Argumentation: Keeping Faith with Reason, 2nd Edition

This extensively updated second edition provides a comprehensive introduction to argumentation skills for undergraduates. Clearly written, with minimal technical jargon, the book features many contemporary real-world examples. Through a unique conceptual framework, students will learn how to assemble a coherent logical argument, assess sources, organize, and present written and verbal arguments. The authors use the Toulmin model throughout to present issues and clarify concepts and have expanded the model to show how it can be used to examine real-world arguments. This new edition provides a deeper focus on value claims and credibility. It also shows students how to assess fake news, misinformation and post-truth and incorporates more social scientific theories of persuasion such as the Elaboration Likelihood Model. Argumentation: Keeping Faith with Reason is an ideal textbook for undergraduate courses in argumentation, persuasion, critical thinking, and informal logic. An Instructor's Manual including advice on how to teach each section, sample quizzes and additional examples is available at https: //routledge.com/9781032541228 Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contents List of figures and tables Acknowledgements PART I: Getting Started 1. Why Study Argument? 1.1. The alternatives to argumentat 1.2. Argumentation is a requirement for democracy 1.3. An asset for life 1.4. What this textbook is, and is not 1.5. How to use this textbook 2. What Is an Argument? 2.1. Introduction 2.2. The definition of an argument 2.3. The boundaries of argument 2.4. Implications of our definition 2.5. Argumentation requires sharing assumptions 2.6. Argumentation is a communal process for reaching a consensus 2.7. Conclusion Summary of what is an argument 3. Dimensions of Proof 3.1. Introduction 3.2. The four dimensions: Three plus one 3.3. Assessing arguments 3.4. Choosing among the dimensions 3.5. Conclusion Summary of the chapter 4. Modeling Arguments (the Toulmin Model) 4.1. Introduction 4.2. The model 4.3. Working with the model 4.4. Validity 4.5. Using multiple grounds 4.6. Argument networks 4.7. An exercise in crisp writing 4.8. Conclusion Summarizing the Toulmin model PART II: Analyzing Claims 5. Introduction to Claim Types 5.1. Introduction 5.2. The three types of claims 5.3. What type is it really? 5.4. Conclusion 6. Analyzing Fact Claims 6.1. Introduction 6.2. The challenge of finding the facts 6.3. Does truth exist that we all can know? 6.4. That’s just a theory 6.5. That’s just your opinion 6.6. Do we vote on truth? 6.7. Meanwhile, back in your world 6.8. Developing a fact claim 6.9. Conclusion Summary of fact claims 7. Analyzing Value Claims 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Why value arguments are difficult 7.3. Facts and values 7.4. Clarifying types of values 7.5. Arguing values 7.6. Esthetic arguments 7.7. Examples of value disputes 7.8. Conclusion Summarizing value claims 8. Analyzing Policy Claims 8.1. Introduction 8.2. What is a policy claim? 8.3. What is unique about policy claims? 8.4. Building your policy claim 8.5. Common fallacies and problems 8.6. Cases of complexity 8.7. Conclusion Summarizing policy claims PART III: Developing Your Argument 9. Kairos: The Context of Your Argument 9.1. Introduction 9.2. The audience: To whom are we communicating? 9.3. The medium of my message 9.4. The occasion 9.5. History 9.6. Assessing context 9.7. Case studies 9.8. Integrating the dimensions of Kairos: What is the persuasive task I face? 9.9. Changing the context 9.10. Conclusion Summary of Kairos 10. Ethos: Developing Your Credibility 10.1. A necessary, inconsistent, confusing topic 10.2. Understanding credibility 10.3. Breaking down the concept 10.4. Time and credibility 10.5. Issues with credibility 10.6. Developing your credibility 10.7. Attacking credibility: The ad hominem argument 10.8. Case studies 10.9. Conclusion Summary of ethos 11. Presenting Your Argument 11.1. Introduction 11.2. The Classical model for presenting an argument 11.3. Other argument structures 11.4. Additional argument structures 11.5. Choosing a model 11.6. An exercise in choosing how to present your argument 11.7. Practicalities 11.8. Conclusion Summary of argument models PART IV: Supporting and Defending Your Argument 12. Finding Evidence 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Finding evidence 12.3. Assessing evidence 12.4. Assessing special types of evidence 12.5. The Internet as a source 12.6. Further learning 13. Evidence and Your Argument 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Selecting evidence for your argument 13.3. How well is your argument supported? 13.4. Citing evidence 13.5. Listing sources 13.6. Creating evidence 13.7. Ten things that aren’t true Summary of finding and using evidence 14. Rebutting Arguments 14.1. Introduction 14.2. Stasis theory: What are we arguing about? 14.3. The burden of proof 14.4. Ways of responding 14.5. Placing and framing your response 14.6. Rebuttals that aren’t actually rebuttals 14.7. Should you even engage at all? 14.8. Beyond winning and losing: Where rebuttal takes your argument 14.9. Famous rebuttals 14.10. Conclusion: Rebuttal as a way to truth Summary of rebutting arguments PART V: Forms of Reasoning 15. Introduction to Forms of Reasoning 15.1. The relationship of claim types and forms of reasoning 16. Definitional Arguments 16.1. Introduction 16.2. Types of definitional arguments 16.3. Defining a definition 16.4. Where do definitions come from? 16.5. Follow the money 16.6. “Well defined” for what context? 16.7. Defining and changing reality 16.8. Failing to be well defined 16.9. The role of pathos 16.10. A case study: What is the definition of a “woman” 16.11. For further study 16.12. Conclusion Summary of definitional arguments 17. Argument by Example 17.1. Introduction 17.2. Understanding argument by example 17.3. Informal reasoning by example 17.4. Statistics: Formal argument by example 17.5. How argument by example can go wrong 17.6. Contemporary issues 17.7. Famous arguments by example 17.8. Conclusion Summary of argument by example 18. Argument by Analogy and Parallel Case 18.1. Introduction 18.2. What are we talking about? 18.3. Argument by (figurative) analogy Summary of argument by (figurative) analogy 18.4. Argument by a parallel case 18.5. Argument by precedent Summary of argument by parallel case 18.6. Extended analogy 18.7. Conclusion Summary of the chapter 19. Causal Argument 19.1. Introduction 19.2. Can you prove anything? 19.3. What sort of causation is it? 19.4. Correlation, causation, and controlled experiments 19.5. Explaining our data: Theories about causal links 19.6. Beyond “X causes Y” 19.7. Causal arguments in value claims 19.8. Issues in causal arguments 19.9. Famous causal arguments 19.10. Case studies for further investigation 19.11. Conclusion Summary of causal arguments 20. Argument from Sign 20.1. Introduction 20.2. The structure of this form of reasoning 20.3. Case study: The economy 20.4. What makes an argument by sign valid? 20.5. Arguing about signs 20.6. Famous arguments from the sign 20.7. Examples for further study 20.8. Conclusion Summary of argument from sign 21. Argument by Dilemma 21.1. Introduction 21.2. Understanding argument by dilemma 21.3. Issues with argument by dilemma 21.4. Making and defending your argument 21.5. Case study: Civil liberties vs. national security 21.6. A famous dilemma: Socrates in Plato’s dialogues 21.7. The greater fallacy of dualistic thinking 21.8. Conclusion Summary of argument by dilemma 22. Argument from Authority 22.1. Introduction 22.2. Why do we need this? 22.3. Understanding argument from authority 22.4. Developing an argument from authority 22.5. Issues with the argument from authority 22.6. For further discussion 22.7. A growing issue 22.8. Conclusion Summary of argument from authority PART VI: Conclusion 23. Remember This 23.1. What does it boil down to? 23.2. The six things 23.3. A few final thoughts Index