Behavioral Neuroscience, Eighth Edition

For 20 years, instructors have relied on the textbook Biological Psychology for a definitive and comprehensive survey of the neuroscience of behavior. Thanks to the explosion of work in the neurosciences, each of the seven editions has included more neural details than the one before. Thus the time has come to revise the title to reflect the evolution of both the book and the field: Behavioral Neuroscience. Behavioral Neuroscience , Eighth Edition, provides undergraduates with a lively survey of the field. It offers a broad perspective, encompassing cutting edge neuroscience, lucid descriptions of behavior, evolutionary and developmental perspectives, and clinical applications of research. Despite this comprehensive range of material, the authors have striven in the latest revision to lay bare the neuroscience concepts underlying behavior with concision and clarity. Special Features: - Learning is supported by a best-in-class full-color art program, including hundreds of original illustrations that make it easy to understand structures, mechanisms, and processes in the brain. Many additional graphical elements have been reproduced from primary research sources, bringing the learner closer to the science behind the subject matter. - Every chapter includes a special feature called "The Cutting Edge" that highlights an up-to-the-moment discovery or technical innovation, while illustrating the logic and methodology of experimentation and hypothesis testing - Each chapter ends with a unique feature, the "Visual Summary," a poster-like layout that provides a graphical review of the major topics of the chapter and directs students to the figures and online animations that reinforce each point. - The text is supported by a rich array of internet-based resources. - Over 500 new citations keep the text current and an excellent resource. Thorough and reader-friendly, Behavioral Neuroscience , Eighth Edition, reveals the fascinating relationships between the brain and behavior. Biological Psychology Newslink This continuously updated site provides links to thousands of news stories in the field, all organized by both keyword and textbook chapter. The site is designed to help instructors keep up with the latest news in the field and find interesting topics for lectures or discussions and to provide students with an appreciation of the wide-ranging applications of the material they are studying in the course. For Students Companion Website Each new copy of the textbook includes 180-day access to the Companion Website. The Behavioral Neuroscience Companion Website contains a wide range of study and review resources to help students master the material presented in the textbook, as well as coverage of additional topics. For each chapter of the textbook, the site includes: * Chapter Outlines that outline each chapter and link to relevant Study Questions * Visual Summaries that link to all of the Activities and Videos, forming a complete review of each chapter * Study Questions that help the student master the full range of material in each chapter * Animations & Videos that illustrate many of the complex, dynamic concepts and processes of biological psychology * Activities that help the student review key structures and processes * Online Quizzes (including both multiple-choice and essay questions) that test the student's grasp of the material, with results stored in the online gradebook (instructor registration required) * Flashcards activities that review and reinforce the many new terms introduced in each chapter * "A Step Further," offering advanced coverage of selected topics, allowing students to explore topics more deeply * A Glossary that provides quick access to definitions of all the important terminology in the textbook For Instructors Instructor's Resource Library The Behavioral Neuroscience , Eighth Edition, Instructor's Resource Library includes a variety of resources to aid you in the planning of your course, the development of your lectures, and the assessment of your students, including: * Figures and Tables: All of the line-art illustrations, photographs, and tables from the textbook are provided as both high-resolution and low-resolution JPEGs, all optimized for use in presentation software (such as PowerPoint) * PowerPoint Resources: Two different types of PowerPoint presentations are provided for each chapter of the textbook: - All figures, photos, and tables - A complete lecture presentation, including selected figures * Videos: New for the eighth edition, a robust collection of video segments from the BBC and other sources bring to life may of the important concepts discussed in the textbook. Excellent as lecture-starters and discussion topics. * Animations: These detailed animations help enliven lectures and illustrate dynamic processes. * Instructor's Manual and Test Bank in Word format (details below) * Computerized Test Bank: The entire Test Bank is provided in Diploma format (software included) making it easy to quickly assemble exams using any combination of publisher-provided and custom questions. Includes the Companion Website quiz questions. Instructor's Manual (included in the Instructor's Resource Library) The Behavioral Neuroscience Instructor's Manual and Test Bank includes useful resources for planning your course, lectures, and exams. For each chapter of the textbook, the IM includes the following: * A Chapter Overview that gives a big-picture snapshot of what is covered in the chapter * A complete Chapter Outline * A set of Key Concepts that break the chapter down into its core elements * Additional References for lecture/course development Test Bank (included in the Instructor's Resource Library) A comprehensive set of questions is provided for each chapter, including multiple-choice, fill-in-the-blank, matching, essay, definition, and paragraph development questions that cover the full range of material in the chapter (Companion Website quiz questions included). Online Quizzing The Companion Website includes online quizzes that can be assigned by instructors or used as self-review exercises. For each chapter of the textbook, a set of multiple-choice questions and a set of essay questions are provided. Quizzes can be customized with any combination of the default questions and an instructor's own questions, and can be assigned as desired. Results of the quizzes are stored in the online gradebook. (Instructors must register in order for their students to be able to take the quizzes.) Cover 1 Endpapers 2 Companion Website Access Instructions 3 Companion Website Resources 4 Front Matter 5 Copyright Page 8 Dedication 9 Brief Contents 10 Contents 11 Preface 19 Acknowledgments 20 Media and Supplements 23 Chapter 1 Behavioral Neuroscience: Scope and Outlook 27 The Brain Is Full of Surprises 28 What Is Behavioral Neuroscience? 28 Five Viewpoints Explore the Biology of Behavior 29 Behavior can be described according to different criteria 30 We compare species to learn how the brain and behavior have evolved 30 The body and behavior develop over the life span 30 Biological mechanisms underlie all behavior 32 Research can be applied to human problems 32 Three Approaches Relate Brain and Behavior 32 Neuroplasticity: Behavior Can Change the Brain 34 Behavioral neuroscience and social psychology are related 34 Behavioral Neuroscientists Use Several Levels of Analysis 36 The Brain and Behavior Are Reciprocally Related 37 Behavioral Neuroscience Contributes to Our Understanding of Human Disorders 38 Animal Research Makes Vital Contributions 39 The History of Research on the Brain and Behavior Begins in Antiquity 40 Renaissance scientists began to understand brain anatomy 40 The concept of localization of function arose in the nineteenth century 42 Modern behavioral neuroscience arose in the twentieth century 44 Consciousness is a thorny problem 44 Visual Summary 47 PART I Biological Foundations of Behavior 49 Chapter 2 Functional Neuroanatomy: The Nervous System and Behavior 51 Specialized Cells Make Up the Nervous System 52 The neuron has four structural divisions specialized for information processing 52 Neurons can be classified by shape, size, or function 53 Information is received through synapses 54 The axon integrates and then transmits information 58 Glial cells support and enhance neural activity 59 The Nervous System Consists of Central and Peripheral Divisions 62 The peripheral nervous system has two divisions 62 The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord 66 The Brain Shows Regional Specialization of Functions 71 The cerebral cortex performs complex cognitive processing 71 Subcortical structures are involved in movement and the regulation of emotions 72 The diencephalon directs sensory information and controls basic physiological functions 73 The midbrain has sensory and motor components 73 The cerebellum is attached to the pons and is crucial for motor coordination 73 The medulla maintains vital basic body functions 74 Behaviors and cognitive abilities are determined by functional connections between brain regions 74 Specialized Support Systems Protect and Nourish the Brain 75 The cerebral ventricles are chambers filled with fluid 75 The brain has an elaborate vascular system 76 Brain-Imaging Techniques Reveal the Structure and Function of the Living Human Brain 77 Measurements of density can be used to map the structure of the brain 78 Functional-imaging techniques map regional brain activity during behaviors 79 Sophisticated imaging techniques are powerful tools requiring cautious interpretation 81 Visual Summary 84 Chapter 3 Neurophysiology: The Generation, Transmission, and Integration of Neural Signals 87 Electrical Signals Are the Vocabulary of the Nervous System 88 A balance of electrochemical forces produces the resting membrane potential of neurons 88 A threshold amount of depolarization triggers an action potential 92 Ionic mechanisms underlie the action potential 94 Action potentials are actively propagated along the axon 95 Synapses Cause Graded, Local Changes in the Postsynaptic Membrane Potential 100 Synapses can be excitatory or inhibitory 101 Spatial summation and temporal summation integrate synaptic inputs 102 Synaptic Transmission Requires a Sequence of Events 105 Action potentials cause the release of transmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft 106 Receptor molecules recognize transmitters 106 Transmitters bind to receptors, gating ion channels 109 The action of synaptic transmitters is stopped rapidly 110 Several factors regulate neurotransmitter release 110 Neurons and Synapses Combine to Make Circuits 112 Gross Electrical Activity of the Brain Is Readily Detected 114 Seizure disorders result from electrical storms in the brain 114 Event-related potentials measure changes resulting from discrete stimuli 116 Visual Summary 119 Chapter 4 The Chemistry of Behavior: Neurotransmitters and Neuropharmacology 121 Synaptic Transmission Is a Complex Electrochemical Process 122 Many Chemical Neurotransmitters Have Been Identified 124 Neurotransmitter Systems Form a Complex Array in the Brain 125 The most abundant excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain are amino acids 125 Acetylcholine was the first neurotransmitter to be identified 126 Five monoamines act as neurotransmitters 127 Many peptides function as neurotransmitters 129 Some neurotransmitters are gases 129 The Effects of a Drug Depend on Its Site of Action and Dose 129 Drugs fit like keys into molecular locks 130 Drug-receptor interactions vary in specificity and activity 131 Dose-response relationships reflect the potency and safety of drugs 131 Repeated treatments may reduce the effectiveness of drugs 132 Drugs are administered and eliminated in many different ways 133 Drugs Affect Each Stage of Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission 135 Some drugs alter presynaptic events 135 Drugs may act postsynaptically 137 Some Neuroactive Drugs Ease the Symptoms of Injury or Psychiatric Illness 138 Antipsychotics relieve schizophrenia 138 Antidepressants reduce chronic mood problems 139 Anxiolytics combat anxiety 139 Opiates potently relieve pain 140 Some Neuroactive Drugs Are Used to Alter Conscious Experiences 141 Cannabinoids have a wide array of effects 141 Stimulants increase the activity of the nervous system 142 Alcohol acts as both a stimulant and a depressant 144 Hallucinogenic and dissociative drugs alter sensory perception 145 Drug Abuse and Addiction Are Widespread Problems 147 Several perspectives help us understand drug abuse 148 People differ in their vulnerability to drug abuse 152 Drug abuse and dependence can be prevented or treated in multiple ways 152 Visual Summary 155 Chapter 5 Hormones and the Brain 157 Hormones Have Many Actions in the Body 158 The scientific method established the importance of testicular hormones 159 Organisms use several types of chemical communication 160 Hormonal actions can be organized according to general principles 161 Neuroendocrine cells blend neuronal and endocrine functions 161 Hormones can be classified by chemical structure 162 Hormones Have a Variety of Cellular Actions 163 Hormones affect cells by influencing their growth and activity 163 Hormones initiate actions by binding to receptor molecules 164 Feedback control mechanisms regulate the secretion of hormones 169 Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones 169 The pituitary gland releases many important hormones 170 Hypothalamic releasing hormones govern the anterior pituitary 172 Two divisions of the adrenal gland produce hormones 175 Thyroid hormones regulate growth and metabolism 176 The gonads produce steroid hormones, regulating reproduction 177 The pineal gland secretes melatonin 180 Hormones Affect Behavior in Many Different Ways 181 Hormones can affect social behavior 181 Hormonal and Neural Systems Interact to Produce Integrated Responses 182 Visual Summary 185 PART II Evolution and Development of the Nervous System 187 Chapter 6 Evolution of the Brain and Behavior 189 How Did the Enormous Variety of Species Arise on Earth? 190 Natural selection drives evolution 190 Evolution may converge upon similar solutions 191 Modern evolutionary theory combines natural selection and genetics 191 How closely related are two species? 192 Newer methods aid in classifying animals and inferring evolution 193 Why Should We Study Other Species? 194 Complicated lives require complicated brains 196 Simpler invertebrate nervous systems provide models of neural function 197 All Vertebrate Brains Share the Same Basic Structures 198 The main brain structures are the same in all mammals 198 All vertebrate nervous systems share certain main features but differ in others 200 The Evolution of Vertebrate Brains Reflects Changes in Behavior 201 Present-day animals and fossils reveal evolution of the brain 201 Through evolution, vertebrate brains have changed in both size and organization 202 Brain size evolved independently in multiple lineages 203 Many Factors Led to the Rapid Evolution of a Large Cortex in Primates 206 Hominin brains enlarged rapidly in our recent evolution 206 Negative and positive selection pressures affected hominin brain size 207 Brain size predicts success in adapting to a novel environment 209 Sexual selection may have contributed to hominin brain expansion 209 Primate species differ in gene expression 210 Evolution Continues Today 212 Visual Summary 216 Chapter 7 Life-Span Development of the Brain and Behavior 219 Growth and Development of the Brain Are Orderly Processes 221 Development of the Nervous System Can Be Divided into Six Distinct Stages 221 Cell proliferation produces cells that become neurons or glial cells 221 New nerve cells migrate 224 Cells in newly formed brain regions differentiate into neurons 226 The axons and dendrites of young neurons grow extensively and form synapses 227 The death of many neurons is a normal part of development 228 Neurotrophic factors allow neurons to survive and grow 230 Synaptic connections are refined by synapse rearrangement 231 Glial cells provide myelin, which is vital for brain function 234 Developmental Disorders of the Brain Impair Behavior 236 Environmental factors may limit brain development 236 Genes are important intrinsic factors influencing brain development 236 Genes Interact with Experience to Guide Brain Development 240 Experience regulates gene expression in the developing and mature brain 240 Experience Is an Important Influence on Brain Development 243 Visual deprivation can lead to blindness 243 Early exposure to visual patterns helps fine-tune connections in the visual system 244 The Brain Continues to Change as We Grow Older 246 Memory impairment correlates with hippocampal shrinkage during aging 246 Alzheimer’s disease is associated with a decline in cerebral metabolism 247 Visual Summary 252 PART III Perception and Action 253 Chapter 8 General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain 255 Sensory Receptor Organs Detect Energy or Substances 256 Sensory systems of particular animals have restricted ranges of responsiveness 257 What Type of Stimulus Was That? 258 Sensory Processing Begins in Receptor Cells 258 The initial stage of sensory processing is a change in electrical potential in receptor cells 259 Sensory Information Processing Is Selective and Analytical 260 Coding: Sensory events are represented by action potentials 261 Adaptation: Receptor response can decline even if the stimulus is maintained 262 Suppression: Sometimes we need receptors to be quiet 262 Pathways: Successive levels of the nervous system process sensory information 263 Receptive fields: What turns on this particular receptor cell? 264 Attention: How do we notice some stimuli but not others? 265 Sensory systems influence one another 267 Skin Is a Complex Organ That Contains a Variety of Sensory Receptors 268 The Dorsal Column System Carries Somatosensory Information from the Skin to the Brain 271 Plasticity in cortical maps: Receptive fields can be changed by experience 272 Human Pain Can Be Measured 274 Peripheral receptors get the initial message 275 Spinal pathways transmit pain information 278 The reign of pain is mainly in the brain 279 Social Rejection Hurts Too 280 Pain Can Be Difficult to Control 281 Different strategies can alleviate pain 281 Visual Summary 287 Chapter 9 Hearing, Vestibular Perception, Taste, and Smell 289 Pressure Waves in the Air Are Perceived as Sound 290 The external ear captures, focuses, and filters sound 291 The middle ear concentrates sound energies 292 The cochlea converts vibrational energy into waves of fluid 293 Active mechanical processes in the cochlea enhance frequency discrimination 296 Auditory Signals Run from Cochlea to Cortex 297 Pitch Information Is Encoded in Two Complementary Ways 299 Brainstem Auditory Systems Are Specialized for Localizing Sounds 300 The Auditory Cortex Processes Complex Sounds 303 Experience affects auditory perception and the auditory pathways 303 Hearing Loss Is a Major Disorder of the Nervous System 305 There are three main causes of hearing loss and deafness 305 Treatments for deafness focus on replacing missing stimulation 307 An Inner Ear System Senses Gravity and Acceleration 309 Nerve Fibers from the Vestibular Portion of the Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII) Synapse in the Brainstem 310 Some Forms of Vestibular Excitation Produce Motion Sickness 311 Chemicals in Foods Are Perceived as Five Basic Tastes 312 Tastes excite specialized receptor cells on the tongue 312 Different cellular processes transduce the basic tastes 313 Taste information is transmitted to several parts of the brain 316 Chemicals in the Air Elicit Odor Sensations 317 The sense of smell starts with receptor neurons in the nose 317 Odorants excite specialized receptor molecules on olfactory receptor neurons 318 Olfactory axons connect with the olfactory bulb, which sends its output to several brain regions 320 Many vertebrates possess a vomeronasal system 321 Visual Summary 324 Chapter 10 Vision: From Eye to Brain 327 The Visual System Extends from the Eye to the Brain 327 The vertebrate eye acts in some ways like a camera 328 Visual processing begins in the retina 328 Photoreceptors transduce light into chemical reactions 330 Different mechanisms enable the eyes to work over a wide range of light intensities 332 Acuity is best in foveal vision 333 Brightness is created by the visual system 334 Neural Signals Travel from the Retina to Several Brain Regions 335 The retina projects to the brain in a topographic fashion 337 Neurons at Different Levels of the Visual System Have Very Different Receptive Fields 339 Photoreceptors excite some retinal neurons and inhibit others 339 Neurons in the retina and the LGN have concentric receptive fields 340 Neurons in the visual cortex have varied and complicated receptive fields 341 Most cells in the primary visual cortex are tuned to particular spatial frequencies 343 Area V1 is involved in the formation of mental images 345 Neurons in the visual cortex beyond area V1 have complex receptive fields and contribute to the identification of forms 345 Area V1 Is Organized in Columns 347 Color Vision Depends on Special Channels from the Retinal Cones through Cortical Area V4 349 Color is created by the visual system 349 Color perception requires receptor cells that differ in their sensitivities to different wavelengths 349 Some retinal ganglion cells and parvocellular LGN cells show spectral opponency 352 Some visual cortical cells and regions appear to be specialized for color perception 353 Perception of Visual Motion Is Analyzed by a Special System That Includes Cortical Area V5 354 The Many Cortical Visual Areas Are Organized into Two Major Streams 354 The anterior part of the dorsal stream includes mirror neurons 356 Visual Neuroscience Can Be Applied to Alleviate Some Visual Deficiencies 356 Impairment of vision often can be prevented or reduced 356 Increased exercise can restore function to a previously deprived or neglected eye 357 Visual Summary 360 Chapter 11 Motor Control and Plasticity 363 The Behavioral View Considers Reflexes versus Plans 363 Motor behavior can be analyzed and measured in a variety of ways 364 The Control Systems View Considers Accuracy versus Speed 364 The Neuroscience View Reveals Hierarchical Systems 366 The skeletal system enables particular movements and precludes others 366 Muscles control the actions of the skeletal system 367 Neural messages reach muscle fibers at the neuromuscular junction 369 Sensory feedback from muscles, tendons, and joints monitors movements 371 The Spinal Cord Is a Crucial Link in Controlling Body Movement 373 Spinal reflexes mediate “automatic” responses 373 Spinal cord injuries cause severe motor impairments 374 Motor neuron pathology leads to motor impairments and death 376 Pathways from the Brain Control Different Aspects of Movements 376 Primary motor cortex is an executive motor control mechanism—and more 377 Nonprimary motor cortex aids complex behaviors 382 Mirror neurons in premotor cortex track movements in others 383 Extrapyramidal Systems Also Modulate Motor Commands 384 The basal ganglia modulate movements 384 The cerebellum affects programs, coordination, and learning of acts 385 The cerebellum and the basal ganglia contribute differently to the modulation of motor functions 385 Brain Disorders Can Disrupt Movement 386 Cerebral cortex pathology causes some motor impairments 386 In Parkinson’s disease the death of dopaminergic neurons alters activity of the basal ganglia 387 Huntington’s disease is characterized by excessive movement caused by deterioration of the basal ganglia 390 Cerebellar damage causes many types of impairment 391 Visual Summary 394 PART IV Regulation and Behavior 395 Chapter 12 Sex: Evolutionary, Hormonal, and Neural Bases 397 Reproductive Behavior Can Be Divided into Four Stages 398 Copulation brings gametes together 400 Gonadal steroids activate sexual behavior 401 The Neural Circuitry of the Brain Regulates Reproductive Behavior 402 Estrogens and progesterone regulate a lordosis circuit that spans from brain to muscle 402 Androgens act on a neural system for male reproductive behavior 402 Pheromones Guide Reproductive Behavior in Many Species 404 The Hallmark of Human Sexual Behavior Is Diversity 405 Hormones play only a permissive role in human sexual behavior 407 For Many Vertebrates, Parental Care Determines Offspring Survival 408 Sex Determination and Sexual Differentiation Occur Early in Development 409 Gonadal hormones direct sexual differentiation of the body 410 Changes in the sequence of sexual differentiation result in predictable changes in development 412 Dysfunctional androgen receptors can block male masculinization 412 Some people seem to change sex at puberty 413 How Should We Define Gender— by Genes, Gonads, Genitals, or the Brain? 414 Gonadal Hormones Direct Sexual Differentiation of the Brain and Behavior 414 Early testicular secretions result in masculine behavior in adulthood 415 The estrogenic metabolites of testosterone masculinize the nervous system and behavior of rodents 416 Several regions of the nervous system differ between males and females 418 Environmental influences also affect sexual differentiation of the nervous system 420 Do Fetal Hormones Masculinize Human Behaviors in Adulthood? 421 What determines a person’s sexual orientation? 423 Visual Summary 427 Chapter 13 Homeostasis: Active Regulation of the Internal Environment 429 Homeostasis Maintains a Consistent Internal Environment: The Example of Thermoregulation 429 Homeostatic systems share several key features 430 Two Internal Cues Trigger Thirst 436 Osmotic thirst is triggered by increased saltiness of the extracellular fluid 436 Homeostatic regulation of salt is required for effective regulation of water 437 Hypovolemic thirst is triggered by a loss of water volume 438 We don’t stop drinking just because the throat and mouth are wet 439 Nutrient Regulation Helps Prepare for Future Needs 440 Most of our food is used to provide us with energy 441 We can store energy for future needs 443 Insulin Is Crucial for the Regulation of Body Metabolism 444 Despite their importance, neither insulin nor glucose is the sole signal for hunger or satiety 445 The Hypothalamus Coordinates Multiple Systems That Control Hunger 445 Multiple peripheral signals are integrated by a hypothalamic appetite network 446 Second-order hypothalamic neurons integrate appetite signals 450 Other systems also play a role in hunger and satiety 450 Obesity Is Difficult to Treat 452 Eating Disorders Are Life-Threatening 454 Visual Summary 457 Chapter 14 Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming 459 Many Animals Show Daily Rhythms in Activity 459 Circadian rhythms are generated by an endogenous clock 460 Circadian rhythms allow animals to anticipate changes in the environment 461 The Hypothalamus Houses a Circadian Clock 461 Transplants prove that the SCN produces a circadian rhythm 461 In mammals, light information from the eyes reaches the SCN directly 462 Circadian rhythms have been genetically dissected in flies and mice 463 Some Biological Rhythms Are Longer or Shorter than a Day 465 Human Sleep Exhibits Different Stages 466 How much do we sleep, and when? 468 We do our most vivid dreaming during REM sleep 469 Different Species Provide Clues about the Evolution of Sleep 470 REM sleep evolved in some vertebrates 470 Species differ in their patterns and types of sleep 471 Our Sleep Patterns Change across the Life Span 471 Mammals sleep more during infancy than in adulthood 471 Most people sleep appreciably less as they age 472 Manipulating Sleep Reveals an Underlying Structure 473 Sleep deprivation predictably alters sleep patterns 473 What Are the Biological Functions of Sleep? 475 Sleep conserves energy 476 Sleep enforces niche adaptation 476 Sleep restores the body and brain 477 Sleep aids memory consolidation 477 Some humans sleep remarkably little, yet function normally 479 At Least Four Interacting Neural Systems Underlie Sleep 479 The forebrain generates slow-wave sleep 479 The reticular formation wakes up the forebrain 481 The pons triggers REM sleep 481 A hypothalamic sleep center was revealed by the study of narcolepsy 482 Sleep Disorders Can Be Serious, Even Life-Threatening 484 Some minor dysfunctions are associated with sleep 484 Insomniacs have trouble falling asleep or staying asleep 485 Although many drugs affect sleep, there is no perfect sleeping pill 486 Visual Summary 490 PART V Emotions and Mental Disorders 491 Chapter 15 Emotions, Aggression, and Stress 493 What Are Emotions? 494 Broad Theories of Emotion Emphasize Bodily Responses 494 Do emotions cause bodily changes, or vice versa? 494 Stanley Schachter proposed a cognitive interpretation of stimuli and visceral states 495 Emotions from the Evolutionary Viewpoint 498 How may emotion and emotional displays have evolved? 498 Individuals differ in their emotional responsiveness 499 How Many Emotions Do We Experience? 500 Facial expressions have complex functions in communication 500 Facial expressions are mediated by muscles, cranial nerves, and CNS pathways 502 Do Distinct Brain Circuits Mediate Different Emotions? 503 Electrical stimulation of the brain can produce emotional effects 504 Brain lesions affect emotions 504 Fear is mediated by circuitry that includes the amygdala 505 Different emotions activate different regions of the human brain 509 Neural Circuitry, Hormones, and Synaptic Transmitters Mediate Violence and Aggression 511 What is aggression? 511 Androgens seem to increase aggression 511 Aggression has several neurochemical correlates 513 The biopsychology of human violence is a topic of controversy 513 Stress Activates Many Bodily Responses 514 The stress response has multiple stages 514 Individual differences in the stress response 516 Stress and Emotions Affect the Immune System 517 Emotions and stress influence cardiac function 517 Emotions and stress influence the immune system 517 Why does stress suppress the immune system? 520 Visual Summary 524 Chapter 16 Psychopathology: Biological Basis of Behavioral Disorders 525 The Toll of Psychiatric Disorders Is Huge 526 Schizophrenia Is the Major Neurobiological Challenge in Psychiatry 526 Schizophrenia is characterized by an unusual array of symptoms 527 Schizophrenia has a heritable component 528 The brains of some patients with schizophrenia show structural and functional changes 530 Antipsychotic medications revolutionized the treatment of schizophrenia 534 An integrative psychobiological model of schizophrenia emphasizes the interaction of multiple factors 538 Bipolar disorder has a lot in common with schizophrenia 540 Mood Disorders Are a Major Psychiatric Category 542 Depression is the most prevalent mood disorder 542 Inheritance is an important determinant of depression 542 The brain changes with depression 543 A wide variety of treatments are available for depression 543 The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is involved in depression 545 Why do more females than males suffer from depression? 546 Sleep characteristics change in affective disorders 547 Scientists are still searching for animal models of depression 548 There Are Several Types of Anxiety Disorders 549 Drug treatment of anxiety provides clues to the mechanisms of this disorder 549 In posttraumatic stress disorder, horrible memories won’t go away 550 In obsessive-compulsive disorder, thoughts and acts keep repeating 551 Visual Summary 557 PART VI Cognitive Neuroscience 559 Chapter 17 Learning and Memory 561 There Are Several Kinds of Learning and Memory 562 For patient H.M., the present vanished into oblivion 562 Medial temporal lobe structures are crucial for declarative memory 564 Damage to the medial diencephalon can also cause amnesia 566 The cortex is essential for long-term storage of memories 567 Different Forms of Nondeclarative Memory Involve Different Brain Regions 568 Specific functions depend on different forms of nondeclarative memory 568 Medial temporal mechanisms keep track of positions in spatial, temporal, and social networks 570 Successive Processes Capture, Store, and Retrieve Information in the Brain 571 A variety of brain regions are involved in different attributes of working memory 572 Brain regions involved in learning and memory: A summary 574 STM and LTM involve several different processes 574 Memory Storage Requires Physical Changes in the Brain 579 Plastic changes at synapses can be physiological or structural 579 Varied experiences and learning cause the brain to change and grow 581 Invertebrate Nervous Systems Show Plasticity 582 Some Simple Learning in Mammals Relies on Circuits in the Cerebellum 584 Synaptic Plasticity Can Be Measured in Simple Hippocampal Circuits 585 LTP occurs at several sites in the hippocampal formation 587 NMDA receptors and AMPA receptors collaborate in LTP 587 Is LTP a mechanism of memory formation? 589 In the Adult Brain, Newly Born Neurons May Aid Learning 591 Learning and Memory Change as We Age 592 Age-related impairments of memory have several causes 593 Can the effects of aging on memory be prevented or alleviated? 593 Visual Summary 597 Chapter 18 Attention and Higher Cognition 599 Attention Selects Stimuli for Processing 600 There are limits on attention 601 Attention Is Deployed in Several Different Ways 603 We can decide where to direct our attention 603 Some stimuli grab our attention 605 Attention helps us to search a cluttered world for specific patterns 606 Attention Affects the Functioning of the Brain 608 Distinctive patterns of brain electrical activity mark shifts of attention 609 Neuroimaging confirms that the anatomical foci of attention show augmented processing 611 Attention alters the functioning of individual neurons 612 A Network of Brain Sites Creates and Directs Attention 614 The superior colliculus guides attentional eye movements 614 The pulvinar drives shifts of attention 615 Several cortical areas are crucial for generating and directing attention 615 Multiple brain regions collaborate in networks that govern attention 616 Disorders Provide Clues about the Organization of Attention 618 Neglect of one side of the body and space can result from parietal lobe injury 619 In Bálint’s syndrome, narrowed attention combines with spatial disorientation 620 Difficulty with sustained attention can sometimes be relieved with stimulants 620 Consciousness Is a Mysterious Product of the Brain 621 Which brain regions are active when we are conscious? 622 Some aspects of consciousness are easier to study than others 624 The frontal lobes are a crucial part of the executive system that guides our thoughts, feelings, and choices 627 Frontal lobe injury in humans leads to emotional, motor, and cognitive changes 628 Frontal mechanisms sift alternatives, evaluate risk and reward, and guide decisions accordingly 630 Visual Summary 633 Chapter 19 Language and Lateralization 635 The Left Brain Is Different from the Right Brain 636 Disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres reveals their individual specializations 636 The two hemispheres process information differently in most humans 638 The left and right hemispheres differ in their auditory specializations 639 Handedness is associated with cerebral lateralization 641 How did hemispheric asymmetry and specialization evolve? 643 Right-Hemisphere Damage Impairs Spatial Cognition 643 In prosopagnosia, faces are unrecognizable 643 Language Disorders Result from Region-Specific Brain Damage 645 Lesions of a left anterior speech zone cause nonfluent (or Broca’s) aphasia 646 Lesions of a left posterior speech zone cause fluent (or Wernicke’s) aphasia 647 Widespread left-hemisphere damage can obliterate language capabilities 648 Competing Models Describe the Left-Hemisphere Language System 649 Brain Mapping Provides Information about the Organization of Language in the Brain 651 Cortical stimulation mapping provides precise identification of language areas 651 Functional neuroimaging tracks activity in the brain’s language zones 653 Language Has Both Learned and Unlearned Components 656 Nonhuman primates engage in elaborate vocal behavior 659 Reading Skills Are Difficult to Acquire and Frequently Impaired 662 Brain damage may cause specific impairments in re For 20 years, instructors have relied on the textbook for a definitive and comprehensive survey of the neuroscience of behavior. Thanks to the explosion of work in the neurosciences, each of the seven editions has included more neural details than the one before. Thus the time has come to revise the title to reflect the evolution of both the book and the field: Behavioral Neuroscience.__Behavioral Neuroscience__**Special Features:** - Learning is supported by a best-in-class full-color art program, including hundreds of original illustrations that make it easy to understand structures, mechanisms, and processes in the brain. Many additional graphical elements have been reproduced from primary research sources, bringing the learner closer to the science behind the subject matter.- Every chapter includes a special feature called "The Cutting Edge" that highlights an up-to-the-moment discovery or technical innovation, while illustrating the logic and methodology of experimentation and hypothesis testing- Each chapter ends with a unique feature, the "Visual Summary," a poster-like layout that provides a graphical review of the major topics of the chapter and directs students to the figures and online animations that reinforce each point.- The text is supported by a rich array of internet-based resources.- Over 500 new citations keep the text current and an excellent resource.Thorough and reader-friendly, , Eighth Edition, reveals the fascinating relationships between the brain and behavior.**Biological Psychology Newslink**This continuously updated site provides links to thousands of news stories in the field, all organized by both keyword and textbook chapter. The site is designed to help instructors keep up with the latest news in the field and find interesting topics for lectures or discussions and to provide students with an appreciation of the wide-ranging applications of the material they are studying in the course.**For Students****Companion Website**Each new copy of the textbook includes 180-day access to the Companion Website.The Companion Website contains a wide range of study and review resources to help students master the material presented in the textbook, as well as coverage of additional topics. For each chapter of the textbook, the site includes:\* Chapter Outlines that outline each chapter and link to relevant Study Questions\* Visual Summaries that link to all of the Activities and Videos, forming a complete review of each chapter\* Study Questions that help the student master the full range of material in each chapter\* Animations & Videos that illustrate many of the complex, dynamic concepts and processes of biological psychology\* Activities that help the student review key structures and processes\* Online Quizzes (including both multiple-choice and essay questions) that test the student's grasp of the material, with results stored in the online gradebook (instructor registration required)\* Flashcards activities that review and reinforce the many new terms introduced in each chapter\* "A Step Further," offering advanced coverage of selected topics, allowing students to explore topics more deeply\* A Glossary that provides quick access to definitions of all the important terminology in the textbook**For Instructors**Instructor's Resource LibraryThe , Eighth Edition, Instructor's Resource Library includes a variety of resources to aid you in the planning of your course, the development of your lectures, and the assessment of your students, including:\* All of the line-art illustrations, photographs, and tables from the textbook are provided as both high-resolution and low-resolution JPEGs, all optimized for use in presentation software (such as PowerPoint)\* Two different types of PowerPoint presentations are provided for each chapter of the textbook: - All figures, photos, and tables- A complete lecture presentation, including selected figures\* New for the eighth edition, a robust collection of video segments from the BBC and other sources bring to life may of the important concepts discussed in the textbook. Excellent as lecture-starters and discussion topics. \* These detailed animations help enliven lectures and illustrate dynamic processes.\* in Word format (details below)\* The entire Test Bank is provided in Diploma format (software included) making it easy to quickly assemble exams using any combination of publisher-provided and custom questions. Includes the Companion Website quiz questions.**Instructor's Manual**The Instructor's Manual and Test Bank includes useful resources for planning your course, lectures, and exams. For each chapter of the textbook, the IM includes the following:\* A Chapter Overview that gives a big-picture snapshot of what is covered in the chapter\* A complete Chapter Outline\* A set of Key Concepts that break the chapter down into its core elements\* Additional References for lecture/course development**Test Bank** A comprehensive set of questions is provided for each chapter, including multiple-choice, fill-in-the-blank, matching, essay, definition, and paragraph development questions that cover the full range of material in the chapter (Companion Website quiz questions included).**Online Quizzing**The Companion Website includes online quizzes that can be assigned by instructors or used as self-review exercises. For each chapter of the textbook, a set of multiple-choice questions and a set of essay questions are provided. Quizzes can be customized with any combination of the default questions and an instructor's own questions, and can be assigned as desired. Results of the quizzes are stored in the online gradebook. (Instructors must register in order for their students to be able to take the quizzes.)