Tropical Peatland Ecosystems

This book is an excellent resource for scientists, political decision makers, and students interested in the impact of peatlands on climate change and ecosystem function, containing a plethora of recent research results such as monitoring-sensing-modeling for carbon–water flux/storage, biodiversity and peatland management in tropical regions. It is estimated that more than 23 million hectares (62 %) of the total global tropical peatland area are located in Southeast Asia, in lowland or coastal areas of East Sumatra, Kalimantan, West Papua, Papua New Guinea, Brunei, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak and Southeast Thailand. Tropical peatland has a vital carbon–water storage function and is host to a huge diversity of plant and animal species. Peatland ecosystems are extremely vulnerable to climate change and the impacts of human activities such as logging, drainage and conversion to agricultural land. In Southeast Asia, severe episodic droughts associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, in combination with over-drainage, forest degradation, and land-use changes, have caused widespread peatland fires and microbial peat oxidation. Indonesia's 20 Mha peatland area is estimated to include about 45–55 GtC of carbon stocks. As a result of land use and development, Indonesia is the third largest emitter of greenhouse gases (2–3 Gtons carbon dioxide equivalent per year), 80 % of which is due to deforestation and peatland loss. Thus, tropical peatlands are key ecosystems in terms of the carbon–water cycle and climate change. Front Matter....Pages i-xiii Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Tropical Peatland of the World....Pages 3-32 Changing Paradigms in the History of Tropical Peatland Research....Pages 33-48 Peatland in Indonesia....Pages 49-58 Peatland in Malaysia....Pages 59-73 Peatland and Peatland Forest in Brunei Darussalam....Pages 75-89 Peatland in Kalimantan....Pages 91-112 Sustainable Management Model for Peatland Ecosystems in the Riau, Sumatra....Pages 113-123 Front Matter....Pages 125-125 Tropical Peat Formation....Pages 127-135 Tropical Peat and Peatland Definition in Indonesia....Pages 137-147 Front Matter....Pages 149-149 Forest Structure and Productivity of Tropical Heath and Peatland Forests....Pages 151-166 Floristic Diversity in the Peatland Ecosystems of Central Kalimantan....Pages 167-196 Peat-Fire Impact on Forest Structure in Peatland of Central Kalimantan....Pages 197-212 A Comparative Zoogeographic View on the Animal Biodiversity of Indonesia and Japan....Pages 213-226 Aquatic Communities in Peatland of Central Kalimantan....Pages 227-236 Mycorrhizal Fungi in Peatland....Pages 237-244 Front Matter....Pages 245-245 Characteristics of Watershed in Central Kalimantan....Pages 247-263 Groundwater in Peatland....Pages 265-279 Peat Fire Impact on Water Quality and Organic Matter in Peat Soil....Pages 281-296 Discharged Sulfuric Acid from Peatland to River System....Pages 297-311 Arrangement and Structure of Weirs on the Kalampangan Canal....Pages 313-325 Front Matter....Pages 327-327 CO2 Balance of Tropical Peat Ecosystems....Pages 329-337 Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Tropical Peat Soil....Pages 339-351 Carbon Stock Estimate....Pages 353-365 Evaluation of Disturbed Peatland/Forest CO2 Emissions by Atmospheric Concentration Measurements....Pages 367-373 Front Matter....Pages 375-375 Peat Fire Occurrence....Pages 377-395 Detection and Prediction Systems of Peat-Forest Fires in Central Kalimantan....Pages 397-406 Compact Firefighting System for Villages and Water Resources for Firefighting in Peatland Area of Central Kalimantan....Pages 407-417 Front Matter....Pages 419-419 Contribution of Hyperspectral Applications to Tropical Peatland Ecosystem Monitoring....Pages 421-431 Land Change Analysis from 2000 to 2004 in Peatland of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia Using GIS and an Extended Transition Matrix....Pages 433-443 Estimation Model of Ground Water Table at Peatland in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia....Pages 445-453 Peat Mapping....Pages 455-467 Modeling of Carbon and GHG Budgets in Tropical Peatland....Pages 469-478 Field Data Transmission System by Universal Mobile Telecommunication Network....Pages 479-489 Front Matter....Pages 491-491 Peatland Management for Sustainable Agriculture....Pages 493-511 Tropical Peatland Forestry: Toward Forest Restoration and Sustainable Use of Wood Resources in Degraded Peatland....Pages 513-549 Ethnic Plant Resources in Central Kalimantan....Pages 551-559 Front Matter....Pages 561-561 Local Community Safeguard by REDD+ and Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Peatland....Pages 563-584 Carbon Credit Current Trend and REDD+ Projects....Pages 585-598 The Potential for REDD+ in Peatland of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia....Pages 599-612 Livelihood Strategies of Transmigrant Farmers in Peatland of Central Kalimantan....Pages 613-638 Front Matter....Pages 561-561 Sustainability Education and Capacity Building in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia....Pages 639-651 Tropical Peatland of the World -- Changing Paradigms in the History of Tropical Peatland Research -- Peatland in Indonesia -- Peatland in Malaysia -- Peatland and Peatland Forest in Brunei Darussalam -- Peatland in Kalimantan -- Sustainable Management Model for Peatland Ecosystems in the Riau, Sumatra -- Tropical Peat Formation -- Tropical Peat and Peatland Definition in Indonesia -- Forest Structure and Productivity of Tropical Heath and Peatland Forests -- Floristic Diversity in the Peatland Ecosystems of Central Kalimantan.- Peat-fire Impact on Forest Structure in Peatland of Central Kalimantan -- A Comparative Zoogeographic View on the Animal Biodiversity of Indonesia and Japan -- Aquatic Communities in Peatland of Central Kalimantan -- Mycorrhizal Fungi in Peatland -- Characteristics of Watershed in Central Kalimantan -- Groundwater in Peatland -- Peat Fire Impact on Water Quality and Organic Matter in Peat Soil -- Discharged Sulfuric Acid from Peatland to River System -- Arrangement and Structure of Weirs on the Kalampangan Canal -- CO2 Balance of Tropical Peat Ecosystems -- Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Tropical Peat Soil -- Carbon Stock Estimate -- Evaluation of Disturbed Peatland/Forest CO2 Emissions by Atmospheric Concentration Measurements.- Peat Fire Occurence -- Detection and Prediction Systems of Peat-Forest Fires in Central Kalimantan -- Compact Firefighting System for Villages and Water Resources for Firefighting in Peatland Area of Central Kalimantan -- Contribution of Hyperspectral Applications to Tropical Peatland Ecosystem Monitoring -- Land Change Analysis from 2000 to 2004 in Peatland of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia Using GIS and an Extended Transition Matrix -- Estimation Model of Ground Water Table at Peatland in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia -- Peat Mapping.- Modeling of Carbon and GHG Budgets in Tropical Peatland -- Field Data Transmission System SESA-II, by Universal Mobile Telecommunication Network -- Peatland Management for Sustainable Agriculture -- Tropical Peatland Forestry: Toward Forest Restoration and Sustainable use of Wood Resources in Degraded Peatland -- Ethnic Plant Resources in Central Kalimantan -- Local Community Safeguard by REDD+ and Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Peatland -- Carbon Credit Current Trend and REDD-plus Projects -- The Potential for REDD+ in Peatland of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia -- Livelihood Strategies of Transmigrant Farmers in Peatland of Central Kalimantan -- Sustainability Education and Capacity Building in the Central Kalimantan, Indonesia