Vapor Liquid Two Phase Flow and Phase Change

This comprehensive textbook highlights features of two phase flows and introduces the readers to flow patterns and flow maps. It covers a wide range of fundamental and complex subjects focusing on phase change processes like boiling, condensation or cavitation, and boiling phenomenon starting from pool boiling curves to heat transfer under nucleate boiling, film, and flow boiling. It also discusses themes such as numerical techniques for solving boiling and condensation as well as equipment used in industry for evaporation, boiling, and condensation. It includes pedagogical aspects such as end-of-chapter problems and worked examples to augment learning and self-testing. This book is a valuable addition for students, researchers, and practicing engineers. Foreword Preface Contents About the Authors Nomenclature Symbols Subscripts Abbreviations List of Figures List of Tables 1 Introduction to Two-Phase Flow—Flow Patterns and Maps 1.1 Definitions Related to Two-Phase Flow 1.2 Two-Phase Flow Patterns and Maps 1.2.1 Adiabatic Flow Regimes and Patterns 1.2.2 Non-adiabatic Flow Regimes and Patterns 1.2.3 Flow Pattern Maps References 2 Two-Phase Flow—Pressure Drop and Flow Friction 2.1 Momentum Balance in an Inclined Tube and Pressure Drop 2.1.1 Single-Phase Flow 2.1.2 Two-Phase Flow 2.2 Frictional Pressure Drop and Two-Phase Multiplier 2.2.1 Homogeneous Flow 2.2.2 Separated Flow—Lockhart–Martinelli Model 2.2.3 Martinelli–Nelson Method for Diabatic Separated Flow 2.2.4 Barcozy and Chisolm Model 2.3 Drift Flux Model 2.3.1 One-dimensional Drift Flux Model 2.3.2 Application to Bubbly Flow 2.3.3 Two-dimensional Drift Flux Model References 3 Thermodynamics of Phase Change 3.1 Pure Substance and State Principle 3.2 Properties of Liquid–Vapour System in Thermodynamic Equilibrium 3.3 Gibbs Phase Rule 3.4 Phase Equilibrium and Associated Conditions 3.5 Clausius–Clapeyron Equation 3.6 Thermodynamics of Phase Change of Pure Liquid References 4 Nucleation and Bubble Dynamics 4.1 Homogeneous Nucleation 4.2 Heterogeneous Nucleation 4.2.1 Trapped Gas Pockets (Harvey's Model) 4.3 Static Stability of an Isolated Bubble 4.4 Dynamics of an Isolated Gas Bubble: Growth and Collapse 4.5 Linearized Bubble Dynamics References 5 Cavitation 5.1 Emergence of Studies on Cavitation 5.2 Effects of Cavitation 5.3 Acoustic Cavitation 5.3.1 Interaction of a Bubble with an Ultrasonic Field 5.4 Hydrodynamic Cavitation 5.5 Factors Influencing Cavitation Inception 5.5.1 Importance of Nuclei 5.5.2 Viscous Effects 5.6 Effects of Hydrodynamic Cavitation 5.6.1 Cavitation-Induced Noise 5.6.2 Cavitation-Induced Erosion and Surface Damage 5.6.3 Cavitation in Turbomachines References 6 Types of Boiling—The Pool Boiling Curve 6.1 Evaporation 6.2 Classification of Boiling 6.3 Pool Boiling Curve 6.3.1 Effect of Various Parameters on Pool Boiling 6.3.2 Effect of Liquid Velocity on External Nucleate Boiling References 7 Heat Transfer Mechanisms and Correlations in Nucleate Pool Boiling 7.1 Nucleate Boiling—Role of Bubble Life Cycle 7.2 Heat Transfer Models in Nucleate Pool Boiling 7.2.1 Vapour–Liquid Exchange Model 7.2.2 Bubble Agitation Model 7.2.3 Microlayer Evaporation Theory 7.2.4 Transient Conduction-Based Models 7.2.5 Composite Models for Heat Transfer 7.2.6 Heat Transfer Mechanism Inclined Surfaces 7.3 Heat Transfer Correlations in Nucleate Boiling 7.3.1 Intuitive Physics-Based Correlations 7.3.2 Observed Parameter-Based Correlation 7.3.3 Empirical Correlations References 8 Pool Boiling Crisis, Critical Heat Flux and Film Boiling 8.1 Vapour Instability-Based CHF Model 8.1.1 Model for Horizontal Heater 8.1.2 Model for Vertical Surfaces 8.2 Microlayer-Based Thermal Model 8.3 Factors Affecting Critical Heat Flux 8.3.1 Liquid Subcooling 8.3.2 Effect of Pressure 8.3.3 Effect of Surface Condition, Roughness and Wettability 8.3.4 Effect of Flow (Heater Orientation and Flow Velocity) 8.4 Film Boiling 8.4.1 Fully Developed Film Boiling References 9 Flow Boiling Heat Transfer 9.1 Various Regimes of Flow Boiling 9.2 Subcooled Flow Boiling 9.2.1 Inception of Subcooled Flow Boiling 9.2.2 Subcooled Boiling Heat Flux 9.3 Saturated Flow Boiling 9.4 Convective Flow Boiling References 10 Flow Boiling Crisis and Post Dryout Heat Transfer 10.1 Critical Heat Flux in Flow Boiling 10.1.1 Two Phenomena in Flow Boiling, `DNB' and `Dryout' 10.1.2 Limits of CHF in Flow Boiling 10.2 Parametric Variation of CHF in Flow Boiling 10.2.1 Correlations for CHF in Flow Boiling 10.2.2 Local Condition and the Location for CHF Initiation 10.3 Post Dryout Heat Transfer or Spray Cooling References 11 Condensation: Nusselt Theory and External Condensation 11.1 Different Types of Condensation 11.2 Film Condensation 11.2.1 Nusselt's Theory of Condensation 11.2.2 Deviations from Nusselt's Theory 11.2.3 Turbulent Film Condensation 11.2.4 Condensation of Flowing Vapour References 12 In-Tube and Dropwise Condensation 12.1 Condensation Inside Vertical Tube 12.2 Condensation Inside Horizontal Tube 12.3 Flooding in Reflux Condensation 12.4 Dropwise Condensation 12.4.1 Effects of Various Parameters on Dropwise Condensation 12.4.2 Theories on Dropwise Condensation 12.4.3 Methods to Promote Dropwise Condensation References 13 Boiling and Condensation of Mixtures 13.1 Boiling and Condensation of Mixtures 13.1.1 Definitions and Equilibrium of Phases 13.1.2 Boiling of Mixtures 13.1.3 Condensation of Binary Mixtures References 14 Numerical Modelling of Boiling 14.1 Numerical Modelling of Interfacial Flows 14.1.1 Moving Mesh Methods 14.1.2 Front Tracking Methods 14.1.3 Interface Capturing Methods 14.2 Interface Capturing Methods 14.2.1 Volume of Fluid (VOF) Method 14.2.2 A Quadratic Spline-Based Interface (QUASI) Reconstruction Algorithm 14.2.3 Level Set Method 14.2.4 Coupled Level Set and Volume of Fluid (CLSVOF) Method 14.3 Modelling of Interfacial Flows with Surface Tension 14.3.1 Calculation of Thermophysical Properties for the Interface Cells 14.3.2 Modelling of Surface Tension Force 14.4 Modelling of Boiling Flow Problems 14.4.1 Heat and Mass Transfer Across Moving Interface 14.4.2 The VOF Advection Equation 14.4.3 The Level Set Advection Equation 14.4.4 Momentum and Energy Equations 14.5 Numerical Simulation of Film and Nucleate Boiling 14.5.1 Saturated Film Boiling over a Horizontal Flat Surface 14.5.2 Nucleate Boiling 14.6 Concluding Remarks References 15 Equipment for Boiling, Evaporation and Condensation 15.1 Classification of Vapour Generating Equipment 15.2 Different Types of Vapour Generators 15.2.1 Steam Generator or Boilers 15.2.2 Evaporators 15.2.3 Reboilers 15.3 Analysis and Design of Vapour Generating Equipment 15.3.1 Steam Generator Calculations 15.3.2 Evaporator Design 15.4 Classification of Condensers 15.5 Various Types of Condensers and Their Applications 15.6 Shell and Tube Condensers: Analysis and Design 15.6.1 Effect of Desuperheating and Subcooling 15.6.2 Compact Condensers 15.7 Air cooled Condensers References 16 Boiling in Mini and Microchannels 16.1 Introduction 16.1.1 Macro- to-Microscale Transition in Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer 16.1.2 Classification 16.1.3 Difference Between Macro- and Microchannels 16.1.4 Flow Regimes 16.1.5 Flow Regime Maps in Micro-Minichannels 16.1.6 Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Micro-Minichannels 16.1.7 Critical Heat Flux for Mini/Microchannels 16.1.8 Flow Boiling Pressure Drop in Micro/Minichannels 16.2 Concluding Remarks References Index