Toxicological profiles - Beryllium

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR BERYLLIUM......Page 1 DISCLAIMER......Page 2 UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3 FOREWORD......Page 4 QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 6 CONTRIBUTORS......Page 8 PEER REVIEW......Page 9 CONTENTS......Page 10 LIST OF FIGURES......Page 14 LIST OF TABLES......Page 15 1.1 WHAT IS BERYLLIUM?......Page 16 1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO BERYLLIUM WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 17 1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO BERYLLIUM?......Page 19 1.4 HOW CAN BERYLLIUM ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 20 1.5 HOW CAN BERYLLIUM AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 21 1.6 HOW CAN BERYLLIUM AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 22 1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO BERYLLIUM?......Page 23 1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH ?......Page 24 1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 25 2.2 SUMMARY OF HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 26 2.3 MINIMAL RISK LEVELS......Page 31 3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 34 3.2.1.1 Death......Page 36 3.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 38 3.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 77 3.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 79 3.2.1.7 Cancer......Page 80 3.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 89 3.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 100 3.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 101 3.2.2.7 Cancer......Page 102 3.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 103 3.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 104 3.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 105 3.3 GENOTOXICITY......Page 109 3.4.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 111 3.4.2 Distribution......Page 112 3.4.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 113 3.4.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 114 3.4.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 115 3.4.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 117 3.5.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 120 3.6 TOXICITIES MEDIATED THROUGH THE NEUROENDOCRINE AXIS......Page 122 3.7 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 124 3.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 127 3.8.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Beryllium......Page 128 3.8.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Beryllium......Page 130 3.9 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 131 3.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 132 3.11.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 135 3.11.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 136 3.12.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Beryllium......Page 138 3.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 141 3.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 150 4.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 152 5.1 PRODUCTION......Page 158 5.3 USE......Page 159 5.4 DISPOSAL......Page 162 6.1 OVERVIEW......Page 164 6.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 166 6.2.1 Air......Page 167 6.2.2 Water......Page 172 6.2.3 Soil......Page 173 6.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 174 6.3.2.2 Water......Page 176 6.4.1 Air......Page 179 6.4.2 Water......Page 180 6.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 181 6.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 184 6.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 188 6.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 190 6.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 192 6.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 193 6.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 196 7.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 198 7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 201 7.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 205 7.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 206 8. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 207 9. REFERENCES......Page 215 Case Report......Page 257 Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health......Page 258 Modifying Factor......Page 259 Pharmacokinetic Model......Page 260 Reproductive Toxicity......Page 261 Uncertainty Factor......Page 262 Xenobiotic......Page 263 APPENDIX A......Page 264 MRL WORKSHEET......Page 266 USER'S GUIDE......Page 270 ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 277