The women, gender and development reader

About the editors......Page 2 Contents......Page 6 List of tables and boxes......Page 10 Introductory note......Page 11 Acknowledgements......Page 12 Part One......Page 14 Part Four......Page 15 Part Five......Page 16 PART ONE History of international development; theories and discourse of women, gender and development......Page 18 A: Historical background......Page 20 B: Theories......Page 23 C: Practice......Page 24 D: Discourse/language of WID......Page 26 Notes......Page 27 References and further reading......Page 28 The international divide......Page 31 Development and/as modernization......Page 33 Mapping development......Page 35 References......Page 37 The nature of financial crises......Page 39 The gendered impact of financial crises......Page 40 Farming sector......Page 41 Informal sector and the care economy......Page 42 References......Page 44 Challenging the growth agenda......Page 45 From WID to gender and development......Page 49 Conclusion......Page 52 References......Page 53 Male and female farming systems (Chapter 1)......Page 55 Loss of status under European rule (Chapter 3)......Page 57 Human development, capabilities and care......Page 58 Care and market rewards......Page 59 A brief positioning of the FPE approach......Page 60 The evolving analysis of FPE......Page 61 References......Page 62 7 | Women and microcredit: a critical introduction......Page 64 Historical and sociocultural origins......Page 65 MFI models......Page 66 Table 7.1 Major microfinance lending models: an overview......Page 67 Microcredit and women’s empowerment......Page 69 Notes......Page 70 References......Page 71 Introduction......Page 72 Indian SHGs: women-owned and -managed collectives......Page 73 Institutional players in SHG promotion and financing......Page 74 Women and banks: gendered interfaces......Page 75 Subverting enterprise-promotion loans: fitting policy to reality......Page 76 Women’s strategies for survival and change......Page 77 References......Page 79 9 | Gender as a social determinant of health: evidence, policies, and innovations......Page 81 Gendered structural determinants of health......Page 82 Intermediary factors – discriminatory values, norms, practices and behaviors......Page 85 The way forward......Page 88 References......Page 89 10 | Peace-building and reconstruction with women: reflections on Afghanistan, Iraq, and Palestine......Page 91 Afghanistan......Page 92 Iraq......Page 93 Palestine......Page 94 Peace-building, reconstruction, and gender justice......Page 96 Notes......Page 98 References......Page 99 11 | Under Western eyes: feminist scholarship and colonial discourses......Page 100 ‘Women’ as category of analysis, or: we are all sisters in struggle......Page 101 Women and the development process......Page 102 References......Page 105 Cultural explanations and the mobilization of women......Page 106 Politics of the veil......Page 108 Beyond the rhetoric of salvation......Page 110 References......Page 111 Defining terms......Page 112 Race in GAD......Page 113 Race and expertise......Page 114 References......Page 115 14 | From missionaries to microcredit? ‘Race’, gender and agency in neoliberal development......Page 116 References......Page 118 Conceptualizing ‘sex’: essentialism and constructivism......Page 119 Reflections and recommendations......Page 120 References......Page 121 PART TWO Households, families and work......Page 122 A: Women’s unpaid work......Page 124 B: Households and capitalism......Page 125 D: Female-headed households......Page 127 References and further reading......Page 128 16 | Accounting for women’s work: the progress of two decades......Page 131 Subsistence production......Page 132 The informal sector......Page 133 Domestic work......Page 134 Volunteer work......Page 135 References......Page 136 17 | ‘In the eyes of a child, a father is everything’: changing constructions of fatherhood in urban Botswana?......Page 138 Rethinking fatherhood? Gender, HIV/AIDS and the rights of children......Page 139 Fatherhood in Botswana: across time and space......Page 140 Exploring changing constructions of fatherhood in Gaborone, Botswana......Page 143 Conclusions......Page 150 References......Page 151 18 | Daughters, decisions and domination: an empirical and conceptual critique of household strategies......Page 154 Problems in household research......Page 155 Empirical case studies......Page 156 Implications of household strategies......Page 162 Beyond tautologies......Page 165 Notes......Page 166 References......Page 168 A view across cultures......Page 171 Class domination and sexual ideology......Page 174 Sexual control and the labour market......Page 176 Conclusion......Page 177 References......Page 178 20 | Discarded daughters: the patriarchal grip, dowry deaths, sex ratio imbalances and foeticide in India......Page 179 Dowry......Page 180 Too expensive? Missing female children......Page 183 Dowry deaths, domestic cruelty and sex-ratio imbalances......Page 185 Looking to the future: forces for and against change......Page 187 References......Page 188 Introduction......Page 191 What is understood by the ‘feminization of poverty’?......Page 192 Box 21.1 Common characterizations of the ‘feminization of poverty’......Page 193 Problems with the ‘feminization of poverty’ thesis for analysis and policy......Page 194 Box 21.2 Women’s views on the unevenness of gendered responsibilities for dealing with poverty in The Gambia, Philippines and Costa Rica......Page 197 Room for revising the ‘feminization of poverty’ thesis......Page 203 Conclusion and possible policy directions......Page 204 Notes......Page 205 References......Page 206 PART THREE Women in the global economy......Page 212 Introduction to Part Three......Page 214 A: Women and industrialization......Page 215 B: Women in the informal sector......Page 219 C: Structural adjustment and women......Page 221 References and further reading......Page 223 Labour-force requirements......Page 229 The employment of women......Page 230 Where do women get their skills?......Page 231 Women’s subordinaton......Page 232 Secondary status in the labour market......Page 233 The limits to liberation through factory work......Page 235 The dialectic of capital and gender......Page 236 Instability of employment......Page 237 Struggle as workers......Page 238 Struggle as women......Page 239 References......Page 240 Looking for a job: a personal account......Page 242 Working at the maquiladora......Page 247 Conclusions......Page 252 References......Page 253 24 | Global women......Page 254 What is slavery?......Page 262 Bonded labour and gender issues......Page 263 The worst forms of child labour......Page 265 Working towards ending slavery......Page 266 Conclusion......Page 267 References......Page 268 26 | Globalization and the increase in transnational care work: the flip side......Page 269 The flip side: female transnational workers – what care do they receive?......Page 271 The flip side: their families – what care do they receive?......Page 276 The state’s double bind......Page 278 Conclusion: what are the options?......Page 279 Notes......Page 282 References......Page 283 27 | The Korean economic crisis and working women......Page 287 Status of women workers in Korea......Page 288 Effects of the crisis on women workers......Page 289 Table 27.1 Regression results......Page 292 Table 27.2 Oaxaca decomposition of the gender wage gap in 1997 and 2002......Page 293 Conclusion......Page 297 References......Page 298 PART FOUR International women in social transformation......Page 302 A: Economic crises......Page 304 B: Environmental crisis......Page 306 C: State policy and women’s health and reproductive rights......Page 307 D: Women and ideological change......Page 308 Notes......Page 309 References and further reading......Page 310 Decontrol of the dealing room......Page 312 The gender implications of financial crises: downloading risks to the kitchen......Page 314 Three biases to avoid in building new economic architecture......Page 317 Putting social justice first: creating new spaces......Page 320 References......Page 321 Gendered effects on labor market outcomes of economic crisis......Page 323 Growth strategies and women’s labor market situation in Turkey......Page 325 Impact of the crisis on the country’s labor market......Page 326 Effects of the crisis on provincial economies and labor markets......Page 328 Conclusion......Page 331 Notes......Page 332 References......Page 333 Women and climate change......Page 334 Case study: gender, human security and climate change in Senegal......Page 335 Women’s position and gender issues......Page 336 Impacts of climate change and women: vulnerability in accessing resources......Page 337 Women’s adaptation to climate change......Page 340 References......Page 342 31 | The population bomb is back – with a global warming twist......Page 344 Right links: reproductive justice/environmental justice/climate justice......Page 346 Notes......Page 349 Introduction......Page 351 Care work’s visibility to policy-makers......Page 352 Home-based care as a policy option......Page 354 Situational analysis – home-based care in South Africa and Zimbabwe......Page 356 Policy considerations and change......Page 357 References......Page 359 33 | The right to have rights: resisting fundamentalist orders......Page 361 Notes......Page 365 34 | African women’s movements negotiating peace......Page 366 Turning point in women’s mobilization......Page 367 Women’s new peace activism......Page 369 Women and formal peacemaking processes......Page 371 International and regional mobilization......Page 372 Conclusions......Page 374 Notes......Page 375 References......Page 376 35 | ‘I am somebody!’: Brazil’s social movements educate for gender equality and economic sustainability......Page 377 Workers elected a president but did not control the government......Page 380 Miracles are human creations: the popular education alternative......Page 381 How education transformed a community and built black pride......Page 382 Women’s power grows with the Solidarity Economy......Page 383 Brazil’s ‘integrated education’ serves long-run as well as short-term goals......Page 384 Final reflections......Page 385 Notes......Page 386 Why socialism anyway?......Page 389 What directions for change?......Page 391 Notes......Page 395 PART FIVE Women organizing themselves for change: transnational movements, local resistance......Page 398 Introduction to Part Five......Page 400 A: Transnational, regional and national movements......Page 401 B: Community organizing and non-governmental organizations......Page 402 C: Work-centered organizing......Page 403 Notes......Page 404 References and further reading......Page 405 37 | The global women’s movement: an introduction......Page 408 Notes......Page 410 Under and (inside) Western eyes: at the turn of the century......Page 411 Feminist methodologies: new directions......Page 412 Anti-globalization scholarship and movements......Page 414 References......Page 417 Hubris in transnational assistance......Page 419 Oversimplifications and disregard of context......Page 420 Rescue paradigm......Page 421 Conclusions......Page 422 References......Page 424 40 | The international women’s commission of La Vía Campesina......Page 425 References......Page 429 The conception of the AFF......Page 431 The Charter of Feminist Principles for African Feminists......Page 432 Reference......Page 433 42 | Women’s community organizing in Quito: the paradoxes of survival and struggle......Page 434 Community women’s organizing in Quito, Ecuador......Page 436 The paradoxes of struggle and survival......Page 438 Conclusion......Page 439 References......Page 440 43 | Feminist nation-building in Afghanistan: an examination of the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA)......Page 442 Afghanistan’s revolutionary women from Marx to marginalization......Page 443 Male supporters and counter-patriarchal gender politics......Page 445 Summary and conclusions......Page 447 References......Page 448 The creation of a gendered working class......Page 449 Freedom of association and organizing at Jaqalanka Apparels Pty Ltd......Page 450 Perseverance: understanding forms of organizing found in Sri Lankan EPZs......Page 452 References......Page 454 Index......Page 456 About Zed Books......Page 473