Economy 11. Economic Dealings in the Nag Hammadi Letters Chapter 5. Egyptian Monasticism and Its Social Context 1. Power and Identity in Late Antique Egypt 2. Social Networking in Egypt 3. The World of the Fourth-Century Alopex Family 4. Evidence from Chenoboskia 5. Evidence in the NHC Letters 6. Interconnections and Social Ties 6.1. Associating with the ‘Other’ 6.2. Pagan Neighbours 6.3. Worldly Intercession 6.4. Family Matters Chapter 6. Monastic Travels 1. Moving About in the Late Roman Empire 1.1. Travelling by Boat 1.2. Sailing Ships 1.3. Travelling on Land 2. Travel to and from the Monastery 3. Monastic Tourism 4. Monks on the Move 5. Authorised Travel 6. Moving Away—Travel to the Edges of Egypt and Beyond 7. Movement and Monastic Literature Chapter 7. A Monastic Manuscript Culture 1. Literacy in Early Monasteries 2. Material Evidence for Monastic Literacy and Education 3. Classical Education 4. Language Choice in the Letters 5. Codices as Material Artefacts 6. The Books of Fourth- and Fifth-Century Monks 7. Monastic Codices—the Archaeological Evidence 8. Dating Codices 9. Coptic Codices and Their Owners 10. Evidence for Book Ownership in the Cartonnage 11. Monastic Book Production Scriptoria 12. Bookbinding 13. Papyrus as a Commodity 14. Scribes of the Nag Hammadi Codices Epilogue. Footprints Uncovered Appendix 1. Translations of Monastic and Christian Letters from the Cartonnage Material Bibliography Index of Authors Index of Subjects Back Cover
