Wireless Networks

Wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or all of the communication path and the network is the totality of switches, transmission links and terminals used for the generation, handling and receiving of telecoms traffic. Wireless networks are rapidly evolving, and are playing an increasing role in the lives of people throughout the world and ever-larger numbers of people are relying on the technology directly or indirectly. The area of wireless communications is an extremely rich field for research, due to the difficulties posed by the wireless medium and the increasing demand for better and cheaper services. As the wireless market evolves, it is likely to increase in size and possibly integrate with other wireless technologies, in order to offer support for mobile computing applications, of perceived performance equal to those of wired communication networks. Wireless Networks aims to provide an excellent introductory text covering the wireless technological alternatives offered today. It will include old analog cellular systems, current second generation (2G) systems architectures supporting voice and data transfer and also the upcoming world of third generation mobile networks. Moreover, the book features modern wireless technology topics, such as Wireless Local Loops (WLL), Wireless LANs, Wireless ATM and Personal Area Networks (such as Bluetooth). * Provides an easy to use reference which presents a clear set of technologies per chapter * Features modern wireless technology topics, such as Wireless Local Loops (WLL), Wireless LANs, Wireless ATM, Personal Area Networks (such as Bluetooth) and Ad-hoc wireless networks * Progresses through the developments of first, second, third, fourth generation cellular systems and beyond * Includes helpful simulation examples and examples of algorithms and systems Essential reading for Senior undergraduate and graduate students studying computer science, telecommunications and engineering, engineers and researchers in the field of wireless communications and technical managers and consultants. WIRELESS NETWORKS......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Contents......Page 9 Preface......Page 17 1 Introduction to Wireless Networks......Page 19 1.1.1 Early Mobile Telephony......Page 20 1.1.2 Analog Cellular Telephony......Page 21 1.1.3 Digital Cellular Telephony......Page 22 1.1.5 Wireless Data Systems......Page 25 1.1.7 Satellite Communication Systems......Page 29 1.2 Challenges......Page 30 1.2.3 Power Management......Page 31 1.2.7 Health Concerns......Page 32 1.3.1 Chapter 2: Wireless Communications Principles and Fundamentals......Page 33 1.3.3 Chapter 4: Second Generation ( 2G) Cellular Systems......Page 34 1.3.4 Chapter 5: Third Generation ( 3G) Cellular Systems......Page 35 1.3.5 Chapter 6: Future Trends: Fourth Generation ( 4G) Systems and Beyond......Page 36 1.3.7 Chapter 8: Fixed Wireless Access Systems......Page 37 1.3.8 Chapter 9: Wireless Local Area Networks......Page 38 1.3.10 Chapter 11: Personal Area Networks ( PANS)......Page 39 1.3.12 Chapter 13: Simulation of Wireless Network Systems......Page 40 References......Page 41 2.1 Introduction......Page 43 2.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum......Page 44 2.2.1 Transmission Bands and their Characteristics......Page 45 2.2.2 Spectrum Regulation......Page 48 2.3.1 The Physics of Propagation......Page 50 2.3.2 Wireless Propagation Modeling......Page 54 2.4 Analog and Digital Data Transmission......Page 59 2.4.1 Voice Coding......Page 61 2.5 Modulation Techniques for Wireless Systems......Page 64 2.5.1 Analog Modulation......Page 65 2.5.2 Digital Modulation......Page 67 2.6 Multiple Access for Wireless Systems......Page 72 2.6.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access ( FDMA)......Page 73 2.6.2 Time Division Multiple Access ( TDMA)......Page 74 2.6.3 Code Division Multiple Access ( CDMA)......Page 76 2.6.4 ALOHA- Carrier Sense Multiple Access ( CSMA)......Page 77 2.6.5 Polling Protocols......Page 79 2.7.1 Diversity Techniques......Page 85 2.7.2 Coding......Page 89 2.7.3 Equalization......Page 92 2.7.4 Power Control......Page 93 2.7.5 Multisubcarrier Modulation......Page 94 2.8 The Cellular Concept......Page 95 2.8.1 Mobility Issues: Location and Handoff......Page 98 2.9 The Ad Hoc and Semi Ad Hoc Concepts......Page 99 2.9.1 Network Topology Determination......Page 100 2.9.2 Connectivity Maintenance......Page 101 2.9.4 The Semi Ad Hoc Concept......Page 102 2.10.1 Circuit Switching......Page 103 2.10.2 Packet Switching......Page 104 2.11 Data Delivery Approaches......Page 105 2.11.2 Push Systems......Page 106 2.11.3 The Adaptive Push System......Page 107 2.12 Overview of Basic Techniques and Interactions Between the Different Network Layers......Page 108 WWW Resources......Page 110 References......Page 111 Further Reading......Page 112 3.1 Introduction......Page 113 3.1.1 Analog Cellular Systems......Page 114 3.2.1 AMPS Frequency Allocations......Page 115 3.2.2 AMPS Channels......Page 116 3.2.3 Network Operations......Page 117 3.3.1 NMT Architecture......Page 120 3.3.3 NMT Channels......Page 121 3.3.4 Network Operations: Mobility Management......Page 122 3.3.5 Network Operations......Page 124 3.3.6 NMT Security......Page 125 References......Page 127 4.1 Introduction......Page 129 4.2 D- AMPS......Page 131 4.2.2 Radio Transmission Characteristics......Page 132 4.2.3 Channels......Page 133 4.2.4 IS- 136......Page 134 4.3.1 cdmaOne Protocol Architecture......Page 135 4.3.3 Channels......Page 136 4.3.4 Network Operations......Page 138 4.4 GSM......Page 139 4.4.1 Network Architecture......Page 140 4.4.3 Radio Transmission Characteristics......Page 143 4.4.5 Network Operations......Page 147 4.4.6 GSM Authentication and Security......Page 150 4.5.1 Network Architecture......Page 151 4.5.2 Inter- system Handoff......Page 152 4.5.3 Automatic Roaming......Page 153 4.6.1 CDPD......Page 154 4.6.3 GPRS......Page 156 4.6.4 D- AMPS1......Page 157 4.6.6 TCP/ IP on Wireless- Mobile IP......Page 158 4.6.7 WAP......Page 160 4.7.1 Analog CT......Page 161 4.7.3 Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications Standard ( DECT)......Page 162 4.8 Summary......Page 165 References......Page 166 5.1 Introduction......Page 169 5.1.1 3G Concerns......Page 171 5.2.1 Spectrum Requirements......Page 172 5.2.2 Enabling Technologies......Page 175 5.3 Third Generation Service Classes and Applications......Page 176 5.3.1 Third Generation Service Classes......Page 177 5.3.2 Third Generation Applications......Page 178 5.4.1 Standardization Activities: IMT- 2000......Page 179 5.4.2 Radio Access Standards......Page 180 5.4.3 Fixed Network Evolution......Page 201 5.5 Summary......Page 203 References......Page 204 Further Reading......Page 205 6.1 Introduction......Page 207 6.2 Design Goals for 4G and Beyond and Related Research Issues......Page 208 6.2.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ( OFDM)......Page 210 6.3 4G Services and Applications......Page 213 6.4 Challenges: Predicting the Future of Wireless Systems......Page 214 6.4.2 Trends for Next- generation Wireless Networks......Page 215 6.4.3 Scenario 1: Anything Goes......Page 216 6.4.4 Scenario 2: Big Brother......Page 217 6.5 Summary......Page 218 References......Page 219 7.1.1 Historical Overview......Page 221 7.1.2 Satellite Communications Characteristics......Page 222 7.1.3 Spectrum Issues......Page 223 7.1.4 Applications of Satellite Communications......Page 224 7.2 Satellite Systems......Page 225 7.2.1 Low Earth Orbit ( LEO)......Page 226 7.2.2 Medium Earth Orbit ( MEO)......Page 227 7.2.3 Geosynchronous Earth Orbit ( GEO)......Page 228 7.2.4 Elliptical Orbits......Page 230 7.3 VSAT Systems......Page 231 7.4.1 Iridium......Page 233 7.4.2 Globalstar......Page 238 7.5.1 Architectures......Page 240 7.5.2 Routing Issues......Page 242 7.5.3 TCP Enhancements......Page 243 7.6 Summary......Page 244 WWW Resources......Page 245 Further Reading......Page 246 8.1 Wireless Local Loop versus Wired Access......Page 247 8.2.1 Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service ( MMDS)......Page 249 8.2.2 Local Multipoint Distribution Service ( LMDS)......Page 250 8.4 Wireless Local Loop Interfaces to the PSTN......Page 252 8.5 IEEE 802.16 Standards......Page 253 8.6 Summary......Page 255 References......Page 256 9.1 Introduction......Page 257 9.1.2 Wireless LAN Applications......Page 258 9.1.3 Wireless LAN Concerns......Page 259 9.2 Wireless LAN Topologies......Page 261 9.3 Wireless LAN Requirements......Page 263 9.4.1 The Infrared Physical Layer......Page 265 9.4.2 Microwave- based Physical Layer Alternatives......Page 267 9.5 The Medium Access Control ( MAC) Layer......Page 274 9.5.1 The HIPERLAN 1 MAC Sublayer......Page 275 9.5.2 The IEEE 802.11 MAC Sublayer......Page 278 9.6.2 802.11b......Page 285 9.6.4 Other Ongoing Activities within Working Group 802.11......Page 286 9.7 Summary......Page 287 References......Page 289 Further Reading......Page 290 10.1.1 ATM......Page 291 10.1.2 Wireless ATM......Page 293 10.2 Wireless ATM Architecture......Page 294 10.2.1 The Radio Access Layer......Page 295 10.2.2 Mobile ATM......Page 296 10.3.1 Network Architecture......Page 298 10.3.2 The HIPERLAN 2 Protocol Stack......Page 299 10.4 Routing in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks......Page 305 10.4.1 Table- driven Routing Protocols......Page 306 10.4.2 On- demand Routing Protocols......Page 309 10.5 Summary......Page 313 References......Page 314 11.1.1 Historical Overview......Page 317 11.1.2 PAN Concerns......Page 319 11.1.3 PAN Applications......Page 320 11.2.1 The Bluetooth Speci . cation......Page 321 11.2.2 The Bluetooth Radio Channel......Page 324 11.2.3 Piconets and Scatternets......Page 325 11.2.4 Inquiry, Paging and Link Establishment......Page 327 11.2.5 Packet Format......Page 328 11.2.6 Link Types......Page 329 11.2.7 Power Management......Page 331 11.2.8 Security......Page 332 11.3 Commercial Alternatives: HomeRF......Page 333 11.3.1 HomeRF Network Topology......Page 334 11.3.3 The HomeRF MAC Layer......Page 336 11.4 Summary......Page 341 Further reading......Page 343 12.1 The Need for Wireless Network Security......Page 345 12.2 Attacks on Wireless Networks......Page 346 12.3 Security Services......Page 348 12.4 Wired Equivalent Privacy ( WEP) Protocol......Page 349 12.5 Mobile IP......Page 352 12.6 Weaknesses in the WEP Scheme......Page 353 12.7 Virtual Private Network ( VPN)......Page 354 12.7.2 Layer- 2 Transport Protocol ( L2TP)......Page 355 12.8 Summary......Page 356 References......Page 357 13.1 Basics of Discrete- Event Simulation......Page 359 13.1.4 Veri . cation and Validation ( V& V)......Page 362 13.1.5 Applications and Experimentation......Page 363 13.2 Simulation Models......Page 364 13.3 Common Probability Distributions Used in Simulation......Page 366 13.4.1 Linear- Congruential Generators ( LCG)......Page 369 13.4.4 Extended Fibonacci Method......Page 370 13.5 Testing Random Number Generators......Page 371 13.6 Random Variate Generation......Page 372 13.6.2 Rejection Method......Page 373 13.6.4 Convolution Technique......Page 374 13.7.1 Example 1: Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.11 WLAN Con . gurations using Simulation......Page 375 13.7.2 Example 2: Simulation Analysis of the QoS in IEEE 802.11 WLAN System......Page 378 13.7.3 Example 3: Simulation Comparison of the TRAP and RAP Wireless LANs Protocols......Page 384 13.7.4 Example 4: Simulation Modeling of Topology Broadcast Based on Reverse-Path Forwarding (TBRPF) Protocol Using an 802.11 WLAN-based MONET Model......Page 390 References......Page 396 14.1 Introduction......Page 399 14.2 Economic Bene . ts of Wireless Networks......Page 400 14.3.1 Terminal Manufacturers......Page 401 14.3.2 Role of Governments......Page 402 14.3.4 Mobile Carriers......Page 403 14.4.1 Enabling Applications......Page 405 14.5 Charging Issues......Page 406 14.5.1 Mobility Charges......Page 407 14.5.3 Billing: Contracts versus Prepaid Time......Page 409 14.5.4 Charging......Page 411 References......Page 414 Further Reading......Page 415 Index......Page 417 The field of wireless networks has witnessed tremendous growth in recent years causing it to become one of the fastest growing segments of the telecommunications industry. As wireless networks evolve with increasing size and profitability, they will be able to integrate with other wireless technologies enabling them to support mobile computing applications and perform as efficiently as wired networks. Due to the difficulties posed by the wireless medium and the increasing demand for better and cheaper services, the area of wireless networks is also an extremely rich field for research. Wireless Networks provides in-depth coverage of the wide range of wireless technological alternatives offered today.* Introduces the fundamental topics involved with wireless systems such as the electromagnetic spectrum physics of propagation, modulation multiple access and performance enhancement techniques, and cellular and ad-hoc concepts* Presents old analog cellular systems (First Generation, 1G), current Second Generation (2G) systems architectures supporting voice and data transfer and discusses the fast evolving world of Third Generation (3G) mobile networks* Provides a vision of 4G and beyond mobile and wireless systems* Describes satellite-based systems, fixed wireless systems, Wireless LANs, wireless ATM and ad-hoc systems, Personal Area Networks (PANs) and security issues in wireless networks* Features a chapter on the simulation of wireless networksThis volume provides engineers, researchers, postgraduates and senior undergraduate students with an accessible self-contained reference to all of the key areas of wireless networks.