Vertebrate life

Vertebrate Life , 10th Edition blends information about anatomy, physiology, ecology, and behavior to present vertebrates within an evolutionary context. Engaging and readable, the 10th edition features full color throughout with completely new photographs and line art. Important advances in vertebrate biology are highlighted, including the increasing influence of molecular phylogenies, insights provided by evo-devo, and our growing appreciation of the significance of developmental plasticity and epigenetics. Taxon-specific conservation issues are discussed in each chapter that treats extant forms. Cover......Page 1 Vertebrate Life......Page 2 Brief Contents......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 Preface......Page 16 1.1 The Vertebrate Story......Page 22 Non-amniotes......Page 23 Amniotes......Page 25 Phylogenetic systematics......Page 26 Applying phylogenetic criteria......Page 27 Morphology-based and molecular-based phylogenies......Page 28 Using phylogenetic trees......Page 29 1.4 Genetic Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change......Page 30 Phenotypes and fitness......Page 31 Developmental regulatory genes......Page 32 1.5 Earth History and Vertebrate Evolution......Page 35 2.1 Vertebrates in Relation to Other Animals......Page 40 2.2 Characteristics of Chordates......Page 41 Extant nonvertebrate chordates......Page 42 2.3 What Distinguishes a Vertebrate?......Page 44 Development of the body......Page 45 Development of the pharyngeal region......Page 46 Unique developmental features of vertebrates......Page 48 2.5 Basic Vertebrate Structures......Page 50 The skeletomuscular system......Page 51 The alimentary system......Page 53 The cardiovascular system......Page 54 The sense organs......Page 56 3.1 The Earliest Evidence of Vertebrates......Page 62 The origin of bone and other mineralized tissues......Page 63 The environment of early vertebrate evolution......Page 64 Extant hagfishes: Myxiniformes......Page 67 Lampreys: Petromyzontiformes......Page 69 Cyclostomes and humans......Page 70 Ostracoderm evolutionary patterns......Page 71 Gnathostome biology......Page 72 Early hypotheses of jaw origins......Page 73 Developmental studies of extant vertebrates......Page 76 Fin development and the lateral somitic frontier......Page 77 Origin of the neck region......Page 78 Placoderms: Armored fishes......Page 79 Acanthodians......Page 81 The surviving gnathostome groups......Page 82 Obtaining oxygen from water: Gills......Page 86 Obtaining oxygen from air: Lungs and other respiratory structures......Page 87 Adjusting buoyancy......Page 88 Hearing......Page 90 Detecting water displacement......Page 91 Electroreception by sharks and rays......Page 93 4.3 The Internal Environment of Vertebrates......Page 95 The vertebrate kidney......Page 96 Marine vertebrates......Page 97 Freshwater vertebrates: Teleosts and amphibians......Page 99 Euryhaline vertebrates......Page 100 Terrestrial vertebrates......Page 101 5.1 Shifting Continents and Changing Climates......Page 104 5.2 Continental Geography of the Paleozoic......Page 105 5.3 Paleozoic Climates......Page 106 Aquatic life......Page 107 Terrestrial floral ecosystems......Page 109 Terrestrial faunal ecosystems......Page 110 5.5 Paleozoic Extinctions......Page 111 Distinctive characters of chondrichthyans......Page 116 Paleozoic chondrichthyan radiations......Page 119 The Mesozoic chondrichthyan radiation......Page 121 Paleozoic and Mesozoic chondrichthyan paleobiology......Page 122 Jaws......Page 124 Skin......Page 125 Sensory systems and prey detection......Page 127 Ecology of sharks......Page 129 Feeding......Page 130 Reproduction......Page 131 Ecology......Page 133 7.4 Chimaeras (Holocephali)......Page 134 7.5 Declining Shark Populations: An Ecological Crisis......Page 135 8.1 The Origin of Bony Fishes......Page 142 Earliest osteichthyans and the major groups of bony fishes......Page 144 Neopterygii......Page 146 Evolution of jaw protrusion......Page 147 Pharyngeal jaws......Page 148 8.3 Evolution of Sarcopterygii......Page 149 Dipnoi......Page 150 Tetrapodomorpha......Page 151 Non-teleosts......Page 154 Teleosts......Page 155 9.2 Swimming......Page 160 Steering, stopping, and staying in place......Page 162 Oviparity......Page 163 Viviparity......Page 164 Protandry......Page 165 Protogyny......Page 166 Hermaphroditism......Page 167 Deep-sea fishes......Page 168 Warm muscles......Page 173 Hot eyes......Page 174 Actinistians: Coelacanths......Page 175 Freshwater fishes......Page 176 Marine fishes......Page 177 Tetrapodomorph fishes......Page 182 Earliest tetrapods of the Late Devonian......Page 184 Terrestrial and walking fishes today......Page 186 How are fins made into limbs?......Page 187 Body support and locomotion......Page 188 Lung ventilation and dermal bone......Page 189 10.3 Radiation and Diversity of Non-Amniote Tetrapods......Page 190 10.4 Amniotes......Page 193 Derived features of amniotes......Page 194 The amniotic egg......Page 195 Patterns of amniote temporal fenestration......Page 196 Salamanders......Page 202 Anurans......Page 205 11.2 Life Histories of Amphibians......Page 209 Salamanders......Page 210 Anurans......Page 212 The ecology of tadpoles......Page 217 Caecilians......Page 218 Cutaneous respiration......Page 219 Cutaneous permeability to water......Page 220 Behavioral control of evaporative water loss......Page 222 Skin glands......Page 223 Toxicity and diet......Page 224 Venomous amphibians......Page 225 Disease......Page 226 Synergisms......Page 227 The skeleton......Page 232 The axial skeleton: Vertebrae and ribs......Page 233 Axial muscles......Page 234 The appendicular skeleton: limbs and limb girdles......Page 236 Locomotion......Page 238 12.2 Eating on Land......Page 240 12.4 Pumping Blood Uphill......Page 241 Vision......Page 243 Hearing......Page 245 Olfaction......Page 246 12.6 Conserving Water in a Dry Environment......Page 247 Ectothermy......Page 248 Ectothermy, endothermy, and heterothermy......Page 249 13.2 Mesozoic Climates......Page 254 13.3 Mesozoic Aquatic Life......Page 255 The Triassic......Page 256 The Cretaceous......Page 257 13.5 Mesozoic Extinctions......Page 259 14.1 The Conflict between Locomotion and Respiration......Page 262 Locomotion and lung ventilation of synapsids......Page 263 14.2 Limb-Powered Locomotion......Page 264 The synapsid ankle joint......Page 266 14.3 Increasing Gas Exchange......Page 268 Why are synapsid and sauropsid lungs so different?......Page 269 14.4 Transporting Oxygen to the Muscles: The Heart......Page 271 How did endothermy evolve?......Page 274 When did endothermy evolve?......Page 275 14.6 Getting Rid of Wastes: The Kidneys......Page 276 Nitrogen excretion by synapsids: The mammalian kidney......Page 277 Nitrogen excretion by sauropsids: Renal and extrarenal routes......Page 281 Chemosensation: Gustation and olfaction......Page 284 Brains......Page 285 15.2 Dealing with Dryness: Ectotherms in Deserts......Page 290 Desert tortoises......Page 291 The chuckwalla......Page 292 Desert amphibians......Page 295 Frigid fishes......Page 296 Frozen frogs......Page 297 Body size......Page 298 Body shape......Page 299 15.5 The Role of Ectotherms in Terrestrial Ecosystems......Page 300 Shell and skeleton......Page 304 Families of extant turtles......Page 306 Lung ventilation......Page 308 The heart......Page 309 Moisture and egg development......Page 310 Temperature-dependent sex determination......Page 311 Hatching and the behavior of baby turtles......Page 312 16.5 Navigation and Migrations......Page 314 Navigation by adult turtles......Page 315 16.6 The Fateful Life-History Characteristics of Turtles......Page 316 17.1 Rhynchocephalians and the Biology of Tuatara......Page 322 Lizards......Page 324 Snakes......Page 327 17.3 Foraging Modes......Page 329 Correlates of foraging mode......Page 330 17.5 Feeding Specializations of Snakes......Page 333 Venom and fangs......Page 335 Crypsis......Page 336 Deterrence......Page 337 Venomous and poisonous snakes......Page 338 Territoriality......Page 339 Oviparity and viviparity......Page 341 Parental care......Page 342 Organismal performance and temperature......Page 343 17.10 Lepidosaurs and Climate Change......Page 344 18.1 Diversity of Extant Crocodylians......Page 350 Notosuchia......Page 352 Neosuchia......Page 353 18.3 Predatory Behavior and Diet of Extant Crocodylians......Page 354 18.4 Communication and Social Behavior......Page 356 Parental care......Page 357 18.6 The Skin Trade......Page 358 19.2 Diversity of Mesozoic Diapsids......Page 364 Marine lepidosauromorphs......Page 367 The structure of pterosaurs......Page 370 19.6 Triassic Faunal Turnover......Page 373 Hips and legs......Page 374 Dinosaur lineages......Page 375 Thyreophora......Page 376 Marginocephalia......Page 378 Social behavior of ornithischian dinosaurs......Page 379 The structure of sauropods......Page 381 Nesting and parental care by sauropods......Page 383 Ornithomimisauria......Page 384 Maniraptora......Page 385 Nesting and parental care by theropods......Page 386 19.11 Gigantothermy and the Body Temperature of Dinosaurs......Page 387 20.1 Balancing Heat Production with Heat Loss......Page 392 Insulation......Page 393 20.2 Endotherms in the Cold......Page 394 Avoiding cold and sharing heat......Page 395 Rest-phase hypothermia......Page 396 Hibernation......Page 397 20.4 Endotherms in the Heat......Page 399 Strategies for desert survival......Page 400 Avoidance......Page 401 Relaxation of homeostasis by hyperthermia......Page 402 Hypothermia in the desert......Page 404 Skeletal characters......Page 408 Feathers......Page 409 Reproduction and parental care......Page 411 Body size......Page 412 How—and why—birds got off the ground......Page 413 The appearance of powered avian flight......Page 414 21.4 The Mesozoic Radiations of Birds......Page 415 22.1 The Structure of Birds: Specialization for Flight......Page 420 Feathers......Page 422 Skeleton......Page 424 22.2 Wings and Flight......Page 425 Wing muscles......Page 427 Wing shape and flight characteristics......Page 428 Hopping, walking, and running......Page 429 Swimming......Page 430 Beaks, skulls, and tongues......Page 431 The digestive system......Page 434 22.5 Sensory Systems......Page 435 Vision......Page 436 Olfaction......Page 437 Plumage colors and patterns......Page 438 Vocalization, sonation, and visual displays......Page 440 Egg biology......Page 442 Maternal control of sex of offspring......Page 443 Incubation......Page 444 Brood parasitism......Page 446 22.10 Orientation and Navigation......Page 447 Costs and benefits of migration......Page 448 22.12 Birds and Urbanization......Page 449 Not so sexy in the city......Page 450 23.1 Continental Geography of the Cenozoic......Page 456 Paleogene and Neogene climates......Page 457 The Pleistocene ice ages......Page 459 23.3 Cenozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems......Page 460 The isolation of Australian mammals......Page 462 The isolation of mammals on other continents......Page 465 23.5 Cenozoic Extinctions......Page 467 24.2 The Diversity of Non-Mammalian Synapsids......Page 472 Pelycosaurs: Basal non-mammalian synapsids......Page 473 Therapsids: More derived non-mammalian synapsids......Page 477 Therapsid diversity......Page 480 24.3 Evolutionary Trends in Synapsids......Page 481 Evolution of jaws and ears......Page 483 24.4 The First Mammals......Page 486 Skeletomuscular system......Page 487 Feeding and mastication......Page 488 Brain, senses, and behavior......Page 489 The integument: Epidermis and glands......Page 490 Lactation and suckling......Page 492 Facial musculature......Page 493 Internal anatomy......Page 494 Dual radiations of Mesozoic mammals......Page 495 25.1 Major Lineages of Mammals......Page 502 Monotremes......Page 503 Marsupials......Page 506 Placentals......Page 508 Craniodental features......Page 512 Postcranial skeletal features......Page 513 Gait and locomotion......Page 514 Vision......Page 515 Information from the genes......Page 516 25.3 Differences between Marsupials and Placentals......Page 517 25.4 Mammalian Reproduction......Page 518 Genitalia......Page 519 Reproductive mode of monotremes: Matrotrophic oviparity......Page 520 Reproductive mode of therians: Matrotrophic viviparity......Page 521 The earliest therian condition, and the discredited notion of placental superiority......Page 523 Differences between carnivorous and herbivorous mammals......Page 524 Rodents: Specialized feeders......Page 526 Cursorial limb morphology......Page 527 Fossorial limb morphology......Page 528 Morphological adaptations for life in water......Page 529 The evolution of cetaceans......Page 530 25.8 Trophy Hunting......Page 534 Endangering the endangered: The effect of perceived rarity......Page 535 The extinction vortex......Page 536 Evolutionary trends and diversity in primates......Page 540 26.2 Origin and Evolution of Hominoidea......Page 547 Diversity and social behavior of extant apes......Page 548 Diversity of fossil hominoids......Page 552 Early hominins......Page 554 Homo erectus and Homo ergaster......Page 558 Homo floresiensis......Page 560 Precursors of Homo sapiens......Page 561 The Neandertals......Page 562 Origins of modern humans......Page 563 Bipedalism......Page 564 Large brains......Page 565 Loss of body hair and development of skin pigmentation......Page 566 26.6 Why Is Homo sapiens the Only Surviving Hominin Species?......Page 567 Humans as superpredators and environmental disruptors......Page 568 Megafaunal extinctions......Page 569 Is this the Anthropocene?......Page 570 Appendix......Page 574 Glossary......Page 576 Illustration Credits......Page 584 Index......Page 590 1. Evolution, diversity, and classification of vertebrates -- 2. What is a vertebrate? -- 3. Jawless vertebrates and the origin of jawed vertebrates -- 4. Living in water -- 5. Geography and ecology of the Paleozoic era -- 6. Radiation of diversification of chondrichthyes -- 7. Extant chondrichthyans -- 8. Radiation and diversity of osteichthyes -- 9. Extant bony fishes -- 10. Origin and radiation of tetrapods -- 11. Extant amphibians -- 12. Living on land -- 13. Geography and ecology of the Mesozoic Era -- 14. Synapsids and sauropsids -- 15. Ectothermy : a low-energy approach to life -- 16. Turtles -- 17. Lepidosaurs -- 18. Crocodylians -- 19. Mesozoic diapsids : dinosaurs and others -- 20. Endothermy: a high-energy approach to life -- 21. The origin and radiation of birds -- 22. Extant birds -- 23. Geography and ecology of the Cenozoic Era -- 24. Synapsida and the evolution of mammals -- 25. Extant mammals -- 26. Primate evolution and the emergence of humans Published by Sinauer Associates, an imprint of Oxford University Press.Widely praised for its comprehensive coverage and exceptionally clear writing style, this best-selling text explores how the anatomy, physiology, ecology, and behaviour of animals interact to produce organisms that function effectively in their enviroments, and how lineages of organisms change through evolutionary time.