The Structure of Argument

The Structure of Argument teaches students how to approach, develop, and defend arguments one element at a time. This concise but thorough text carefully scaffolds argument for students, explaining approaches to argumentation, critical reading, and argument analysis. The major components of argumentation--claims, support, assumptions, logic--are explained in depth, and a robust research section shows students how to find, incorporate, and build on existing arguments. The Ninth Edition has been updated with more sourced readings than ever before, including a section of debates on unsettled current topics, further reinforcing the importance of research and synthesis. With its value price tag, The Structure of Argument is an affordable, accessible resource for the argument classroom. The Structure of Argument is available with LaunchPad Solo for Readers and Writers. By combining formative and summative assessments with opportunities to study, practice, and review specific skills, LaunchPad Solo for Readers and Writers provides instructors with a quick and flexible solution for targeting instruction on critical reading, the writing process, grammar, mechanics, style, and punctuation based on students' unique needs. Students will gain confidence by working through sequenced units that guide them from concept to mastery. At home or in class, students learn at their own pace, with instruction tailored to individual learners. Cover Page......Page 2 Inside Front Cover......Page 3 Halftitle Page......Page 4 Title Page......Page 5 Copyright Page......Page 6 Preface......Page 8 Brief Contents......Page 24 Contents......Page 26 Part 1 Understanding Argument......Page 49 Chapter 1 Approaches to Argument......Page 50 What Is Argument?......Page 55 Aristotelian Rhetoric......Page 57 Logos......Page 58 Research Skill Using Databases......Page 60 Argument Essentials Aristotelian Rhetoric......Page 62 Richard J. Davis, In Gun Control Debate, Logic Goes out the Window......Page 63 The Shelter Pet Project, A Person Is the Best Thing to Happen to a Shelter Pet (advertisement)......Page 66 Liza Long, I Am Adam Lanza’s Mother......Page 67 The Stasis Questions......Page 73 Stasis Theory Claims......Page 77 Rogerian Argument......Page 78 Argument Essentials Rogerian Argument......Page 80 Julia Belluz And Steven J. Hoffman, Katie Couric and the Celebrity Medicine Syndrome......Page 81 Sarah Seltzer, Teaching Trigger Warnings: What Pundits Don’t Understand about the Year’s Most Controversial Higher-Ed Debate......Page 82 The Claim......Page 91 The Support......Page 94 The Assumption......Page 95 Toulmin and the Syllogism......Page 96 Argument Essentials The Toulmin Model......Page 97 Robert J. Samuelson, In Health, We’re Not No. 1......Page 98 Steven Reinberg, Embryo Selection May Help Prevent Some Inherited Disorders......Page 101 Assignments for Understanding Approaches to Argument......Page 104 Chapter 2 Critical Reading of Written Arguments......Page 106 Strategies for Prereading......Page 108 Carol Rose, On Pins and Needles Defending Artistic Expression......Page 109 Amin Ahmad, I Belong Here......Page 111 Strategies for Annotating a Text......Page 114 Christopher Elliott, A Tale of Two Airlines......Page 116 Summarizing......Page 119 Research Skill Summarizing......Page 120 Strategies for Writing Rhetorical Summaries......Page 121 Mallory Simon, Gun Debate: Where Is the Middle Ground?......Page 122 Stephanie Fairyington, The Gay Option......Page 127 Strategies for Evaluating Arguments......Page 132 Argument Essentials Examining Written Arguments......Page 133 Bruce Schneier, The Internet Is a Surveillance State......Page 134 Whitney Cramer, Giving Up Our Privacy: Is It Worth It? (student essay)......Page 137 Assignments for Critical Reading of Written Arguments......Page 140 Chapter 3 Critical Reading of Multimodal Arguments......Page 142 Visual Rhetoric......Page 143 Photographs......Page 144 Dave Martin, Looting (photograph)......Page 145 Rick Loomis, Los Angeles Airport Police Remove the Camouflaged Gun Case That Caused the Evacuation (photograph)......Page 146 Dinendra Haria, Hey Mister! Hands Off My Sister! (photograph)......Page 147 Michael Krasowitz, Texting and Driving (photograph)......Page 148 Print Advertisements......Page 149 Argument Essentials Visual Rhetoric......Page 150 World Wildlife Fund, Stop Climate Change before It Changes You (advertisement)......Page 152 Political Cartoons......Page 153 Peter Steiner, No Caption (cartoon)......Page 154 David Sipress, If One Political Party or the Other . . . (cartoon)......Page 155 Graphics......Page 156 Union Of Concerned Scientists, Where Your Gas Money Goes (infographic)......Page 157 Audiovisual Rhetoric......Page 160 Television Commercials......Page 161 Toyota, Let’s Go Places (advertisement)......Page 162 Senator Elizabeth Warren, Remarks at the Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate, September 27, 2015......Page 165 Broadcast News......Page 172 Strategies for Critical Listening......Page 174 Cnn Correspondents, Coverage of Obama’s Announcement in Support of Gay Marriage......Page 175 Argument Essentials Audiovisual Rhetoric......Page 178 Online Environments......Page 179 Networking Sites......Page 180 William Wharton, “Peaceful” Act of Compassion......Page 181 Luke T. Harrington, Summer Shootings, Pokémon Go: Rebuilding Community in the Wake of Destruction (online blog)......Page 184 Research Skill Evaluating Online Sources......Page 189 Ad Council, embracerefugees.org (Web site)......Page 190 Assignments for Critical Reading of Multimodal Arguments......Page 195 Chapter 4 Writing Argument Analysis......Page 198 Argument Essentials Argument Analysis......Page 201 Writing the Claim......Page 202 Argument Essentials Writing the Claim......Page 203 Planning the Structure......Page 205 Argument Essentials Planning the Structure......Page 206 Summarizing......Page 207 Quoting......Page 208 Argument Essentials Providing Support......Page 209 Research Skill Incorporating Quotations into Your Text......Page 210 Writer’s Guide Documenting Use of Summary, Paraphrase, and Quotation......Page 213 Michael Isikoff, The Snitch in Your Pocket......Page 215 Ray Chong, Misuse of Cell-Phone Tracking (student essay)......Page 218 Deron Williamson, How Our Technology Is Used against Us (student essay)......Page 221 Healthcare Management, The Science Facts about Autism and Vaccines (infographic)......Page 223 James W. Ingram III, Electoral College Is Best Way to Choose U. S. President......Page 226 Assignments for Writing Argument Analysis......Page 230 Chapter 5 Writing Arguments......Page 233 Defending the Thesis......Page 235 Refuting an Opposing View......Page 236 Strategies for Refuting an Opposing View......Page 237 Sharon Astyk And Aaron Newton, The Rich Get Richer, the Poor Go Hungry......Page 238 Finding the Middle Ground......Page 241 Strategies for Finding the Middle Ground......Page 242 Damon Linker, Finding the Moral, Sensible Middle Ground on Abortion......Page 243 Presenting the Stock Issues......Page 246 John R. Koza, States Can Reform Electoral College — Here’s How to Empower Popular Vote......Page 247 Writing the Introduction......Page 250 Writing the Conclusion......Page 252 Assignments for Writing Arguments......Page 254 Part 2 Analyzing the Elements......Page 256 Chapter 6 Claims......Page 257 Claims of Fact......Page 259 Argument Essentials Claims of Fact......Page 261 Josh Levs, Loaded Language Poisons Gun Debate......Page 262 Domtar Paper, Paper Because......Page 267 Aesthetics......Page 269 Morality......Page 270 Argument Essentials Claims of Value......Page 271 Samuel Chi, The NFL’s Protest Crisis......Page 272 Justin Chang, Grace Shines Past the Emotional Manipulations of “The Light between Oceans”......Page 274 Claims of Policy......Page 279 Elisha Dov Hack, College Life versus My Moral Code......Page 280 Kiara Ventura, Your Toxic Beauty Regime......Page 283 Writer’S Guide Stating Your Claim......Page 288 Assignments for Claims......Page 290 Chapter 7 Support......Page 293 Writer’s Guide Using Support......Page 294 Factual Evidence......Page 295 Tulsa Police Department, Police Shootings — Medical Help (photo)......Page 305 Research Skill Evaluating Evidence......Page 306 Sid Kirchheimer, Are Sports Fans Happier?......Page 310 Kristen Weinacker, Safer? Tastier? More Nutritious? The Dubious Merits of Organic Foods (student essay)......Page 314 Siddhartha Mukherjee, I’m Sorry, Steve Jobs: We Could Have Saved You......Page 320 Appeals to Needs......Page 326 Appeals to Values......Page 328 Research Skill Evaluating Appeals to Needs and Values......Page 330 Ronald M. Green, Building Baby from the Genes Up......Page 331 Jeremy Markel, Marketing to “Tweens” Objectifies Women......Page 335 Assignments for Support......Page 339 Chapter 8 Assumptions......Page 342 General Principles......Page 343 Widely Held Assumptions......Page 347 Unstated Assumptions......Page 351 Strategies for Recognizing Assumptions......Page 353 Terry Eastland, Don’t Stop Frisking......Page 354 Research Skill Finding and Narrowing a Research Topic......Page 357 Michael Levin, The Case for Torture......Page 358 Robert A. Sirico, An Unjust Sacrifice......Page 361 Assignments for Assumptions......Page 364 Part 3 Using the Elements......Page 367 Chapter 9 Definition: Clarifying Key Terms......Page 368 The Purposes of Definition......Page 369 Sunnivie Brydum, The True Meaning of the Word “Cisgender”......Page 371 Guy-Uriel Charles, Stop Calling Quake Victims Looters......Page 376 The Limitations of Dictionary Definitions......Page 380 Stipulation and Negation: Stating What a Term Is and Is Not......Page 381 Defining Vague and Ambiguous Terms......Page 382 Research Skill Using Encyclopedias......Page 384 Argument Essentials Defining the Terms in Your Argument......Page 386 Writer’S Guide Writing a Definition Essay......Page 387 Brian Whitaker, The Definition of Terrorism......Page 388 Ishmeal Bradley, Conscientious Objection in Medicine: A Moral Dilemma......Page 391 Assignments for Definition: Clarifying Key Terms......Page 398 Chapter 10 Language: Using Words with Care......Page 400 The Power of Words......Page 401 Stihl, Consumer Confidence (advertisement)......Page 403 Connotation......Page 405 Frank Deford, Why Keep Athletes Eligible but Uneducated?......Page 410 Steven Best, Dispatches from a Police State: Animal Rights in the Crosshairs of State Repression......Page 411 Slanting......Page 413 Research Skill Evaluating Language in Sources......Page 415 Figurative Language......Page 417 W. E. B. Du Bois, Of Our Spiritual Strivings......Page 421 Concrete and Abstract Language......Page 423 Clichés......Page 425 Slogans......Page 427 Writer’s Guide Choosing Your Words Carefully......Page 429 Jennifer Grossman, Food for Thought (and for Credit)......Page 431 Barack Obama, Remarks by the President at Memorial Service for Fallen Dallas Police Officers......Page 434 Assignments for Language: Using Words with Care......Page 444 Chapter 11 Logic: Understanding Reasoning......Page 447 Induction......Page 448 Argument Essentials Induction......Page 449 Jared Diamond, Will Big Business Save the Earth?......Page 450 Deduction......Page 455 David von Drehle, It’s All about Him......Page 459 Hillary Clinton, Excerpt from Remarks at the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Women and the Economy Summit......Page 463 Hasty Generalization......Page 464 Faulty Use of Authority......Page 465 Post Hoc or Doubtful Cause......Page 467 False Analogy......Page 468 Ad Hominem......Page 469 False Dilemma......Page 470 Begging the Question......Page 471 Straw Man......Page 472 Red Herring......Page 473 Two Wrongs Make a Right......Page 474 Non Sequitur......Page 475 Ad Populum......Page 476 Appeal to Tradition......Page 477 Christopher Caldwell, Drivers Get Rolled......Page 481 Elizabeth Lee Vliet, “Gender Neutral” Bathrooms Are Dangerous......Page 489 Assignments for Logic: Understanding Reasoning......Page 493 Part 4 Researching and Crafting Arguments......Page 496 Chapter 12 Planning and Research......Page 497 Finding an Appropriate Topic......Page 498 Invention Strategies......Page 499 Writer’s Guide Effective Research Paper Topics......Page 500 Writer’s Guide Keeping Your Research on Track......Page 503 Research Skill What Is Common Knowledge?......Page 504 Sketching a Preliminary Outline......Page 505 Types of Sources......Page 506 Research Skill Popular vs. Scholarly Articles......Page 508 Databases......Page 511 Encyclopedias......Page 516 Statistical Resources......Page 517 Government Resources......Page 518 Web-Based Sources......Page 519 Multimodal Sources......Page 522 Evaluating Sources for Relevance......Page 523 Evaluating Sources for Reliability......Page 525 Research Skill Evaluating Web-Based Sources......Page 526 Research Skill Evaluating Multimodal Sources......Page 528 Argument Essentials Evaluating Sources......Page 527 United States Department of Agriculture, Child Nutrition Programs......Page 531 Taking Notes......Page 533 Working with Your Outline......Page 534 Managing and Documenting Sources......Page 535 Argument Essentials Taking Notes......Page 536 The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Childhood Obesity: The Challenge......Page 537 Los Angeles Times Editorial Board, To Curb School Lunch Waste, Ease the Fruit and Vegetable Rules......Page 540 Chapter 13 Drafting, Revising, and Presenting Arguments......Page 542 Reviewing Your Research......Page 543 Research Skill Reviewing Your Research......Page 544 Avoiding Plagiarism......Page 546 Argument Essentials Avoiding Plagiarism......Page 547 Using Sentence Forms to Write Arguments......Page 548 Argument Essentials Using Sentence Forms......Page 552 Building an Effective Argument......Page 551 Revising......Page 554 Argument Essentials Checklist for Effective Arguments......Page 555 The Audience......Page 556 Organization......Page 557 Language......Page 559 Support......Page 560 Presentation Aids......Page 561 Anna Maria Chävez, Address to the National Council Session/52nd Convention of the Girl Scouts of the USA......Page 563 Kathleen Sebelius, Remarks to Georgetown University’s Public Policy Institute......Page 569 Chapter 14 Documenting Sources......Page 574 MLA In-Text Citations......Page 575 Print Sources......Page 579 The Elements of Citation Book (MLA)......Page 581 Other Sources......Page 580 The Elements of Citation Article from a Web Site (MLA)......Page 585 The Elements of Citation Article from a Web Site (MLA)......Page 587 MLA-Style Annotated Bibliography......Page 589 MLA Paper Format......Page 591 Kathleen Hedden, Competitive Foods and the Obesity Epidemic (student essay)......Page 592 APA In-Text Citations......Page 597 Print Sources......Page 600 The Elements of Citation Book (APA)......Page 602 Electronic Sources......Page 605 The Elements of Citation Article from a Database (APA)......Page 606 Other Sources......Page 609 APA-Style Sample Research Paper......Page 610 Angela Mathers, The Controversy over Women in Combat (student essay)......Page 611 Part 5 Debating the Issues......Page 620 Rebecca Schuman, Needs Improvement......Page 622 Stephen Burt, Why Not Get Rid of Student Evaluations?......Page 627 Pamela Powers Hannley, Bathroom Politics: Preserving the Sanctity of the “Ladies’ Room”......Page 632 Nico Lang, Why All Public Bathrooms Should Be Gender Neutral......Page 640 Aaron R. Hanlon, The Trigger Warning Myth......Page 646 American Association of University Professors, On Trigger Warnings......Page 653 Calah Alexander, The Dangers of the Princess Culture......Page 657 Crystal Liechty, In Defense of Princess Culture......Page 661 Paul Marx, Athlete’s New Day......Page 665 Warren Hartenstine, College Athletes Should Not Be Paid......Page 667 Footnotes......Page 670 Acknowledgments......Page 681 Glossary......Page 685 Index of Subjects......Page 694 A......Page 695 B......Page 698 C......Page 699 D......Page 701 E......Page 702 F......Page 703 G......Page 704 H......Page 705 I......Page 706 K......Page 707 L......Page 708 M......Page 709 N......Page 710 O......Page 711 P......Page 712 Q......Page 713 R......Page 714 S......Page 716 T......Page 718 V......Page 719 W......Page 720 Index of Authors and Titles......Page 721 A......Page 722 B......Page 723 C......Page 724 D......Page 725 E......Page 726 F......Page 727 G......Page 728 H......Page 729 I......Page 730 K......Page 731 L......Page 732 M......Page 733 N......Page 734 O......Page 735 P......Page 736 R......Page 737 S......Page 738 T......Page 739 U......Page 740 V......Page 741 W......Page 742 Y......Page 743 Inside Back Cover......Page 744 Backcover......Page 745