شبکه برق: هوشمند، امن، سبز و قابل اعتماد

The Power Grid: Smart, Secure, Green and Reliable offers a diverse look at the traditional engineering and physics aspects of power systems, also examining the issues affecting clean power generation, power distribution, and the new security issues that could potentially affect the availability and reliability of the grid. With truly multidisciplinary content, including failure analysis of various systems, photovoltaic, wind power, quality issues with clean power, high-voltage DC transmission, electromagnetic radiation, electromagnetic interference, privacy concerns, and data security, this reference is relevant to anyone interested in the broad area of the power grid. Discusses state-of-the-art trends and issues in power grid reliability Provides examples of new technologies Reviews basic power engineering Introduces data analytics for big data B06XFRK2C2.01._SCLZZZZZZZ_SX500_ 3-s2.0-B9780128053218000112-main The Power Grid 3-s2.0-B9780128053218000124-main Copyright 3-s2.0-B9780128053218000161-main List of Figures 3-s2.0-B9780128053218000215-main List of Tables 3-s2.0-B9780128053218000197-main List of Contributors 3-s2.0-B9780128053218000173-main Preface shahsiah2017 1 Evolution of the Traditional Power System 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Background 1.1.2 History and Outlook 1.1.3 Future Trends and Drives 1.1.4 Outline of the Chapters 1.2 Electric Power System Fundamentals 1.2.1 Background 1.2.2 Characteristics and Fundamentals 1.2.2.1 Phasor Representation and Passive Components 1.2.2.2 Power in AC Circuits 1.2.3 Steady State Operations 1.2.3.1 Three-Phase Circuits 1.2.3.2 Power Transformers 1.2.3.3 Per-Unit Calculations 1.2.3.4 Distribution Line Model 1.2.4 Transients and Abnormal Conditions 1.2.4.1 Three-Phase Unbalanced Circuits 1.2.4.2 Symmetrical Components 1.2.4.3 Unsymmetrical Faults and System Protection 1.2.5 Reactive Power Compensation 1.3 Evolution and Outlook 1.3.1 Existing Grid Versus Smart Grid 1.3.2 Evolution and Challenges 1.3.3 Emerging Standards and Regulations References edris2017 2 Transmission Grid Smart Technologies 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Smart Electric Transmission Grid: A Definition 2.3 Smart Grid Road Map 2.4 Understanding Transmission System Performance and Operation 2.4.1 Electric Power Transfer Fundamentals 2.4.2 Real and Reactive Power Flow 2.4.3 Controlling Power Flow Parameters 2.5 Role of Power Electronics in Smart Transmission Grids 2.5.1 Power Electronics-Based Transmission Controllers 2.5.2 Functional Applications of FACTS Technology 2.5.3 Marcy Substation 2.5.4 Inez Substation 2.5.5 Segmentation and Grid Shock Absorber 2.6 Functional Applications of HVDC Transmission Technology 2.7 Monitoring 2.7.1 Dynamic Line Ratings: A Smart Technology for Increased Transmission Capacity 2.8 Synchro-Phasor Measurement Technology 2.9 Conclusion and Outlook References sinenian2017 3 Advances in Power Converters 3.1 Introduction to Power Conversion 3.1.1 Power Conversion in the Grid 3.1.2 Smart Power Converters for the Smart Grid 3.2 Power Electronics and Solid-State Transformers 3.2.1 Solid-State Transformers 3.2.2 Advances in Semiconductor Devices 3.2.2.1 Power MOSFETs 3.2.2.2 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) 3.2.2.3 Wide Bandgap MOSFETs and IGBTs 3.3 Grid Integration of Distributed Power Sources 3.3.1 Integration of Renewables 3.3.1.1 Power Conversion for PV 3.3.1.2 Power Conversion for Wind 3.3.2 Energy Storage Systems 3.4 Integration of EVs 3.4.1 EV Power Demands and Consumption 3.4.2 Fast and Smart Chargers 3.4.3 EV Inverters 3.4.4 Role of EVs in the Smart Grid 3.5 Future Trends References pinnangudi2017 4 Smart Grid Energy Storage 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Energy Storage Systems (ESS)—A Key Enabler to Smart Grids 4.1.2 Market Demand—Need for ESS 4.1.3 Implementation of Energy Storage—Challenges 4.1.4 Storage Technologies—Metrics 4.1.5 Chapter Outline 4.2 Energy Storage Technologies 4.2.1 Overview of Technologies 4.2.2 Pumped Hydro Energy Storage 4.2.3 Compressed Air Energy Storage 4.2.4 Flywheel 4.2.5 Lead–Acid Batteries 4.2.6 Lithium-ion Batteries 4.2.7 Sodium Sulfur Batteries 4.2.8 Nickel-Based Batteries (NiCd and NiMH) 4.2.9 Flow Batteries (Vanadium Redox) 4.2.10 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage 4.2.11 Electrochemical Capacitors—Power 4.3 Energy Storage Applications 4.3.1 Overview of Energy Storage Applications 4.3.2 Energy Management Applications 4.3.2.1 Grid Stabilization 4.3.2.2 Renewables Integration 4.3.2.3 Backup Energy Reserves 4.3.3 Power Management Applications 4.3.3.1 Power Quality 4.3.3.2 Frequency Regulation 4.3.3.3 Time Shifting 4.3.3.4 Load Following 4.3.3.5 Peak Shaving 4.3.3.6 Transient Stability 4.4 Key Challenges to Widespread Deployment 4.4.1 Cost Competitiveness 4.4.2 Other Challenges 4.4.2.1 Regulatory Hurdles 4.4.2.2 Limited Industry Acceptance 4.5 Trends and Future Outlook 4.5.1 Introduction 4.5.2 Technology Trends 4.6 Market and Regulatory Trends 4.6.1 State Level 4.6.2 National Level References cotts2017 5 Electromagnetic Interference Considerations for Electrical Power Systems 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Sources of EMI 5.2.1 Corona 5.2.1.1 Characteristics 5.2.1.2 Frequency Spectrum of EMI 5.2.1.3 Susceptibility to EMI From Corona 5.2.1.4 Mitigation 5.2.2 Scattering and Reflection 5.2.3 Field Effects and Induction 5.2.3.1 Electrostatic Coupling 5.2.3.2 Magnetic Induction 5.2.3.3 Potential Field Effect Issues 5.2.3.3.1 Pipelines 5.2.3.3.2 Medical Devices 5.3 Worker and Public Safety 5.3.1 Coupling of EMF to Persons 5.3.2 Standards and Guidelines 5.3.3 Public Health Issues 5.4 Summary 5.4.1 Future Trends and Other References 5.4.2 Conclusion References cotts2017_2 6 HVDC Transmission for Renewable Energy Integration 6.1 Introduction 6.2 History of HVDC 6.3 High Voltage Direct Current Converter Station Technologies 6.3.1 LCC Based HVDC Applications 6.3.2 Voltage Sourced Converter (VSC) 6.3.3 HVDC Technologies: State-of-the-Development 6.4 HVDC Transmission Configurations 6.4.1 Monopolar 6.4.2 Bipolar 6.4.3 Back-to-Back 6.4.4 Multi-Terminal 6.5 AC Versus DC 6.5.1 Benefits of DC 6.5.2 Cost Structure: DC Versus AC Transmission Lines 6.5.3 Limitations of DC 6.6 Summary 6.6.1 Future Trends 6.6.2 Additional References 6.7 Conclusion References medora2017 7 Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Smart Grids 7.1 Introduction 7.2 System Architecture 7.2.1 Alternate Power Sources 7.3 Energy Load to the US Grid System 7.4 Industry Trends for the Emerging Smart Grid 7.5 Unequal Utilization of the Distribution Transformer Thermal Life With Vehicle Charging 7.6 Hotspot Temperature in a Distribution Transformer With Vehicle Charging 7.7 Overview of Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles 7.8 Distributed Power Generation With Super Capacitor Storage 7.9 Load Flow and Power Flow Demand 7.10 Synergistic Operation of Hybrid Vehicles and the Smart Grid 7.11 Availability of the Hybrid Vehicle for V2G Ancillary Services 7.12 Charging Systems for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 7.13 Hybrid Vehicle as a Miniature Power System 7.14 Impact of EVs and PHEVs on the Distribution System With and Without V2G 7.15 V2G Complexities for Hybrid Vehicle Systems 7.16 Interconnection and Communication Standards for V2G Power 7.17 Hybrid Vehicle as a Stand-Alone Emergency Power System 7.18 Vehicle to Grid of the Future 7.19 Expectations for the Future References sorini2017 8 Cybersecurity for the Smart Grid 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Cybersecurity Best Practices and Guidelines for the Power Industry 8.2.1 Risk-Based Thinking 8.2.2 C2M2 for Cybersecurity 8.2.3 ES-C2M2 for Cybersecurity 8.2.4 Specific Smart Grid Related Cybersecurity Guidance and Regulations 8.3 Cybersecurity Risk Assessments and Tools 8.3.1 Penetration Testing 8.3.2 Preliminary Hazards Analysis 8.3.3 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 8.3.4 Fault Tree Analysis 8.4 Challenges and Conclusions Further Reading phan2017 9 Big Data and Monitoring the Grid 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Smart Grid Big Data Challenge 9.2.1 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems (SCADA) 9.2.2 Smart Meters 9.2.3 Intelligent Electronic Devices 9.3 Informative Feature Extraction 9.3.1 Waveform Characteristics 9.3.1.1 Short-Time Fourier Transform 9.3.1.2 Wavelet Transform 9.3.1.3 S-Transform 9.3.1.4 Hilbert–Huang Transform 9.3.2 Consumption-Related Features 9.3.2.1 Environmental Factors 9.3.2.2 Site-Specific Factors 9.4 Event Monitoring 9.4.1 Power Quality Disturbance 9.4.2 Intrusion 9.4.3 Islanding 9.4.3.1 Remote Islanding Detection Techniques 9.4.3.2 Local Islanding Detection Techniques 9.5 Energy Consumption Forecasting 9.5.1 Forecasting Techniques 9.5.1.1 Demand Response 9.5.1.2 Price Forecasting 9.6 Visualization 9.6.1 Maps 9.6.2 Networks 9.6.3 Virtual Grid 9.7 Big Data Infrastructure 9.8 Future Trends References shai2017 10 Prognostics for the Power Industry 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Aging Electrical Infrastructure 10.1.2 Outages and Safety Hazards 10.1.3 Maintenance Strategies 10.1.4 Cost of Outages 10.2 Statistical Reliability and Prognostics 10.2.1 Existing Statistical Reliability Techniques 10.2.1.1 Failure Events 10.2.1.1.1 Catastrophic Failure 10.2.1.1.2 Degradation Failure 10.2.1.1.3 Intermittent Failure 10.2.1.1.4 Drift Failure 10.2.1.2 Reliability Modeling 10.2.1.3 Reliability as a Function of Time 10.2.1.3.1 Modeling the Expected Lifetime of Power Transformers 10.2.2 Benefits of Prognostics 10.3 Prognostics for Utility Infrastructure 10.3.1 Beyond Traditional Reliability 10.3.2 Prognostics of a Power Transformer 10.4 Large Scale Grid Health Monitoring 10.4.1 Phasor Measurement Units 10.4.2 Prognostic Capabilities Enabled by PMUs 10.5 Prognostics for Residences 10.6 Future Trends References 3-s2.0-B9780128053218000240-main Index The Power Grid: Smart, Secure, Green and Reliable offers a diverse look at the traditional engineering and physics aspects of power systems, also examining the issues affecting clean power generation, power distribution, and the new security issues that could potentially affect the availability and reliability of the grid. The book looks at growth in new loads that are consuming over 1% of all the electrical power produced, and how combining those load issues of getting power to the regions experiencing growth in energy demand can be addressed. In addition, it considers the policy issues surrounding transmission line approval by regulators. With truly multidisciplinary content, including failure analysis of various systems, photovoltaic, wind power, quality issues with clean power, high-voltage DC transmission, electromagnetic radiation, electromagnetic interference, privacy concerns, and data security, this reference is relevant to anyone interested in the broad area of power grid stability. Discusses state–of-the-art trends and issues in power grid reliability Offers guidance on purchasing or investing in new technologies Includes a technical document relevant to public policy that can help all stakeholders understand the technical issues facing a green, secure power grid