The vibration analysis handbook : a practical guide for solving rotating machinery problems

Cover ......Page 1 Front Matter ......Page 2 Contents ......Page 3 Periodic Motion......Page 8 Time......Page 10 Frequency......Page 11 Amplitude Measurement......Page 13 Generated Frequencies......Page 15 Excited Frequencies......Page 16 Frequencies Caused by Electronic Phenomena......Page 24 Forcing Function......Page 27 Combinations of Machine Problems......Page 28 Mixing Frequencies......Page 29 Electrical and Mechanical Relationship......Page 30 Time and Frequency Domain......Page 31 Relationship between Velocity. Displacement and Acceleration......Page 32 Relationships......Page 34 Relation between Diameter Speed and RPM......Page 39 How To Determine Machine Speed in FPM from the Vibration Data......Page 40 Conclusion and Efficiencies......Page 41 Basic Physics ......Page 42 Single Frequency......Page 43 Single Frequency with Harmonics......Page 48 Square Wave......Page 59 High Frequency Riding a Low Frequency......Page 62 Multiple Frequencies . Nonlinear Systems......Page 63 Amplitude Modulation......Page 64 Sum and Difference Frequencies......Page 68 Pulses......Page 72 Frequency Modulation......Page 74 Conclusion......Page 75 Introduction......Page 77 Personal Computer......Page 78 Real-time Analyzer......Page 79 Data collection......Page 82 Transducers......Page 84 Displacement Transducers......Page 85 Velocity Transducers......Page 87 Accelerometer......Page 88 Microphones......Page 89 Once-Per-Revolution Markers......Page 90 Multiplexer......Page 91 Introduction......Page 93 Vibration Calculation Program......Page 96 Bearing Calculation Program......Page 98 Gears Program......Page 101 Roll Ratio Program and Rusch Chart......Page 103 Group 2. Machine Doctor (MACHDOC)......Page 104 Polar Plot......Page 106 Balancing......Page 108 Diagnostic Database......Page 109 Diagnostic Modules......Page 114 Roll Quality Assurance Program......Page 115 Group4......Page 116 Theory......Page 117 Calibration......Page 121 Frequencies Generated......Page 122 Data Collection......Page 123 Continuous Monitoring......Page 124 Bent Shaft......Page 125 Misalignment......Page 128 Bearings Loose on the Shaft......Page 131 Bearings Loose in the Housing......Page 132 Noise......Page 134 Resonance......Page 135 Problems That Cause Pulses......Page 136 Oil Whirl......Page 140 Analysis of Electric Motors......Page 141 Motors Out-of-Magnetic Center......Page 142 Broken Rotor Bar......Page 145 Turn-To-Turn Shorts in Windings......Page 149 Vibration Problems in Synchronous Motor......Page 150 Solo Data on Motors......Page 152 Steam Turbines......Page 154 Impeller Contact......Page 156 Starvation......Page 157 Compressors......Page 158 Fans......Page 160 Startup/Coast Down Data......Page 161 Bump Tests......Page 164 Noise Recording......Page 166 Synchronous Time Averaging (STA)......Page 167 Relative Motion Measurements (RMM)......Page 170 Generated Frequencies......Page 173 Fundamental Train Frequency......Page 174 Ball Pass Frequency of Outer Race......Page 175 Ball Spin Frequency......Page 176 Application of the Bearing Formulas......Page 178 Outer Race Analysis......Page 181 Ball Spin Frequency Analysis......Page 182 VCI Bearing Calculation Program......Page 183 Outer Race......Page 184 Inner Race......Page 187 Modulation of Ball Pass Frequency......Page 191 Rolling Elements. Balls. and Rollers......Page 192 Multiple Defects......Page 195 Progressive Bearing Failure......Page 199 Bearing Behavior......Page 202 Inner Race Defect Length......Page 203 Defect Length Calculation......Page 207 Deep Fatigue Spalls vs . Shallow Flaking......Page 209 Acid Etching......Page 214 Fluting......Page 216 Inadeauate Lubrication......Page 220 Bearings That Have Excessive Internal Clearance......Page 222 Bearings That are Turning on the Shaft......Page 225 Testing for Bearing Frequencies......Page 227 Conclusion......Page 229 How To Take Data......Page 231 Transducer Selection......Page 232 Factoring......Page 233 Gearmesh Frequency......Page 234 Fractional Gearmesh Frequency......Page 235 Hunting Tooth Frequency......Page 236 Planetary Gears......Page 237 Digression......Page 239 End Digression......Page 242 Gear Life Expectancy......Page 248 Amplitude Modulation......Page 249 The Gears Program......Page 250 The AGMA Quality Number System......Page 251 Meshing Gears That Have a Common Factor and OneGear Is Eccentric......Page 252 Gears That Do Not Have a Common Factor and Oneor Both Gears Are Eccentric......Page 263 Gears That Are Out-of-Round or Have Several High Places......Page 268 Gears Installed on a Bent Shaft......Page 271 Loose and Worn Gears......Page 274 Misaligned Gears......Page 275 Backlash Problems or Oscillating Gears......Page 276 Broken. Cracked. or Chipped Teeth......Page 280 Conclusion......Page 291 Introduction......Page 292 Hardware......Page 293 Synchronous Time Averaging......Page 294 Hardware Setup......Page 297 Dynamic Measurement of Rolls......Page 299 Improper Ratios of Roll Sizes......Page 302 Resonant Frequencies......Page 304 Installation of Improperly Ground Rolls......Page 306 Data Collection and Analysis of Overall Vibration Data......Page 307 Relative Motion between Rolls......Page 311 Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 333 References......Page 334 A- B......Page 335 C ......Page 336 D......Page 337 E-F ......Page 338 G......Page 339 H-I-J-L-M......Page 340 N-O-P......Page 341 R......Page 342 S......Page 343 T-V......Page 344 W-X-Y-Z......Page 345