Understanding Quarks

"This book includes four chapters about quarks, which are a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Chapter One is devoted to spectroscopy study of long-range quark-lepton strong interaction in solids as well as the origin of the mass of elementary particles. Chapter Two studies the production of top-quark pairs with a Higgs boson. Chapter Three begins with a brief historical outline of the development of the events that led to our understanding of quarks and analyzes the three families of quarks. Chapter Four discusses strange quark matter and strange quark stars as candidates for dark matter based on the Bodmer-Terazawa-Witten hypothesis"-- Provided by publisher UNDERSTANDING QUARKS 3 UNDERSTANDING QUARKS 5 CONTENTS 7 PREFACE 9 Chapter 1EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE LONG -RANGE QUARK - LEPTON STRONGINTERACTION IN SOLIDS 13 Abstract 13 1. INTRODUCTION 14 2. THE ATOM AND ITS CONSTITUENTS 18 3. THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMIC NUCLEUS 20 4. QUARK STRUCTURE OF NUCLEONS 27 5. THE QUARK - GLUON INTERACTION 31 6. PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE NUCLEAR FORCE 36 7. DEUTERON 41 7.1. Nuclear Spin and Magnetic Moment 44 7.2. Hyperfine Interaction 47 7.3. The Origin of the Fundamental Forces 50 8. EXPERIMENTAL MANIFESTATION OF STRONGINTERACTION 56 8.1. Energy Band Structure 56 8.2. Excitons 64 8.3. Experimental 66 9. FUNDAMENTALS SPECTRA OF LIH AND LIDCRYSTALS 68 10. POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF HADRON - LEPTONINTERACTION 82 REFERENCES 90 Chapter 2MEASUREMENT OF THE ASSOCIATEDPRODUCTION OF TOP-QUARK PAIRSWITH A HIGGS BOSON 105 Abstract 105 1. INTRODUCTION 106 2. BRIEF REVIEW OF THE SM 108 2.1. Gauge and Fermions Sector 108 2.2. Higgs Boson 110 3. HIGGS BOSON PRODUCTION ASSOCIATEDWITH A TOP QUARK PAIR 112 3.1. The Improved Born Approximation and the Top TriangleCorrection 115 4. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 116 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 118 REFERENCES 118 Chapter 3THE QUARKS: INVENTION AND DISCOVERY 121 Abstract 121 1. INTRODUCTION 122 1.1. The StandardModel 126 2. FIRST FAMILY OF QUARKS, u (UP) AND d (DOWN) 128 3. SECOND FAMILY OF QUARKS, s (STRANGE)AND c (CHARM) 129 4. THIRD FAMILY OF QUARKS, t (TOP)AND b (BOTTOM) 131 CONCLUSION 133 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 134 REFERENCES 134 Chapter 4STRANGE QUARK MATTERAND EXOTIC DARK MATTER 137 Abstract 138 1. INTRODUCTION 138 2. EXOTIC NUCLEI AND STRANGE STARS 138 3. STRANGE QUARK MATTER AS DARK MATTER 142 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 143 REFERENCES 143 INDEX 149 Blank Page 155 Blank Page 2