Wireless technology : protocols, standards, and techniques

In order to effectively implement wireless and mobile capabilities, one must understand the basic functions a telecommunications network needs to provide. With the numerous technologies utilized in today's world, it is helpful to have a clear and concise resource to accommodate this learning process.Written by the author of numerous chapters in bestselling telecommunications handbooks, Wireless Technology will prove its value time and again. With ideas developed under the intelligent network concept, the text:Ø Describes protocols, standards, and techniques for 2G, 2.5G, and 3G technologiesØ Introduces multiple access control with both conventional and advanced duplexing and multiple access techniquesØ Details more than 35 techniques and protocols that comply with various classes of traffic and multirate transmission utilized in broadband servicesØ Presents new cellular technology concepts such as hierarchical cell structure, reuse pattern for microcellular networks, universal frequency reuse, and mean capacityØ Depicts GSM and cdmaOne in terms of features and services, architecture, physical and logical channels, signaling messages, call management, and particular featuresØ Characterizes GPRS and HDR data technologies in terms of architecture, channels, signaling messages, message flow, and achievable throughputsØ Explores third generation wireless networks based on the IMT-2000 SystemØ Explains WCDMA and cdma2000 3G technologies in great detailSystems engineers and analysts, hardware and software developers, researchers, and engineers responsible for the operation, maintenance, and management of wireless communicationsystems need up-to-date, easily accessible information. Wireless Technology: Protocols, Standards, and Techniques is the answer. WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY Protocols, Standards, and Techniques 3 Dedication 5 Preface 6 Acknowledgments 9 Table of Contents 10 Part I: Introduction 22 Chapter 1: Wireless Network 23 1.1 Introduction 23 1.2 Intelligent Network 24 1.2.1 IN Protocol Architecture 25 1.2.2 IN Elements 25 1.2.3 Wireless Service Requirements 27 1.2.4 Wireless IN Services 28 1.2.5 IN Standards 29 1.3 Network Architecture 30 1.4 Protocol Architecture 32 1.5 Channel Structure 33 1.5.1 RF Channel 33 1.5.2 Physical Channel 33 1.5.3 Logical Channel 33 1.6 Narrowband and Wideband Systems 35 1.7 Multiple Access 36 1.7.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access 37 1.7.2 Time Division Multiple Access 37 1.7.3 Code Division Multiple Access 37 1.7.4 Space Division Multiple Access 39 1.8 Summary 39 References 40 Chapter 2: Cellular Principles 41 2.1 Introduction 41 2.2 Cellular Hierarchy 42 2.3 System Management 43 2.3.1 Link Quality Measurement 43 2.3.2 Cell Selection 43 2.3.3 Channel Selection/Assignment 44 2.3.4 Handover 44 2.3.5 Mobility Support 45 2.4 System Performance 46 2.4.1 Interference Control 46 2.4.2 Diversity Strategies 47 2.4.3 Variable Data Rate Control 47 2.4.4 Capacity Improvement Techniques 47 2.4.5 Battery-Saving Techniques 47 2.5 Cellular Reuse Pattern 47 2.6 Macrocellular Reuse Pattern 49 2.6.1 Reuse Factor (Number of Cells per Cluster) 50 2.6.2 Reuse Ratio 51 2.6.3 Positioning of the Co-Cells 52 2.7 Microcellular Reuse Pattern 53 2.7.1 Reuse Factor (Number of Cells per Cluster) 54 2.7.2 Reuse Ratio 54 2.7.3 Positioning of the Co-Cells 56 2.8 Interference in Narrowband and Wideband Systems 56 2.9 Interference in Narrowband Macrocellular Systems 56 2.9.1 Downlink Interference-Omnidirectional Antenna 57 2.9.2 Uplink Interference-Omnidirectional Antenna 58 2.9.3 Downlink Interference-Directional Antenna 58 2.9.4 Uplink Interference-Directional Antenna 59 2.9.5 Examples 59 2.10 Interference in Narrowband Microcellular Systems 60 2.10.1 Propagation 64 2.10.2 Uplink Interference 65 2.10.3 Downlink Interference 65 2.10.4 Examples 67 2.11 Interference in Wideband Systems 70 2.11.1 Uplink Interference 71 2.11.2 Downlink Interference 73 2.12 Network Capacity 74 2.12.1 Narrowband Systems 75 2.12.2 Wideband Systems 75 2.12.3 Uplink Load Factor 76 2.12.4 Downlink Load Factor 79 2.13 Summary 80 References 81 Chapter 3: Multiple Access 83 3.1 Introduction 83 3.2 Signal Domains 85 3.2.1 Frequency Domain 85 3.2.2 Time Domain 86 3.2.3 Code Domain 86 3.2.4 Space Domain 87 3.2.5 Brief Remarks on Signal Domains 87 3.3 Duplexing 87 3.3.1 Frequency Division Duplexing 88 3.3.2 Time Division Duplexing 88 3.3.3 Code Division Duplexing 89 3.3.4 Space Division Duplexing 89 3.3.5 Brief Remarks on Duplexing Techniques 89 3.4 Multiple-Access Categories 89 3.5 Scheduled Multiple Access 91 3.5.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access 92 3.5.2 Time Division Multiple Access 93 3.5.3 Code Division Multiple Access 95 3.5.4 Space Division Multiple Access 99 3.5.5 Brief Remarks on Scheduled Multiple-Access Techniques 105 3.6 Random Multiple Access 106 3.6.1 ALOHA 108 3.6.2 Splitting Algorithms 111 3.6.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access 112 3.6.4 Brief Remarks on Random Multiple-Access Techniques 115 3.7 Controlled Multiple Access 120 3.7.1 Polling Controlled 120 3.7.2 Token Controlled 121 3.7.3 Brief Remarks on Controlled Multiple-Access Techniques 122 3.8 Hybrid Multiple Access 122 3.8.1 Reservation-ALOHA (R-ALOHA) 123 3.8.2 Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA) 124 3.8.3 Distributed Queuing Request Update Multiple Access ( DQRUMA) 128 3.8.4 Dynamic Slot Assignment (DSA++) 129 3.8.5 Dynamic TDMA with Piggyback Reservation (DTDMA/PR) 129 3.8.6 Mobile Access Scheme Based on Contention and Reservation for ATM ( MASCARA) 130 3.8.7 Dynamic TDMA with Time Division Duplex (DTDMA/TDD) 131 3.8.8 Resource Auction Multiple Access (RAMA) 132 3.8.9 Brief Remarks on Hybrid Multiple-Access Techniques 135 3.9 Summary 135 References 137 Part II: 2G Systems 139 Chapter 4: GSM 140 4.1 Introduction 140 4.2 Features and Services 142 4.2.1 Teleservices 143 4.2.2 Bearer Services 143 4.2.3 Supplementary Services 143 4.3 Architecture 144 4.3.1 Mobile Station Subsystem 145 4.3.2 Base Station Subsystem 147 4.3.3 Network and Switching Subsystem 148 4.3.4 Operation and Support Subsystem 150 4.3.5 Open Interfaces 150 4.4 Multiple Access 151 4.4.1 Signal Processing 151 4.4.2 Multiple Access 153 4.4.3 Physical Channels 153 4.4.4 Burst Formats 155 4.4.5 Logical Channels 157 4.4.6 Multiframes 157 4.5 The Logical Channels 160 4.5.1 Traffic Channels 160 4.5.2 Frequency Correction Channel 160 4.5.3 Synchronization Channel 161 4.5.4 Broadcast Control Channel 162 4.5.5 Paging Channel 162 4.5.6 Access Grant Channel 163 4.5.7 Random Access Channel 163 4.5.8 Stand-Alone Dedicated Control Channel 164 4.5.9 Slow Associated Control Channel 165 4.5.10 Fast Associated Control Channel 166 4.6 Messages 166 4.6.1 DLC Messages 167 4.6.2 RRM Messages 168 4.6.3 CM Messages 170 4.6.4 MM Messages 172 4.7 Call Management 173 4.7.1 Mobile Initialization 173 4.7.2 Location Update 174 4.7.3 Authentication 175 4.7.4 Ciphering 175 4.7.5 Mobile Station Termination 176 4.7.6 Mobile Station Origination 176 4.7.7 Handover 177 4.7.8 Call Clearing 178 4.8 Frequency Hopping 178 4.9 Discontinuous Transmission 179 4.10 Power Control 180 4.11 Spectral Efficiency 180 4.12 Summary 181 References 181 Chapter 5: cdmaOne 183 5.1 Introduction 183 5.2 Features and Services 185 5.2.1 Voice Features 185 5.2.2 Short Message Service Features 187 5.3 Architecture 188 5.3.1 Mobile Station 188 5.3.2 Base Station 189 5.3.3 Mobile Switching Center 190 5.3.4 Home Location Register 191 5.3.5 Visitor Location Register 191 5.3.6 Authentication Center 191 5.3.7 Equipment Identity Register 191 5.3.8 Message Center 191 5.3.9 Short Message Entity 192 5.3.10 Data Message Handler 192 5.3.11 Operations System 192 5.3.12 Interworking Function 192 5.3.13 External Networks 192 5.3.14 Interface Reference Points 192 5.4 Multiple-Access Structure 193 5.4.1 Forward Link 194 5.4.2 Reverse Link 197 5.4.3 Physical Channels 200 5.4.4 Logical Channels 200 5.5 The Logical Channels 202 5.5.1 Pilot Channel 202 5.5.2 Sync Channel 202 5.5.3 Paging Channel 203 5.5.4 Access Channel 204 5.5.5 Traffic Channel-Forward and Reverse Links 205 5.6 Signaling Format 209 5.7 Messages, Orders, and Parameters 210 5.8 Messages and Orders and Logical Channels 219 5.8.1 Pilot Channel 220 5.8.2 Sync Channel 220 5.8.3 Paging Channel 221 5.8.4 Access Channel 224 5.8.5 Traffic Channel: Forward and Reverse Links 225 5.8.6 Forward Traffic Channel 225 5.8.7 Reverse Traffic Channel 228 5.9 Mobile Station Call Processing 230 5.9.1 Mobile Station Initialization State 231 5.9.2 Mobile Station Idle State 234 5.9.3 System Access State 239 5.9.4 Mobile Station Control on the Traffic Channel State 246 5.10 Base Station Call Processing 252 5.10.1 Pilot and Sync Channel Processing 252 5.10.2 Paging Channel Processing 252 5.10.3 Access Channel Processing 254 5.10.4 Traffic Channel Processing 255 5.11 Authentication, Message Encryption, and Voice Privacy 263 5.12 Authentication 263 5.12.1 Updating the Shared Secret Data 264 5.12.2 Mobile Station Registrations 265 5.12.3 Mobile Station Originations 266 5.12.4 Mobile Station Terminations 266 5.12.5 Mobile Station Data Burst 267 5.12.6 Unique Challenge-Response Procedure 268 5.13 Message Encryption 269 5.14 Voice Privacy 269 5.15 Roaming 270 5.16 Handoff 270 5.16.1 Types of Handoff 270 5.16.2 Handoff and Pilot Sets 272 5.16.3 Handoff Parameters 272 5.16.4 Handoff Messages 274 5.16.5 Pilot Sets Updating 275 5.17 Power Control 277 5.17.1 Reverse-Link Power Control 277 5.17.2 Forward-Link Power Control 280 5.18 Call Procedures 280 5.18.1 Mobile Station Origination 281 5.18.2 Mobile Station Termination 282 5.18.3 Call Disconnect 283 5.19 EIA/TIA/IS-95B 283 5.19.1 Increase in the Transmission Rate 284 5.19.2 Power Control 285 5.19.3 Soft Handoff Criteria 285 5.19.4 Hard Handoff 286 5.19.5 Idle Handoff 287 5.19.6 Conclusions 287 5.20 Summary 288 References 288 Part III: Wireless Data 289 Chapter 6: Wireless Data Technology 290 6.1 Introduction 290 6.2 General Packet Radio Service 290 6.2.1 Network Architecture 291 6.2.2 Protocol Architecture 293 6.2.3 Data Flow and Data Structure 294 6.2.4 Physical Channels and Logical Channels 298 6.2.5 Medium Access 299 6.2.6 Data Transfer Procedure 302 6.2.7 Mobile-Originated Data Transfer 303 6.2.8 Mobile-Terminated Data Transfer 304 6.2.9 Throughput Performance 304 6.2.10 GPRS - Summary 307 6.3 EIA/TIA/IS-95B 307 6.4 High Data Rate 308 6.4.1 HDR Solution 309 6.4.2 Network Architecture 310 6.4.3 Protocol Architecture 312 6.4.4 Channels and Channel Structure 315 6.4.5 Medium Access 318 6.4.6 Throughput Performance 320 6.4.7 Handoff Features 322 6.4.8 HDR Summary 323 6.5 Summary 324 References 324 Part IV: 3G Systems 326 Chapter 7: IMT-2000 327 7.1 Introduction 327 7.2 Some Definitions 328 7.3 Frequency Allocation 330 7.4 Features and Services 331 7.5 Traffic Classes 335 7.6 IMT-2000 System and IMT-2000 Family 336 7.6.1 Interfaces 337 7.6.2 Global Roaming 339 7.7 Specific Functions 341 7.7.1 Overall System Access Control Functions 342 7.7.2 Radio Resource Management and Control Functions 342 7.7.3 Random-Access Functions 343 7.7.4 Radio Resource Request Acceptability Functions 343 7.7.5 Channel Coding Function 344 7.7.6 Handover Function 344 7.7.7 Location Management and Geographic Position - Finding Functions 345 7.7.8 Mobile Call Handling Functions 346 7.7.9 Data Coding and Compression Functions 347 7.7.10 Network Intelligence and Service Control Functions 347 7.7.11 User Privacy and Network Security Functions 348 7.7.12 Emergency Services Functions 348 7.7.13 Charging Functions 349 7.7.14 Support of Users Function 349 7.7.15 Subscriber Data Management Functions 350 7.7.16 Messaging Service Management Functions 350 7.7.17 Software-Configurable Terminals Functions 351 7.8 Network Architecture 352 7.8.1 Physical Entities-Reference Model 352 7.8.2 Interface-Reference Points 354 7.9 Physical Entities and Functional Entities 354 7.9.1 User Identity Module 355 7.9.2 Mobile Terminal 355 7.9.3 Base Station 357 7.9.4 Radio Network Controller 358 7.9.5 Authentication Center 359 7.9.6 Drift MSC 359 7.9.7 Gateway Location Register 359 7.9.8 Gateway MSC 359 7.9.9 Home Location Register 360 7.9.10 Intelligent Peripheral 360 7.9.11 Mobile Switching Center 360 7.9.12 Packet Data Gateway Node 361 7.9.13 Packet Data Serving Node 362 7.9.14 Service Control Point 362 7.9.15 Service Data Point 362 7.9.16 Visitor Location Register 363 7.10 Functional Entities and Their Interrelations 363 7.11 Application of the IMT-2000 Family Member Concept 365 7.11.1 Radio Transmission Technology 365 7.11.2 Core Network 368 7.11.3 Radio Transmission Technologies and Core Networks 368 7.12 Toward 3G 369 7.12.1 An Overview 369 7.12.2 Network Architecture 371 7.13 Summary 372 References 374 Chapter 8: UTRA 375 8.1 Introduction 375 8.2 Network Architecture 376 8.3 Protocol Architecture 382 8.3.1 Radio Network Layer 384 8.3.2 Transport Network Layer 384 8.4 Radio Interface Protocol Architecture 385 8.4.1 Layer 3 388 8.4.2 Layer 2 389 8.4.3 Layer 1 392 8.5 Logical Channels 393 8.6 Transport Channels and Indicators 394 8.7 Physical Channels and Physical Signals 396 8.7.1 UTRA FDD Physical Channels 396 8.7.2 UTRA TDD Physical Channels 397 8.8 Mapping of Channels 398 8.9 Physical Layer Transmission Chain 399 8.10 Channel and Frame Structures 404 8.10.1 UTRA FDD Uplink Physical Channels 404 8.10.2 UTRA FDD Downlink Physical Channels 408 8.10.3 UTRA TDD-3.84 414 8.10.4 UTRA TDD-1.28 417 8.11 Spreading and Modulation 420 8.11.1 Uplink Spreading 420 8.11.2 Downlink Spreading 423 8.12 Spreading Codes 424 8.12.1 Channelization Codes 424 8.12.2 Uplink Scrambling Codes 426 8.12.3 Downlink Scrambling Codes 429 8.13 UTRA Procedures 431 8.13.1 Cell Search 431 8.13.2 Common Physical Channel Synchronization 432 8.13.3 Radio Link Establishment and Monitoring 432 8.13.4 Uplink DPCCH and DPDCH Reception 434 8.13.5 Uplink Power Control 435 8.13.6 Downlink Power Control 435 8.13.7 Paging Procedure 437 8.13.8 Random-Access Procedure 437 8.13.9 CPCH Access Procedure 439 8.13.10 Transmit Diversity 441 8.13.11 Handover Procedure 444 8.13.12 Timing Advance 445 8.13.13 Dynamic Channel Allocation 445 8.14 Interference Issues 446 8.15 Summary 447 References 448 Chapter 9: cdma2000 449 9.1 Introduction 449 9.2 Network Architecture 451 9.2.1 Network Entities 453 9.2.2 Reference Points 457 9.3 Radio Interface Protocol Architecture 459 9.3.1 Upper Layers 460 9.3.2 Layer 2 460 9.3.3 Layer 1 463 9.4 Logical Channels 463 9.5 Physical Channels 465 9.6 Mapping of Channels 467 9.7 Achievable Rates 469 9.8 Forward Link 470 9.8.1 General 470 9.8.2 Spreading Rate 472 9.8.3 Physical Channels 472 9.8.4 Radio Configuration 473 9.8.5 Power Control 474 9.8.6 Transmit Diversity 476 9.8.7 Transmission Block 478 9.9 Reverse Link 481 9.9.1 General 481 9.9.2 Spreading Rate 482 9.9.3 Physical Channels 482 9.9.4 Radio Configuration 484 9.9.5 Transmission Block 485 9.10 Forward Physical Channels 487 9.10.1 Forward Pilot Channel 488 9.10.2 Forward Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel 488 9.10.3 Forward Auxiliary Pilot Channel 489 9.10.4 Forward Auxiliary Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel 489 9.10.5 Forward Dedicated Auxiliary Pilot Channel 489 9.10.6 Forward Synchronization Channel 490 9.10.7 Forward Paging Channel 490 9.10.8 Forward Broadcast Control Channel 491 9.10.9 Forward Quick Paging Channel 493 9.10.10 Forward Common Control Channel 493 9.10.11 Forward Common Assignment Channel 496 9.10.12 Forward Common Power Control Channel 497 9.10.13 Forward Fundamental Channel and Forward Supplemental Code Channel 498 9.10.14 Forward Fundamental Channel and Forward Supplemental Channel 499 9.10.15 Forward Dedicated Control Channel 501 9.11 Reverse Physical Channels 504 9.11.1 Reverse Access Channel 506 9.11.2 Reverse Enhanced Access Channel 506 9.11.3 Reverse Common Control Channel 507 9.11.4 Reverse Pilot Channel and Reverse Power Control Subchannel 508 9.11.5 Reverse Fundamental Channel and Reverse Supplemental Code Channel 509 9.11.6 Reverse Fundamental Channel and Reverse Supplemental Channel 510 9.11.7 Reverse Dedicated Control Channel 511 9.12 High-Rate Packet Data Access 512 9.12.1 Forward Link-General 513 9.12.2 Forward-Link Channels 516 9.12.3 Forward-Link Quadrature Spreading 518 9.12.4 Forward-Link Data Rates and Modulation Parameters 518 9.12.5 Forward-Link Transmission 518 9.12.6 Reverse Link-General 518 9.12.7 Reverse-Link Channels 522 9.12.8 Reverse-Link Quadrature Spreading 524 9.12.9 Reverse-Link Data Rates and Modulation Parameters 525 9.12.10 Reverse-Link Transmission 525 9.12.11 Open-Loop Power Control Operation 525 9.12.12 Closed-Loop Power Control Operation 528 9.13 Summary 528 References 529 Part V: Appendices 530 Appendix A: Open Systems Interconnection 531 Appendix B: Signaling System Number 7 534 Appendix C: Spread Spectrum 536 C.1 Correlation 537 C.2 Pseudonoise Sequences 539 C.3 Walsh Codes 540 C.4 Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Codes 540 C.5 Rake Receiver 541 C.6 Processing Gain 542 C.7 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 543 C.8 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum 544 Appendix D: Positioning of the Interferers in a Microcellular Grid 545 D.1 Collinear Type 546 D.2 Even Noncollinear Type 546 D.3 Odd Nonprime Noncollinear Type 546 D.4 Prime Noncollinear Type 547 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY Protocols, Standards, and Techniques......Page 3 Dedication......Page 5 Preface......Page 6 Acknowledgments......Page 9 Table of Contents......Page 10 Part I: Introduction......Page 22 1.1 Introduction......Page 23 1.2 Intelligent Network......Page 24 1.2.2 IN Elements......Page 25 1.2.3 Wireless Service Requirements......Page 27 1.2.4 Wireless IN Services......Page 28 1.2.5 IN Standards......Page 29 1.3 Network Architecture......Page 30 1.4 Protocol Architecture......Page 32 1.5.3 Logical Channel......Page 33 1.6 Narrowband and Wideband Systems......Page 35 1.7 Multiple Access......Page 36 1.7.3 Code Division Multiple Access......Page 37 1.8 Summary......Page 39 References......Page 40 2.1 Introduction......Page 41 2.2 Cellular Hierarchy......Page 42 2.3.2 Cell Selection......Page 43 2.3.4 Handover......Page 44 2.3.5 Mobility Support......Page 45 2.4.1 Interference Control......Page 46 2.5 Cellular Reuse Pattern......Page 47 2.6 Macrocellular Reuse Pattern......Page 49 2.6.1 Reuse Factor (Number of Cells per Cluster)......Page 50 2.6.2 Reuse Ratio......Page 51 2.6.3 Positioning of the Co-Cells......Page 52 2.7 Microcellular Reuse Pattern......Page 53 2.7.2 Reuse Ratio......Page 54 2.9 Interference in Narrowband Macrocellular Systems......Page 56 2.9.1 Downlink Interference-Omnidirectional Antenna......Page 57 2.9.3 Downlink Interference-Directional Antenna......Page 58 2.9.5 Examples......Page 59 2.10 Interference in Narrowband Microcellular Systems......Page 60 2.10.1 Propagation......Page 64 2.10.3 Downlink Interference......Page 65 2.10.4 Examples......Page 67 2.11 Interference in Wideband Systems......Page 70 2.11.1 Uplink Interference......Page 71 2.11.2 Downlink Interference......Page 73 2.12 Network Capacity......Page 74 2.12.2 Wideband Systems......Page 75 2.12.3 Uplink Load Factor......Page 76 2.12.4 Downlink Load Factor......Page 79 2.13 Summary......Page 80 References......Page 81 3.1 Introduction......Page 83 3.2.1 Frequency Domain......Page 85 3.2.3 Code Domain......Page 86 3.3 Duplexing......Page 87 3.3.2 Time Division Duplexing......Page 88 3.4 Multiple-Access Categories......Page 89 3.5 Scheduled Multiple Access......Page 91 3.5.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access......Page 92 3.5.2 Time Division Multiple Access......Page 93 3.5.3 Code Division Multiple Access......Page 95 3.5.4 Space Division Multiple Access......Page 99 3.5.5 Brief Remarks on Scheduled Multiple-Access Techniques......Page 105 3.6 Random Multiple Access......Page 106 3.6.1 ALOHA......Page 108 3.6.2 Splitting Algorithms......Page 111 3.6.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access......Page 112 3.6.4 Brief Remarks on Random Multiple-Access Techniques......Page 115 3.7.1 Polling Controlled......Page 120 3.7.2 Token Controlled......Page 121 3.8 Hybrid Multiple Access......Page 122 3.8.1 Reservation-ALOHA (R-ALOHA)......Page 123 3.8.2 Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA)......Page 124 3.8.3 Distributed Queuing Request Update Multiple Access ( DQRUMA)......Page 128 3.8.5 Dynamic TDMA with Piggyback Reservation (DTDMA/PR)......Page 129 3.8.6 Mobile Access Scheme Based on Contention and Reservation for ATM ( MASCARA)......Page 130 3.8.7 Dynamic TDMA with Time Division Duplex (DTDMA/TDD)......Page 131 3.8.8 Resource Auction Multiple Access (RAMA)......Page 132 3.9 Summary......Page 135 References......Page 137 Part II: 2G Systems......Page 139 4.1 Introduction......Page 140 4.2 Features and Services......Page 142 4.2.3 Supplementary Services......Page 143 4.3 Architecture......Page 144 4.3.1 Mobile Station Subsystem......Page 145 4.3.2 Base Station Subsystem......Page 147 4.3.3 Network and Switching Subsystem......Page 148 4.3.5 Open Interfaces......Page 150 4.4.1 Signal Processing......Page 151 4.4.3 Physical Channels......Page 153 4.4.4 Burst Formats......Page 155 4.4.6 Multiframes......Page 157 4.5.2 Frequency Correction Channel......Page 160 4.5.3 Synchronization Channel......Page 161 4.5.5 Paging Channel......Page 162 4.5.7 Random Access Channel......Page 163 4.5.8 Stand-Alone Dedicated Control Channel......Page 164 4.5.9 Slow Associated Control Channel......Page 165 4.6 Messages......Page 166 4.6.1 DLC Messages......Page 167 4.6.2 RRM Messages......Page 168 4.6.3 CM Messages......Page 170 4.6.4 MM Messages......Page 172 4.7.1 Mobile Initialization......Page 173 4.7.2 Location Update......Page 174 4.7.4 Ciphering......Page 175 4.7.6 Mobile Station Origination......Page 176 4.7.7 Handover......Page 177 4.8 Frequency Hopping......Page 178 4.9 Discontinuous Transmission......Page 179 4.11 Spectral Efficiency......Page 180 References......Page 181 5.1 Introduction......Page 183 5.2.1 Voice Features......Page 185 5.2.2 Short Message Service Features......Page 187 5.3.1 Mobile Station......Page 188 5.3.2 Base Station......Page 189 5.3.3 Mobile Switching Center......Page 190 5.3.8 Message Center......Page 191 5.3.14 Interface Reference Points......Page 192 5.4 Multiple-Access Structure......Page 193 5.4.1 Forward Link......Page 194 5.4.2 Reverse Link......Page 197 5.4.4 Logical Channels......Page 200 5.5.2 Sync Channel......Page 202 5.5.3 Paging Channel......Page 203 5.5.4 Access Channel......Page 204 5.5.5 Traffic Channel-Forward and Reverse Links......Page 205 5.6 Signaling Format......Page 209 5.7 Messages, Orders, and Parameters......Page 210 5.8 Messages and Orders and Logical Channels......Page 219 5.8.2 Sync Channel......Page 220 5.8.3 Paging Channel......Page 221 5.8.4 Access Channel......Page 224 5.8.6 Forward Traffic Channel......Page 225 5.8.7 Reverse Traffic Channel......Page 228 5.9 Mobile Station Call Processing......Page 230 5.9.1 Mobile Station Initialization State......Page 231 5.9.2 Mobile Station Idle State......Page 234 5.9.3 System Access State......Page 239 5.9.4 Mobile Station Control on the Traffic Channel State......Page 246 5.10.2 Paging Channel Processing......Page 252 5.10.3 Access Channel Processing......Page 254 5.10.4 Traffic Channel Processing......Page 255 5.12 Authentication......Page 263 5.12.1 Updating the Shared Secret Data......Page 264 5.12.2 Mobile Station Registrations......Page 265 5.12.4 Mobile Station Terminations......Page 266 5.12.5 Mobile Station Data Burst......Page 267 5.12.6 Unique Challenge-Response Procedure......Page 268 5.14 Voice Privacy......Page 269 5.16.1 Types of Handoff......Page 270 5.16.3 Handoff Parameters......Page 272 5.16.4 Handoff Messages......Page 274 5.16.5 Pilot Sets Updating......Page 275 5.17.1 Reverse-Link Power Control......Page 277 5.18 Call Procedures......Page 280 5.18.1 Mobile Station Origination......Page 281 5.18.2 Mobile Station Termination......Page 282 5.19 EIA/TIA/IS-95B......Page 283 5.19.1 Increase in the Transmission Rate......Page 284 5.19.3 Soft Handoff Criteria......Page 285 5.19.4 Hard Handoff......Page 286 5.19.6 Conclusions......Page 287 References......Page 288 Part III: Wireless Data......Page 289 6.2 General Packet Radio Service......Page 290 6.2.1 Network Architecture......Page 291 6.2.2 Protocol Architecture......Page 293 6.2.3 Data Flow and Data Structure......Page 294 6.2.4 Physical Channels and Logical Channels......Page 298 6.2.5 Medium Access......Page 299 6.2.6 Data Transfer Procedure......Page 302 6.2.7 Mobile-Originated Data Transfer......Page 303 6.2.9 Throughput Performance......Page 304 6.3 EIA/TIA/IS-95B......Page 307 6.4 High Data Rate......Page 308 6.4.1 HDR Solution......Page 309 6.4.2 Network Architecture......Page 310 6.4.3 Protocol Architecture......Page 312 6.4.4 Channels and Channel Structure......Page 315 6.4.5 Medium Access......Page 318 6.4.6 Throughput Performance......Page 320 6.4.7 Handoff Features......Page 322 6.4.8 HDR Summary......Page 323 References......Page 324 Part IV: 3G Systems......Page 326 7.1 Introduction......Page 327 7.2 Some Definitions......Page 328 7.3 Frequency Allocation......Page 330 7.4 Features and Services......Page 331 7.5 Traffic Classes......Page 335 7.6 IMT-2000 System and IMT-2000 Family......Page 336 7.6.1 Interfaces......Page 337 7.6.2 Global Roaming......Page 339 7.7 Specific Functions......Page 341 7.7.2 Radio Resource Management and Control Functions......Page 342 7.7.4 Radio Resource Request Acceptability Functions......Page 343 7.7.6 Handover Function......Page 344 7.7.7 Location Management and Geographic Position - Finding Functions......Page 345 7.7.8 Mobile Call Handling Functions......Page 346 7.7.10 Network Intelligence and Service Control Functions......Page 347 7.7.12 Emergency Services Functions......Page 348 7.7.14 Support of Users Function......Page 349 7.7.16 Messaging Service Management Functions......Page 350 7.7.17 Software-Configurable Terminals Functions......Page 351 7.8.1 Physical Entities-Reference Model......Page 352 7.9 Physical Entities and Functional Entities......Page 354 7.9.2 Mobile Terminal......Page 355 7.9.3 Base Station......Page 357 7.9.4 Radio Network Controller......Page 358 7.9.8 Gateway MSC......Page 359 7.9.11 Mobile Switching Center......Page 360 7.9.12 Packet Data Gateway Node......Page 361 7.9.15 Service Data Point......Page 362 7.10 Functional Entities and Their Interrelations......Page 363 7.11.1 Radio Transmission Technology......Page 365 7.11.3 Radio Transmission Technologies and Core Networks......Page 368 7.12.1 An Overview......Page 369 7.12.2 Network Architecture......Page 371 7.13 Summary......Page 372 References......Page 374 8.1 Introduction......Page 375 8.2 Network Architecture......Page 376 8.3 Protocol Architecture......Page 382 8.3.2 Transport Network Layer......Page 384 8.4 Radio Interface Protocol Architecture......Page 385 8.4.1 Layer 3......Page 388 8.4.2 Layer 2......Page 389 8.4.3 Layer 1......Page 392 8.5 Logical Channels......Page 393 8.6 Transport Channels and Indicators......Page 394 8.7.1 UTRA FDD Physical Channels......Page 396 8.7.2 UTRA TDD Physical Channels......Page 397 8.8 Mapping of Channels......Page 398 8.9 Physical Layer Transmission Chain......Page 399 8.10.1 UTRA FDD Uplink Physical Channels......Page 404 8.10.2 UTRA FDD Downlink Physical Channels......Page 408 8.10.3 UTRA TDD-3.84......Page 414 8.10.4 UTRA TDD-1.28......Page 417 8.11.1 Uplink Spreading......Page 420 8.11.2 Downlink Spreading......Page 423 8.12.1 Channelization Codes......Page 424 8.12.2 Uplink Scrambling Codes......Page 426 8.12.3 Downlink Scrambling Codes......Page 429 8.13.1 Cell Search......Page 431 8.13.3 Radio Link Establishment and Monitoring......Page 432 8.13.4 Uplink DPCCH and DPDCH Reception......Page 434 8.13.6 Downlink Power Control......Page 435 8.13.8 Random-Access Procedure......Page 437 8.13.9 CPCH Access Procedure......Page 439 8.13.10 Transmit Diversity......Page 441 8.13.11 Handover Procedure......Page 444 8.13.13 Dynamic Channel Allocation......Page 445 8.14 Interference Issues......Page 446 8.15 Summary......Page 447 References......Page 448 9.1 Introduction......Page 449 9.2 Network Architecture......Page 451 9.2.1 Network Entities......Page 453 9.2.2 Reference Points......Page 457 9.3 Radio Interface Protocol Architecture......Page 459 9.3.2 Layer 2......Page 460 9.4 Logical Channels......Page 463 9.5 Physical Channels......Page 465 9.6 Mapping of Channels......Page 467 9.7 Achievable Rates......Page 469 9.8.1 General......Page 470 9.8.3 Physical Channels......Page 472 9.8.4 Radio Configuration......Page 473 9.8.5 Power Control......Page 474 9.8.6 Transmit Diversity......Page 476 9.8.7 Transmission Block......Page 478 9.9.1 General......Page 481 9.9.3 Physical Channels......Page 482 9.9.4 Radio Configuration......Page 484 9.9.5 Transmission Block......Page 485 9.10 Forward Physical Channels......Page 487 9.10.2 Forward Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel......Page 488 9.10.5 Forward Dedicated Auxiliary Pilot Channel......Page 489 9.10.7 Forward Paging Channel......Page 490 9.10.8 Forward Broadcast Control Channel......Page 491 9.10.10 Forward Common Control Channel......Page 493 9.10.11 Forward Common Assignment Channel......Page 496 9.10.12 Forward Common Power Control Channel......Page 497 9.10.13 Forward Fundamental Channel and Forward Supplemental Code Channel......Page 498 9.10.14 Forward Fundamental Channel and Forward Supplemental Channel......Page 499 9.10.15 Forward Dedicated Control Channel......Page 501 9.11 Reverse Physical Channels......Page 504 9.11.2 Reverse Enhanced Access Channel......Page 506 9.11.3 Reverse Common Control Channel......Page 507 9.11.4 Reverse Pilot Channel and Reverse Power Control Subchannel......Page 508 9.11.5 Reverse Fundamental Channel and Reverse Supplemental Code Channel......Page 509 9.11.6 Reverse Fundamental Channel and Reverse Supplemental Channel......Page 510 9.11.7 Reverse Dedicated Control Channel......Page 511 9.12 High-Rate Packet Data Access......Page 512 9.12.1 Forward Link-General......Page 513 9.12.2 Forward-Link Channels......Page 516 9.12.6 Reverse Link-General......Page 518 9.12.7 Reverse-Link Channels......Page 522 9.12.8 Reverse-Link Quadrature Spreading......Page 524 9.12.11 Open-Loop Power Control Operation......Page 525 9.13 Summary......Page 528 References......Page 529 Part V: Appendices......Page 530 Appendix A: Open Systems Interconnection......Page 531 Appendix B: Signaling System Number 7......Page 534 Appendix C: Spread Spectrum......Page 536 C.1 Correlation......Page 537 C.2 Pseudonoise Sequences......Page 539 C.4 Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Codes......Page 540 C.5 Rake Receiver......Page 541 C.6 Processing Gain......Page 542 C.7 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum......Page 543 C.8 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum......Page 544 Appendix D: Positioning of the Interferers in a Microcellular Grid......Page 545 D.3 Odd Nonprime Noncollinear Type......Page 546 D.4 Prime Noncollinear Type......Page 547

Vast, complex technologies, countless relevant topics, seemingly limitless documentation of standards and recommendations… In a field as dynamic as wireless technology, how is one to keep up when the very task of deciding which publications to read and which resources belong on your shelf can be daunting?

Wireless Technology: Protocols, Standards, and Techniques has sorted it out for you. From basic principles to the state of the art, it furnishes clear, concise descriptions of second and third generation wireless technologies. The bestselling author of the Foundations of Mobile Radio Engineering has gathered together the most up-to-date networking standards, techniques, and protocols and incorporated clear, concise treatments of the necessary background material to form the most current and complete wireless reference available.

However bumpy the road may seem, the migration to a wireless world is inevitable. Whether you are a communications engineer, network analyst or designer, electrical engineer, or computer engineer, keeping up in this rapidly evolving field is imperative. This book will help you stay at the forefront of your field and contribute to making the wireless world a reality.

Booknews

Protocols, standards, and techniques are described for second- and third-generation wireless technologies, including those specific to wireless multimedia. Basic principles of wireless communications are introduced, and leading second-generation and third-generation technologies and wireless data technologies are examined. Appendices provide background tutorial information. The book is useful for telecommunications engineers, data communications specialists, network analysts and designers, computer and electrical engineers, technical personnel in the telecom industry, and undergraduate and graduate students in electrical engineering, wireless communications, and information technology. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Vast, complex technologies, countless relevant topics, seemingly limitless documentation of standards and recommendations... In a field as dynamic as wireless technology, how is one to keep up when the very task of deciding which publications to read and which resources belong on your shelf can be daunting? Wireless Technology: Protocols, Standards, and Techniques has sorted it out for you. From basic principles to the state of the art, it furnishes clear, concise descriptions of second and third generation wireless technologies. The bestselling author of the Foundations of Mobile Radio Engineering has gathered together the most up-to-date networking standards, techniques, and protocols and incorporated clear, concise treatments of the necessary background material to form the most current and complete wireless reference available. However bumpy the road may seem, the migration to a wireless world is inevitable. Whether you are a communications engineer, network analyst or designer, electrical engineer, or computer engineer, keeping up in this rapidly evolving field is imperative. This book will help you stay at the forefront of your field and contribute to making the wireless world a reality.