A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 10th Ed

Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 2 Copyright Page......Page 3 Brief Contents......Page 4 Contents......Page 5 About the Author......Page 12 Expert Consultants......Page 13 Preface......Page 19 SECTION 1 THE LIFE-SPAN PERSPECTIVE......Page 44 CHAPTER 1 Introduction......Page 45 Characteristics of the Life-Span Perspective......Page 46 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Gustavo Medrano, Clinical Psychologist......Page 50 CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Improving Family Policy......Page 54 Biological, Cognitive, and Socioemotional Processes......Page 55 Periods of Development......Page 56 The Significance of Age......Page 58 CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH Is There a Best Time of Day to Conduct Research?......Page 59 Developmental Issues......Page 61 Psychoanalytic Theories......Page 63 Cognitive Theories......Page 65 Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories......Page 67 Ethological Theory......Page 68 Ecological Theory......Page 69 An Eclectic Theoretical Orientation......Page 70 Methods for Collecting Data......Page 71 Research Designs......Page 74 Time Span of Research......Page 76 Minimizing Bias......Page 78 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Pam Reid, Educational and Development Psychologist......Page 79 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 80 APPENDIX Careers in Life-Span Development......Page 84 SECTION 2 BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT, AND HEALTH......Page 88 CHAPTER 2 Biological Beginnings......Page 89 Evolutionary Psychology......Page 90 The Collaborative Gene......Page 93 Genes and Chromosomes......Page 95 Genetic Principles......Page 97 Chromosomal and Gene-Linked Abnormalities......Page 98 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Jennifer Leonhard, Genetic Counselor......Page 100 Behavior Genetics......Page 101 Heredity-Environment Correlations......Page 102 The Epigenetic View and Gene × Environment (G × E) Interaction......Page 103 Conclusions About Heredity-Environment Interaction......Page 104 The Course of Prenatal Development......Page 105 Prenatal Diagnostic Tests......Page 109 Hazards to Prenatal Development......Page 110 Prenatal Care......Page 116 Birth and the Postpartum Period......Page 117 The Birth Process......Page 118 The Transition from Fetus to Newborn......Page 120 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Linda Pugh, Perinatal Nurse......Page 121 Low Birth Weight and Preterm Infants......Page 122 Bonding......Page 123 CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH How Are Preterm Infants Affected by Touch?......Page 124 The Postpartum Period......Page 125 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 127 CHAPTER 3 Physical Development and Biological Aging......Page 130 Patterns of Growth......Page 131 Height and Weight in Infancy and Childhood......Page 132 Puberty......Page 133 Middle Adulthood......Page 137 Late Adulthood......Page 139 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Sarah Kagan, Geriatric Nurse......Page 140 Brain Physiology......Page 141 Infancy......Page 143 Childhood......Page 146 Adolescence......Page 147 CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Strategies for Helping Adolescents Reduce Their Risk-Taking Behavior......Page 148 Adulthood and Aging......Page 149 CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH The Nun Study......Page 151 Infancy......Page 153 Childhood......Page 155 Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood......Page 156 Adulthood and Aging......Page 158 Life Expectancy and Life Span......Page 159 Centenarians......Page 160 Biological Theories of Aging......Page 163 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 166 CHAPTER 4 Health......Page 169 Children’s Health......Page 170 Adolescents’ Health......Page 171 Emerging and Young Adults’ Health......Page 172 Health and Aging......Page 173 CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH How Stressful Is Caring for an Alzheimer Patient at Home?......Page 177 Nutrition and Eating Behavior......Page 179 Infancy......Page 180 Childhood......Page 181 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Dr. Faize Mustafa-Infante, Pediatrician......Page 182 CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Helping Overweight Children Lose Weight......Page 183 Adolescence......Page 184 Adult Development and Aging......Page 186 Childhood and Adolescence......Page 188 Aging and Longevity......Page 191 Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood......Page 193 Substance Use in Older Adults......Page 197 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 198 CHAPTER 5 Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development......Page 200 The Dynamic Systems View......Page 201 Reflexes......Page 202 Gross Motor Skills......Page 203 CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Parents, Coaches, and Children’s Sports......Page 208 Fine Motor Skills......Page 209 What are Sensation and Perception?......Page 211 Visual Perception......Page 212 CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH How Do Scientists Study the Newborn’s Perception?......Page 213 Hearing......Page 219 Other Senses......Page 221 Nature/Nurture and Perceptual Development......Page 223 Perceptual-Motor Coupling......Page 224 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 226 SECTION 3 COGNITIVE PROCESSES AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 228 CHAPTER 6 Cognitive Developmental Approaches......Page 229 Processes of Development......Page 230 Sensorimotor Stage......Page 231 CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH How Do Researchers Study Infants’ Understanding of Object Permanence and Causality?......Page 234 Preoperational Stage......Page 237 Formal Operational Stage......Page 240 CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Are Social Media an Amplification Tool for Adolescent Egocentrism?......Page 242 Piaget and Education......Page 243 Evaluating Piaget’s Theory......Page 244 Scaffolding......Page 246 Teaching Strategies......Page 247 Evaluating Vygotsky’s Theory......Page 249 Realistic and Pragmatic Thinking......Page 250 Is There a Fifth, Postformal Stage?......Page 251 Are There Cognitive Stages in Middle and Late Adulthood?......Page 252 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 253 CHAPTER 7 Information Processing......Page 256 The Information-Processing Approach and Its Application to Development......Page 257 Speed of Processing Information......Page 259 Attention......Page 260 Infancy......Page 261 Childhood and Adolescence......Page 263 Adulthood......Page 264 What is Memory?......Page 265 Infancy......Page 266 Childhood......Page 267 Adulthood......Page 271 CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH How Well Do Adults Remember What They Learned in High School and College Spanish?......Page 273 Infancy and Childhood......Page 274 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Helen Hadani, Ph.D., Developmental Psychologist, Toy Designer, and Associate Director of Research for the Center for Childhood Creativity......Page 280 Adolescence......Page 281 Adulthood......Page 282 CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE The Remarkable Helen Small......Page 286 What is Metacognition?......Page 288 Theory of Mind......Page 289 Metacognition in Adolescence and Adulthood......Page 292 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 293 CHAPTER 8 Intelligence......Page 297 Intelligence Tests......Page 298 Theories of Multiple Intelligences......Page 300 The Neuroscience of Intelligence......Page 303 The Influence of Heredity and Environment......Page 304 CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH Can Early Intervention in the Lives of Children Growing Up in Impoverished Circumstances Improve Their Intelligence?......Page 306 Group Comparisons and Issues......Page 307 Tests of Infant Intelligence......Page 308 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Toosje Thyssen Van Beveren, Infant Assessment Specialist......Page 309 Intelligence in Adulthood......Page 310 Intellectual Disability......Page 315 Giftedness......Page 316 Creativity......Page 318 CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Living a More Creative Life......Page 321 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 322 CHAPTER 9 Language Development......Page 326 Language’s Rule Systems......Page 327 How Language Develops......Page 329 Infancy......Page 330 Early Childhood......Page 333 CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH What Characteristics of a Family Affect a Child’s Language Development?......Page 335 Middle and Late Childhood......Page 337 Adolescence......Page 341 Adulthood and Aging......Page 342 Biological Influences......Page 343 Environmental Influences......Page 344 An Interactionist View of Language......Page 347 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 348 SECTION 4 SOCIOEMOTIONAL PROCESSES AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 351 CHAPTER 10 Emotional Development and Attachment......Page 352 What Are Emotions?......Page 353 Emotion Regulation......Page 354 Emotional Competence......Page 355 Infancy......Page 356 Early Childhood......Page 359 Middle and Late Childhood......Page 360 Adolescence......Page 362 Adult Development and Aging......Page 363 Describing and Classifying Temperament......Page 365 Biological Foundations and Experience......Page 367 Goodness of Fit and Parenting......Page 370 Infancy and Childhood......Page 371 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Wanda Mitchell, Child-Care Director......Page 381 Adolescence......Page 383 Adulthood......Page 385 CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH Does the Breakup of a Romantic Relationship Present an Opportunity for Personal Growth?......Page 391 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 392 CHAPTER 11 The Self, Identity, and Personality......Page 396 Self-Understanding and Understanding Others......Page 397 Self-Esteem and Self-Concept......Page 403 Self-Regulation......Page 406 CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Strategies for Effectively Engaging in Selective Optimization with Compensation......Page 410 What is Identity?......Page 411 Some Contemporary Thoughts on Identity......Page 412 Developmental Changes......Page 413 Identity and Social Contexts......Page 415 Personality......Page 417 Trait Theories and the Big Five Factors of Personality......Page 418 Views on Adult Personality Development......Page 420 Generativity......Page 422 Stability and Change......Page 423 CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH Are Personality Traits Related to Longevity?......Page 424 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 427 CHAPTER 12 Gender and Sexuality......Page 430 Biological Influences......Page 431 Social Influences......Page 433 Cognitive Influences......Page 436 CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH What Are Young Children’s Gender Schemas About Occupations?......Page 437 Gender Stereotyping......Page 438 Gender Similarities and Differences......Page 439 Gender-Role Classification......Page 442 Going Beyond Gender as Binary......Page 443 Childhood......Page 444 Adulthood and Aging......Page 445 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Cynthia de las Fuentes, College Professor and Counseling Psychologist......Page 447 Exploring Sexuality......Page 448 Sexual Orientation......Page 449 Sexually Transmitted Infections......Page 451 Forcible Sexual Behavior and Sexual Harassment......Page 453 Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood......Page 456 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Lynn Blankinship, Family and Consumer Science Educator......Page 462 CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Reducing Adolescent Pregnancy......Page 463 Adult Development and Aging......Page 464 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 468 CHAPTER 13 Moral Development, Values, and Religion......Page 471 Moral Thought......Page 472 Moral Behavior......Page 476 Moral Feeling......Page 477 Moral Personality......Page 480 Social Domain Theory......Page 481 Parenting......Page 483 Schools......Page 484 Prosocial Behavior......Page 487 Antisocial Behavior......Page 491 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Rodney Hammond, Health Psychologist......Page 492 CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH Does Intervention Reduce Juvenile Delinquency?......Page 494 Values......Page 495 Religion and Spirituality......Page 496 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Gabriel Dy-Liacco, Professor and Pastoral Counselor......Page 500 CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Religion and Coping......Page 501 Meaning in Life......Page 502 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 503 SECTION 5 SOCIAL CONTEXTS OF DEVELOPMENT......Page 506 CHAPTER 14 Families, Lifestyles, and Parenting......Page 507 Reciprocal Socialization......Page 508 Family as a System......Page 509 Sociocultural and Historical Influences......Page 510 Single Adults......Page 511 Cohabiting Adults......Page 512 Married Adults......Page 514 Divorced Adults......Page 519 Remarried Adults......Page 521 Gay and Lesbian Adults......Page 522 Parental Roles......Page 523 Parenting Styles and Discipline......Page 526 CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH Are Marital Conflict, Individual Hostility, and the Use of Physical Punishment Linked?......Page 530 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Darla Botkin, Marriage and Family Therapist......Page 531 Parent–Adolescent and Parent–Emerging Adult Relationships......Page 533 Working Parents......Page 536 Children in Divorced Families......Page 537 Stepfamilies......Page 539 Gay and Lesbian Parents......Page 540 Adoptive Parents and Adopted Children......Page 541 Sibling Relationships and Birth Order......Page 543 Grandparenting and Great-Grandparenting......Page 545 Intergenerational Relationships......Page 546 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 549 CHAPTER 15 Peers and the Sociocultural World......Page 552 Exploring Peer Relations......Page 553 Peer Statuses......Page 556 Bullying......Page 557 CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH How Are Perspective Taking and Moral Motivation Linked to Bullying?......Page 558 Adolescent Peer Relations......Page 559 Friendship During Childhood......Page 561 CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Effective and Ineffective Strategies for Making Friends......Page 562 Adult Friendship......Page 563 Childhood......Page 565 Adolescence......Page 567 Adulthood......Page 569 Stereotyping of Older Adults......Page 570 Successful Aging......Page 571 Culture......Page 573 Socioeconomic Status and Poverty......Page 580 Ethnicity......Page 583 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Norma Thomas, Social Work Professor and Administrator......Page 586 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 587 CHAPTER 16 Schools, Achievement, and Work......Page 590 Contemporary Approaches to Student Learning and Assessment......Page 591 Schools and Developmental Status......Page 593 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Yolanda Garcia, Director of Children’s Services, Head Start......Page 595 Educating Children with Disabilities......Page 600 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Carissa Barnes, Special Education Teacher......Page 604 Socioeconomic Status and Ethnicity in Schools......Page 605 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Ahou Vaziri, Teach for America Instructor......Page 606 Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation......Page 607 Mastery Motivation and Mindset......Page 608 Goal Setting, Planning, and Self-Monitoring......Page 610 Expectations......Page 611 Ethnicity and Culture......Page 612 CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH Parenting and Children’s Achievement: My Child Is My Report Card, Tiger Moms, and Tiger Babies Strike Back......Page 614 Career Development......Page 615 Work......Page 616 CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Working During College......Page 618 Retirement......Page 621 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 623 SECTION 6 ENDINGS......Page 627 CHAPTER 17 Death, Dying, and Grieving......Page 628 The Death System and Its Cultural Variations......Page 629 Issues in Determining Death......Page 631 Decisions Regarding Life, Death, and Health Care......Page 632 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Kathy McLaughlin, Home Hospice Nurse......Page 634 Attitudes Toward Death at Different Points in the Life Span......Page 635 Suicide......Page 637 Kübler-Ross’ Stages of Dying......Page 640 Perceived Control and Denial......Page 641 Communicating with a Dying Person......Page 642 Grieving......Page 643 Making Sense of the World......Page 645 Losing a Life Partner......Page 646 CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH How Is Widowhood Related to Women’s Physical and Mental Health?......Page 647 Forms of Mourning......Page 648 Reach Your Learning Goals......Page 650 Glossary......Page 653 References......Page 662 Name Index......Page 772 Subject Index......Page 792